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Afoxolaner

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Afoxolaner structure.svg
ChemSpider 2D Image | Afoxolaner | C26H17ClF9N3O3
Afoxolaner.png

Afoxolaner

  • Molecular FormulaC26H17ClF9N3O3
  • Average mass625.870 Da
  • A1443
  • AH252723

1093861-60-9[RN]1-Naphthalenecarboxamide, 4-[5-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-N-[2-oxo-2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino]ethyl]-4-[5-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-N-[2-oxo-2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino)ethyl]naphthalene-1-carboxamide 

Afoxolaner Merial

On 9 September 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) adopted a positive opinion1, recommending the granting of a variation to the terms of the marketing authorisation for the veterinary medicinal product Frontpro. The marketing authorisation holder for this veterinary medicinal product is Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH. ,,,,  https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/veterinary/summaries-opinion/frontpro-previously-known-afoxolaner-merial

Frontpro is currently authorised as chewable tablets for use in dogs. The variation concerns the change of legal status from prescription-only to non-prescription veterinary medicine. Additionally, the applicant is adding the list of local representatives to the package leaflet.

Detailed conditions for the use of this product are described in the summary of product characteristics (SPC), for which an updated version reflecting the changes will be published in the revised European public assessment report (EPAR) and will be available in all official European Union languages after the variation to the marketing authorisation has been granted by the European Commission.

NameFrontpro (previously known as Afoxolaner Merial)
Agency product numberEMEA/V/C/005126
International non-proprietary name (INN) or common nameafoxolaner
SpeciesDogs
Active substanceafoxolaner
Date opinion adopted09/09/2021
Company nameBoehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH
StatusPositive
Application typePost-authorisation
MedicineFrontpro (previously known as Afoxolaner Merial)
Active Substanceafoxolaner
INN/Common nameafoxolaner
Pharmacotherapeutic ClassesEctoparasiticides for systemic use
StatusThis medicine is authorized for use in the European Union
CompanyBoehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH
Market Date2019-05-20

European Medicines Agency (EMA)

MedicineNexgard Spectra
Active Substanceafoxolaner, milbemycin oxime
INN/Common nameafoxolaner, milbemycin oxime
Pharmacotherapeutic ClassesEndectocides, Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents, milbemycin oxime, combinations
StatusThis medicine is authorized for use in the European Union
CompanyBoehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH
Market Date2015-01-15
MedicineNexGard
Active Substanceafoxolaner
INN/Common nameafoxolaner
Pharmacotherapeutic ClassesIsoxazolines, Ectoparasiticides for systemic use
StatusThis medicine is authorized for use in the European Union
CompanyBoehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH
Market Date2014-02-11

European Medicines Agency (EMA)

SYN WO2009126668,

SYN

IP .COM

PATENT

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2009126668A2/en

PATENT

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2017176948

A particularly active isoxazoline compound, 4-[5-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-N-[2-oxo-2-[(2,2,24rifluoroethyl)amino]ethyl]-l-naphthalenecarboxamide, is known by the nonproprietary name afoxolaner. Afoxolaner has the following chemical structure:

Afoxolaner

Other isoxazoline compounds that have been found to be highly active against parasitic insects and arachnids are known by the nonproprietary names fluralaner (see US 7,662,972, which is incorporated herein by reference), sarolaner (see US 8,466, 15, incorporated herein by reference) and lotilaner (see, for example US 8,383,659, incorporated herein by reference). The structures of these compounds are shown below:

In addition, published patent application nos. US 2010/0254960 Al, WO 2007/070606

A2, WO 2007/123855 A2, WO 2010/003923 Al, US7951828 & US7662972, US 2010/0137372 Al, US 2010/0179194 A2, US 2011/0086886 A2, US 2011/0059988 Al, US 2010/0179195 Al and WO 2007/075459 A2 and U.S. Patent No. 7,951,828 (all incorporated herein by reference) describe various other parasiticidal isoxazoline compounds.

It is known in the field that isoxazoline compounds having a chiral quaternary carbon atom such as the carbon atom adjacent to the oxygen on the isoxazoline ring of the compounds described above have at least two optical isomer (enantiomers) that are mirror images of each other. Furthermore, it is sometimes the case with biologically active compounds that one of the enantiomers is more active than the other enantiomer. In addition, it is sometimes the case that one enantiomer of a biologically active compound is less toxic than the other enantiomer.

Therefore, with optically active compounds it is desirable to utilize the enantiomer that is most active and less toxic (eutomer). However, isolating the most active enantiomer from a mixture can be costly and result in waste of up to half of the racemic mixture prepared.

Processes to prepare certain isoxazoline compounds enriched in an enantiomer using some cinchona alkaloid-derived phase transfer catalysts have been described. For example, US 2014/0206633 Al, US 2014/0350261 Al, WO 2013/116236 Al and WO 2014/081800 Al (incorporated herein by reference) describe the synthesis of certain isoxazoline active agents enriched in an enantiomer using cinchona alkaloid-based chiral phase transfer catalysts. Further, Matoba et al., Angew. Chem. 2010, 122, 5898-5902 describes the chiral synthesis of certain pesticidal isoxazoline active agents. However, these documents do not describe the processes and certain catalysts described herein.

Scheme 3

Example 7: Preparation of (S)-afoxolaner using chiral phase transfer catalyst (Ilia- 13-1):

(ΠΑ-1) (^-afoxolaner

1) Starting material (IIA-1) (200g, 1.Oeq, 94.0%) and DCM (6 L, 30 volumes) were placed into a 10 L reactor, the solid was dissolved completely.

2) The mixture was cooled to 0°C, and some starting material precipitated out.

3) The catalyst (Ilia- 13-1) (7.56g, 3% mol, 95.0%) was added to the mixture and the resulting mixture cooled further to -10° C.

4) Hydroxylamine (64.9 g, 3.0 eq, 50% solution in water) was added to a solution of NaOH (52.5g, 4. Oeq, in 5v water) in a separate reactor and stirred for 30 minutes.

5) The resulting hydroxylamine/NaOH solution was then added dropwise to the 10 L reactor containing (IIA-1) over about 4 hours.

6) The resulting mixture was stirred for 12 hours at -10°C and monitored for the extent of reaction until the amount of starting material was < 1.0% by HPLC.

7) The mixture was then warmed to 10°C, 1 liter of water was added and the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes.

8) The mixture was allowed to settle to separate the two phases, and the organic layer was collected.

9) The organic layer was then washed with 2 liters of water, the layers were allowed to separate again and the organic layer was collected.

10) The organic layer was washed with 1 liter of brine, the layers allowed to separate and the organic layer was collected and dried over Na2S04 (200 g).

11) The dried organic layer was concentrated under vacuum to about 2 volumes.

12) Toluene (2 L, 10 volumes) was charged to the concentrated mixture and concentration under vacuum was continued to about 5 volumes. Solvent exchange was repeated twice again.

13) The resulting solution was placed into a 2.0 L reactor and heated to 55-60°C.

14) Cyclohexane (300 ml, 1.5 volumes) was added at 55-60°C.

15) The mixture was then cooled to 40 °C over 1.5 hours and then stirred at 40°C for 3 hours.

16) The mixture was then cooled to 25 °C over 2 hours and stirred at 25°C for a further 3 hours.

17) The resulting mixture was cooled to 0-5 °C over 1 hour and stirred at 5 °C for 12 hours, at which time the mixture was filtered to isolate the product.

18) The filter cake was washed with cold toluene/ Cyclohexane (3 : 1, 1000 ml, 5 volumes).

19) The product was obtained as a white solid. (171.5g, chiral purity > 99.0% by area using the chiral HPLC method described in Example 3, chemical purity > 99.0% by area (HPLC), yield: 83.6%, assay purity: 92%). The 1H NMR and LCMS spectra are consistent with the structure of (^-afoxolaner as the toluene solvate. Figure 3 shows the 1H NMR spectra of (S)-afoxolaner in DMSO-d6 and Figure 4 shows the 1H NMR spectra of afoxolaner (racemic) for comparison. The chiral purity of the product was determined using the chiral HPLC method described in Example 3. Figure 5 shows the chiral HPLC chromatogram of afoxolaner (racemic) and Figure 6 shows the chiral HPLC chromatogram of the product (^-afoxolaner showing one enantiomer.

Example 8: Alternate Process to prepare (^-afoxolaner

An alternate process for the preparation of (S)-afoxolaner was conducted. Some of the key variations in the alternate process are noted below.

1. 1 kilogram of compound (IIA-1) (1 eq.) and 9 liters of DCM are charged to a reactor and stirred to dissolve the compound.

2. The mixture is cooled to about 0° C and 50 grams (5 mole %) of the chiral phase transfer catalyst (Ilia- 13-1) and 1 liter of DCM are charged and the resulting mixture is cooled to about -13° C.

3. A solution of 19% (w/w) hydroxylamine sulfate (294 g, 1.1 eq.) (made with 294 grams of ( H2OH)H2S04 and 141 grams of NaCl in 1112 mL of water) and 4.4 equivalents of NaOH as a 17.6% (w/w) solution (286 grams NaOH and 158 grams of NaCl in 1180 mL water) are charged to the reaction mixture simultaneously.

4. The resulting reaction mixture was aged about 20 hours at about -13° C and then checked for reaction conversion by HPLC (target < 0.5% by area);

5. After completion of the reaction, water (3 vol.) was added at about 0° C. Then, a solution of 709 g of KH2P04 in 4.2 liters of water are added to the mixture to adjust the pH (target 7-8) and the resulting mixture is stirred at about 20° C for 30 minutes.

6. The layers are allowed to settle, the aqueous layer is removed and the organic layer is washed with 3 liters of water twice.

Crystallization of Toluene Solvate

1. After the extraction/washing step, the dichloromethane is removed by distillation under vacuum to about 1-2 volumes and toluene (about 5-10 volumes) is added.

2. The volume is adjusted by further distillation under vacuum and/or addition of more toluene to about 5-6 volumes. The mixture is distilled further while maintaining the volume to completely remove the dichloromethane reaction solvent.

3. The mixture is then cooled to about 10° C and seeded with afoxolaner (racemic compound) and stirred at the same temperature for at least 2 hours;

4. The mixture is heated to about 55-65° C, aged for at least 17 hours and then the solid is filtered off. The filtered solid is washed with toluene;

5. The combined filtrate and wash is adjusted to a volume of about 5-6 volumes by

distillation under vacuum and/or toluene addition;

6. The resulting mixture is cooled to about 10° C and aged for at least 5 hours then filtered.

The cake is washed with toluene.

7. The cake is dried at 50° C under vacuum to obtain a toluene solvate of (S)-afoxolaner containing between about 6% and 8% toluene.

Re-crystallization from cyclohexane/ethanol

The toluene solvate of (S)-afoxolaner was subsequently re-crystallized from a mixture of cyclohexane and ethanol to remove the associated toluene and to further purify the product.

1. 591 grams of the (S)-afoxolaner toluene solvate were charged to a vessel along with 709 mL of ethanol (1.2 vol.) and 1773 mL of cyclohexane (3 vol.) and the mixture heated to about 60° C.

2. To the resulting mixture was added an additional 6383 mL of cyclohexane with stirring.

3. The resulting mixture was cooled to about 30° C and then heated again to 60° C. This process was repeated once.

4. The mixture was slowly cooled to 10° C and stirred for at least 5 hours.

5. The resulting slurry was filtered and the cake washed with cyclohexane.

6. The cake was dried at 50° C under vacuum to provide 453.7 grams of (S)-afoxolaner

Example 9: Comparative selectivity of benzyloxy-substituted chiral phase transfer catalyst (Illa-13) with other cinchona alkaloid-based chiral phase transfer catalysts.

The selectivity of the formation of (S)-afoxolaner from compound IIA-1 as shown above was studied with sixteen chiral phase transfer catalysts (PTC) of different structures. The reaction was conducted using conditions similar to those of example 7. The ratio of (^-afoxolaner and (R)-afoxolaner in the reaction mixture was determined by chiral HPLC using the method described in Example 3. The results of the study are provided in Table 2 below.

Table 2

 
No. Chiral PTC Ratio of (S)- to (R)-afoxolaner

16 50% : 50%

As shown in the table, the catalyst in which the group R in the structure of formula (Ilia) is 3,4,5-tribenzyloxy phenyl results in a surprising improved selectivity for the (S)-enantiomer compared with other quinine-based phase transfer catalysts in which the group corresponding to R in formula (Ilia) is another group.

Example 10: Improvement of Chiral Purity of (<S)-afoxolaner by Crystallization from Toluene

A sample of reaction mixture containing a ratio (HPLC area) of 92.1 :7.9, (^-afoxolaner to (R)-afoxolaner, was concentrated to dryness and the residue was crystallized from toluene and from ethanol/cyclohexane using a process similar to that described in Example 8. The isolated crystalline solid was analyzed by chiral HPLC to determine the relative amounts of (S)-afoxolaner and (R)-afoxolaner (HPLC method: column – Chiralpak AD-3 150 mm x 4.6 mm x 3.0 μηι, injection volume – 10 μΐ., temperature – 35° C, flow – 0.8 mL/minute, mobile phase -89% hexane/10% isopropanol/1% methanol, detection – 312 nm). The ratio of (^-afoxolaner to (R)-afoxolaner in the solid isolated from the toluene crystallization was found to be 99.0 : 1.0 while the ratio of (S)-afoxolaner to (R)-afoxolaner in the solid crystallized from ethanol/cyclohexane was found to be 95.0 : 5.0.

The example shows that the crystallization (^-afoxolaner from an aromatic solvent such as toluene results in a significant improvement of chiral purity of the product. This is very unexpected and surprising.

Example 1 1 : Comparative selectivity of benzyl oxy vs. alkoxy-substituted chiral phase transfer catalyst of Formula (Ilia- 13)

Three chiral phase transfer catalysts of Formula (IIIa-13), wherein the phenyl ring is substituted with three alkoxy groups and three benzyloxy groups (R = methyl, ethyl and benzyl); R’=OMe, W=vinyl and X=chloro were evaluated in the process to prepare of (,S)-IA from compound IIA-1

as shown below.

The amount of solvents and reagents and the reaction and isolation conditions were as described in Example 7 above. The same procedure was used for each catalyst tested. It was found that the selectivity of the tri-benzyloxy catalyst was surprisingly significantly better than the two alkoxy-substituted catalysts, as shown by the chiral purity of the product. Furthermore, it was found that using the tri-benzyloxy substituted phase transfer catalyst the resulting chemical purity was also much better. The superior selectivity of the benzyloxy-substituted catalyst is significant and surprising and cannot be predicted. Chiral phase transfer catalysts containing a phenyl substituted with benzyloxy and alkoxy groups were found to be superior to catalysts substituted with other groups such as electron-withdrawing groups and alkyl groups. The chiral purity and chemical purity of the product produced from the respective phase-transfer catalysts is shown in the Table 3 below:

Table 3

PATENT

WO 2009002809

WO 2009025983

WO 2009126668

WO 2017176948

WO 2018117034

CN 109879826

JP 2020023442

WO 2020158889

WO 2020171129

WO 2021013825

CN 112457267

CN 112679338

PAPER

IP.com Journal (2009), 9(9B), 35.

Afoxolaner (INN)[2] is an insecticide and acaricide that belongs to the isoxazoline chemical compound group.

It acts as an antagonist at ligand-gated chloride channels, in particular those gated by the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA-receptors). Isoxazolines, among the chloride channel modulators, bind to a distinct and unique target site within the insect GABA-gated chloride channels, thereby blocking pre-and post-synaptic transfer of chloride ions across cell membranes. Prolonged afoxolaner-induced hyperexcitation results in uncontrolled activity of the central nervous system and death of insects and acarines.[3]

Marketing

Afoxolaner is the active principle of the veterinary medicinal products NexGard (alone) and Nexgard Spectra (in combination with milbemycin oxime).[4][5][6] They are indicated for the treatment and prevention of flea infestations, and the treatment and control of tick infestations in dogs and puppies (8 weeks of age and older, weighing 4 pounds (~1.8 kilograms) of body weight or greater) for one month.[7] These products are administered orally and poisons fleas once they start feeding.

The marketing authorization was granted by the European Medicines Agency in February 2014, for NexGard and January 2015, for Nexgard Spectra, after only 14[8] and 12[9] months of quality, safety and efficacy assessment performed by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP).[10] Therefore, long-term effects are not known.

List of excipients

In NexGard[11] and NexGard Spectra:[3]

Additionally in NexGard Spectra:

  • Citric acid monohydrate (E330)
  • Butylated hydroxytoluene (E321)

Safety

Dosage

Afoxolaner is recommended to be administered at a dose of 2.7–7 mg/kg dog’s body weight.[11]

Toxicity for mammals

According to clinical studies performed prior marketing:

According to post-marketing safety experience:

Selectivity in insects over mammalians

In vivo studies (repeat-dose toxicology in laboratory animalstarget animal safetyfield studies) provided by MERIAL, the company that produces afoxolaner-derivative medicines, did not show evidence of neurological or behavioural effects suggestive of GABA-mediated perturbations in mammals. The Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) therefore concluded that binding to dograt or human GABA receptors is expected to be low for afoxolaner.[9]

Selectivity for insect over mammalian GABA-receptors has been demonstrated for other isoxazolines.[15] The selectivity might be explained by the number of pharmacological differences that exist between GABA-gated chloride channels of insects and vertebrates.[16]

GEN REF

  1. Shoop WL, Hartline EJ, Gould BR, Waddell ME, McDowell RG, Kinney JB, Lahm GP, Long JK, Xu M, Wagerle T, Jones GS, Dietrich RF, Cordova D, Schroeder ME, Rhoades DF, Benner EA, Confalone PN: Discovery and mode of action of afoxolaner, a new isoxazoline parasiticide for dogs. Vet Parasitol. 2014 Apr 2;201(3-4):179-89. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.020. Epub 2014 Mar 14. [Article]

References

  1. Jump up to:a b c “Frontline NexGard (afoxolaner) for the Treatment and Prophylaxis of Ectoparasitic Diseases in Dogs. Full Prescribing Information” (PDF) (in Russian). Sanofi Russia. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  2. ^ “International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Recommended International Nonproprietary Names: List 70” (PDF). World Health Organization. pp. 276–7. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  3. Jump up to:a b c d “NexGard Spectra product information – Annex I “Summary of product characteristics”” (PDF). European Medicines Agency. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  4. ^ Shoop WL, Hartline EJ, Gould BR, Waddell ME, McDowell RG, Kinney JB, et al. (April 2014). “Discovery and mode of action of afoxolaner, a new isoxazoline parasiticide for dogs”Veterinary Parasitology201 (3–4): 179–89. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.020PMID 24631502.
  5. ^ Beugnet F, deVos C, Liebenberg J, Halos L, Fourie J (25 August 2014). “Afoxolaner against fleas: immediate efficacy and resultant mortality after short exposure on dogs”Parasite21: 42. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014045PMC 4141545PMID 25148564.
  6. ^ Beugnet F, Crafford D, de Vos C, Kok D, Larsen D, Fourie J (August 2016). “Evaluation of the efficacy of monthly oral administration of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime (NexGard Spectra, Merial) in the prevention of adult Spirocerca lupi establishment in experimentally infected dogs”Veterinary Parasitology226: 150–61. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.002PMID 27514901.
  7. ^ “Boehringer-Ingelheim companion-animals-product NexGard (afoxolaner)”. Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  8. ^ “CVMP Assessment Report for NEXGARD SPECTRA(EMEA/V/C/003842/0000)” (PDF). European Medicines Agency. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  9. Jump up to:a b c d “CVMP assessment report for NexGard (EMEA/V/C/002729/0000)” (PDF). European Medicines Agency. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  10. ^ “Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) – Section “Role of the CVMP””European Medicines Agency. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  11. Jump up to:a b c “NexGard product information – Annex I “Summary of product characteristics”” (PDF). European Medicines Angency. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  12. ^ Medicine, Center for Veterinary. “CVM Updates – Animal Drug Safety Communication: FDA Alerts Pet Owners and Veterinarians About Potential for Neurologic Adverse Events Associated with Certain Flea and Tick Products”http://www.fda.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-22.
  13. ^ Smith, Joe S.; Berger, Darren J.; Hoff, Sarah E.; Jesudoss Chelladurai, Jeba R. J.; Martin, Katy A.; Brewer, Matthew T. (2020). “Afoxolaner as a Treatment for a Novel Sarcoptes scabiei Infestation in a Juvenile Potbelly Pig”Frontiers in Veterinary Science7: 473. doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00473PMC 7505946PMID 33102538.
  14. ^ Bernigaud, C.; Fang, F.; Fischer, K.; Lespine, A.; Aho, L. S.; Mullins, A. J.; Tecle, B.; Kelly, A.; Sutra, J. F.; Moreau, F.; Lilin, T.; Beugnet, F.; Botterel, F.; Chosidow, O.; Guillot, J. (2018). “Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics Evaluation of a Single Oral Dose of Afoxolaner against Sarcoptes scabiei in the Porcine Scabies Model for Human Infestation”Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy62 (9). doi:10.1128/AAC.02334-17PMC 6125498PMID 29914951.
  15. ^ Casida JE (April 2015). “Golden age of RyR and GABA-R diamide and isoxazoline insecticides: common genesis, serendipity, surprises, selectivity, and safety”. Chemical Research in Toxicology28 (4): 560–6. doi:10.1021/tx500520wPMID 25688713.
  16. ^ Hosie AM, Aronstein K, Sattelle DB, ffrench-Constant RH (December 1997). “Molecular biology of insect neuronal GABA receptors”. Trends in Neurosciences20 (12): 578–83. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01127-2PMID 9416671S2CID 5028039.
Clinical data
Pronunciation/eɪˌfɒksoʊˈlænər/ ay-FOK-soh-LAN-ər
Trade namesNexGard, Frontpro
Other names4-[(5RS)-5-(5-Chloro-α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-N-[2-oxo-2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino)ethyl]naphthalene-1-carboxamide
License dataUS DailyMedAfoxolaner
Routes of
administration
By mouth (chewables)
ATCvet codeQP53BE01 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal statusUS: ℞-onlyEU: Rx-onlyOTC (RU)[1]
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability74% (Tmax = 2–4 hours)[1]
Elimination half-life14 hours[1]
ExcretionBile duct (major route)
Identifiers
showIUPAC name
CAS Number1093861-60-9
PubChem CID25154249
DrugBankDB11369
ChemSpider28651525
UNII02L07H6D0U
KEGGD10361
ChEMBLChEMBL2219412
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID50148921 
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC26H17ClF9N3O3
Molar mass625.88 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
ChiralityRacemic mixture
showSMILES
showInChI

///////////// afoxolaner, A1443, AH252723

FC(F)(F)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)C1=C2C=CC=CC2=C(C=C1)C1=NOC(C1)(C1=CC(=CC(Cl)=C1)C(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)F

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Pegvaliase

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Pegvaliase

(2S)-2-amino-6-[6-(2-methoxyethoxy)hexanoylamino]hexanoic acid

CAS 1585984-95-7

  • Molecular FormulaC15H30N2O5
  • Average mass318.409 Da

BMN-165

Palynziq

pegvaliase

pegvaliase-pqpz

L-Lysine, N6-[6-(2-methoxyethoxy)-1-oxohexyl]-

N6-[6-(2-Methoxyethoxy)hexanoyl]-L-lysine 

AUSTRALIA APPROVAL 2021Australian Flag Animated Gifs

PALYNZIQorphan drug

Evaluation commenced: 30 Sep 2020

Registration decision: 6 Jul 2021

Date registered: 14 Jul 2021

Approval time: 166 (175 working days)

pegvaliase

BioMarin Pharmaceutical Australia Pty Ltd

PALYNZIQ (solution for injection, pre-filled syringe) is indicated for the treatment of patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) aged 16 years and older who have inadequate blood phenylalanine control despite prior management with available treatment options.

Pegvaliase, sold under the brand name Palynziq, is a medication for the treatment of the genetic disease phenylketonuria.[2][3] Chemically, it is a pegylated derivative of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase that metabolizes phenylalanine to reduce its blood levels.[4]

It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the United States in 2018.[2] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.[5]

Pegvaliase is a recombinant phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme derived from Anabaena variabilis that converts phenylalanine to ammonia and trans-cinnamic acid. Both the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency approved pegvaliase-pqpz in May 2018 for the treatment of adult patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). Phenylketonuria is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) and affects about 1 in 10,000 to 15,000 people in the United States. PAH deficiency and inability to break down an amino acid phenylalanine (Phe) leads to elevated blood phenylalanine concentrations and accumulation of neurotoxic Phe in the brain, causing chronic intellectual, neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disabilities if untreated. Individuals with PKU also need to be under a strictly restricted diet as Phe is present in foods and products with high-intensity sweeteners. The primary goal of lifelong treatment of PKU, as recommended by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines, is to maintain blood Phe concentration in the range of 120 µmol/L to 3690 µmol/L. Pegvaliase-pqpz, or PEGylated pegvaliase, is used as a novel enzyme substitution therapy and is marketed as Palynziq for subcutanoues injection. It is advantageous over currently available management therapies for PKU, such as [DB00360], that are ineffective to many patients due to long-term adherence issues or inadequate Phe-lowering effects. The presence of a PEG moiety in pegvaliase-pqpz allows a reduced immune response and improved pharmacodynamic stability.

References

  1. Jump up to:a b “Palynziq”Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 23 July 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  2. Jump up to:a b “FDA approves a new treatment for PKU, a rare and serious genetic disease” (Press release). Food and Drug Administration. May 24, 2018.
  3. ^ Mahan KC, Gandhi MA, Anand S (April 2019). “Pegvaliase: a novel treatment option for adults with phenylketonuria”. Current Medical Research and Opinion35 (4): 647–651. doi:10.1080/03007995.2018.1528215PMID 30247930.
  4. ^ “Palynziq”. BioMarin Pharmaceutica.
  5. ^ New Drug Therapy Approvals 2018 (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Report). January 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2020.

External links

Clinical data
Pronunciationpeg val’ i ase
Trade namesPalynziq
Other namesPegvaliase-pqpz; PEG-PAL; RAvPAL-PEG
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa618057
License dataUS DailyMedPegvaliase
Pregnancy
category
AU: D[1]
Routes of
administration
Subcutaneous
ATC codeA16AB19 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal statusAU: S4 (Prescription only) [1]US: ℞-onlyEU: Rx-only
Identifiers
showIUPAC name
CAS Number1585984-95-7
PubChem CID86278362
DrugBankDB12839
ChemSpider58172730
UNIIN6UAH27EUV
KEGGD11077
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC15H30N2O5
Molar mass318.414 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
showSMILES
showInChI

////////////pegvaliase, PALYNZIQ, AUSTRALIA 2021, APPROVALS 2021, BioMarin, BMN 165, Palynziq, pegvaliase, pegvaliase-pqpz

COCCOCCCCCC(=O)NCCCCC(C(=O)O)N

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Ferric pyrophosphate citrate

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str1
Thumb
Iron(III) pyrophosphate.svg
ChemSpider 2D Image | Iron(3+) diphosphate (4:3) | Fe4O21P6
Ferric pyrophosphate citrate | C18H24Fe4O42P6 - PubChem
Triferic (Ferric Pyrophosphate Citrate Solution, for Addition to Bicarbonate Concentrate): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning
Physicochemical characterization of ferric pyrophosphate citrate | SpringerLink
Ferric Pyrophosphate Citrate - Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) - NCBI Bookshelf
Structure of FERRIC PYROPHOSPHATE CITRATE

Ferric pyrophosphate citrate

1802359-96-1

tetrairon(3+) bis((phosphonooxy)phosphonic acid) tris(2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate) (hydrogen phosphonooxy)phosphonate

Iron(3+) diphosphate (4:3)

Proper name: ferric pyrophosphate citrate Chemical names: Iron (3+) cation; 2-oxidopropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate; diphosphate 1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, iron (3+), diphosphate Molecular formula: [Fe4 3+(C6H5O7)3(P2O7)3] Molecular mass: 1313

Physicochemical properties: TRIFERIC AVNU (ferric pyrophosphate citrate) contains no asymmetric centers. Ferric pyrophosphate citrate is a yellow to green amorphous powder. The drug substance does not melt, or change state, below 300 °C. Thermal decomposition was observed at 263 ± 3ºC. Ferric pyrophosphate citrate is freely soluble in water (>100 g/L). Ferric pyrophosphate citrate is completely insoluble in most organic solvents (MeOH, Acetone, THF, DMF, DMSO). A 5% solution in water exhibits a solution pH of about 6.  … https://pdf.hres.ca/dpd_pm/00060816.PDF

  • Ferric pyrophosphate citrate
  • FPC
  • SFP
  • Tetraferric nonahydrogen citrate pyrophosphate
  • Triferic

Active Moieties

NAMEKINDUNIICASINCHI KEY
Ferric cationionic91O4LML61120074-52-6VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N

CANADA

30 Great Canada Flag Gifs

Summary Basis of Decision – Triferic AVNU – Health Canada

Date SBD issued:2021-07-29

The following information relates to the new drug submission for Triferic AVNU.

Iron (supplied as ferric pyrophosphate citrate)

Drug Identification Number (DIN):

DIN 02515334 – 1.5 mg/mL iron (supplied as ferric pyrophosphate citrate), solution, intravenous administration

Rockwell Medical Inc.

New Drug Submission Control Number: 239850

On April 22, 2021, Health Canada issued a Notice of Compliance to Rockwell Medical Inc. for the drug product Triferic AVNU.

The market authorization was based on quality (chemistry and manufacturing), non-clinical (pharmacology and toxicology), and clinical (pharmacology, safety, and efficacy) information submitted. Based on Health Canada’s review, the benefit-harm-uncertainty profile of Triferic AVNU is favourable for the replacement of iron to maintain hemoglobin in adult patients with hemodialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD-HD). Triferic AVNU is not intended for use in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis and has not been studied in patients receiving home hemodialysis.

Triferic AVNU, an iron preparation, was authorized for the replacement of iron to maintain hemoglobin in adult patients with hemodialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD-HD). Triferic AVNU is not intended for use in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis and has not been studied in patients receiving home hemodialysis.

Triferic AVNU is not authorized for use in pediatric patients (<18 years of age), as its safety and effectiveness have not been established in this population. No overall differences in efficacy or safety were observed in geriatric patients (≥65 years of age) compared to younger patients in clinical trials.

Triferic AVNU is contraindicated for patients who are hypersensitive to this drug or to any ingredient in the formulation, or component of the container.

Triferic AVNU was approved for use under the conditions stated in its Product Monograph taking into consideration the potential risks associated with the administration of this drug product.

Triferic AVNU (1.5 mg/mL iron [supplied as ferric pyrophosphate citrate]) is presented as a solution. In addition to the medicinal ingredient, the solution contains water for injection.

For more information, refer to the ClinicalNon-clinical, and Quality (Chemistry and Manufacturing) Basis for Decision sections.

Additional information may be found in the Triferic AVNU Product Monograph, approved by Health Canada and available through the Drug Product Database.

Health Canada considers that the benefit-harm-uncertainty profile of Triferic AVNU is favourable for the replacement of iron to maintain hemoglobin in adult patients with hemodialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD-HD). Triferic AVNU is not intended for use in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis and has not been studied in patients receiving home hemodialysis.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health concern. One of the most common comorbidities of CKD-HD patients is anemia, which may be due to low body iron stores (as a result of blood loss during dialysis) and impaired utilization of iron. Consequently, there is an ongoing need to replenish body iron in CKD-HD patients.

Iron deficiency anemia in CKD-HD patients is generally treated using parenteral (intravenous) iron administration used in conjunction with erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs). Intravenous administration is preferred, as oral iron is not well absorbed and gastrointestinal intolerance is common. At the time of authorization of Triferic AVNU, there were four other intravenous iron products marketed in Canada: Dexiron, an iron dextran (≥1,000 mg/dose); Ferrlecit (sodium ferric gluconate; 125 mg/dose); Venofer (iron sucrose; 200 mg/dose); and the more recently approved Monoferric (Iron Isomaltoside 1,000; up to 500 mg/bolus injection and up to 1,500 mg/infusion). Each of these intravenous iron products are indicated for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia and are associated with safety concerns for hypersensitivity reactions. Serious hypersensitivity reactions have been reported, including life threatening and fatal anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions.

Triferic AVNU is an iron replacement product delivered via intravenous infusion into the blood lines pre- and post-dialyzer in CKD-HD patients at each hemodialysis treatment. It is a preservative-free sterile solution containing 1.5 mg elemental iron/mL in water for injection.

Triferic AVNU has been shown to be efficacious in maintaining hemoglobin (Hb) during the treatment period in CKD-HD patients. The market authorization was primarily based on the results of two pivotal, randomized, placebo-controlled, single blind, Phase III clinical studies (Studies SFP-4 and SFP-5). Both studies were identical in design and enrolled a combined total of 599 adult patients with CKD-HD who were iron-replete. Patients were randomized to receive either Triferic AVNU added to bicarbonate concentrate with a final concentration of 110 μg of iron/L in dialysate or placebo (standard dialysate) administered 3 to 4 times per week during hemodialysis. All patients were to remain randomized in their treatment group until pre-specified Hb or ferritin criteria were met, indicating the need for a change in anemia management, or until they had completed 48 weeks of treatment. After randomization, patients’ ESA product, doses, or route of administration were not to be changed and oral or intravenous iron administration were not allowed.

The primary efficacy endpoint (mean change in Hb level from baseline to the end-of-treatment period) was met in both pivotal studies. In Study SFP-4, the mean Hb decreased 0.04 g/dL in the Triferic AVNU group compared to 0.39 g/dL in the placebo group. In Study SFP-5, the mean Hb decreased 0.09 g/dL in the Triferic AVNU group compared to 0.45 g/dL in the placebo group. In both studies, the treatment difference in mean hemoglobin change was 0.36 g/dL (p = 0.011) between the Triferic AVNU and the placebo groups. This value was statistically significant for both studies. The treatment difference of 0.35 g/dL was also statistically significant (p = 0.010) for both studies in the analysis using the intent-to-treat population. A high proportion of patients did not complete the planned 48 weeks of study treatment mainly due to protocol-mandated changes in anemia management (ESA dose changes). However, the proportion was similar for both arms and the analysis of Hb change in this subgroup was consistent with that of the primary efficacy analysis. Secondary endpoints which included changes in reticulocyte Hb content, serum ferritin, and pre-dialysis serum iron panel to the end of treatment, were consistent with the primary efficacy results.

The safety of Triferic AVNU was evaluated in seven controlled and uncontrolled Phase II/III studies, which included the two pivotal studies. In total, 1,411 CKD-HD patients were exposed to Triferic AVNU in the clinical program. In the pivotal studies, 78% of patients in the Triferic AVNU group and 75% of patients in the placebo group had at least one treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE). The most common TEAEs in the Triferic AVNU group (which were higher than the placebo group) were procedural hypotension (21.6%), muscle spasms (9.6%), headache (9.2%), pain in extremity (6.8%), edema peripheral (6.8%) and dyspnoea (5.8%). Serious TEAEs were reported at similar rates for the two groups at 27.7% for the Triferic AVNU group and 27.4% for the placebo group. The most common serious TEAEs occurring in the Triferic AVNU group (which were higher than the placebo group) were cardiac arrest (1.7%), arteriovenous fistula thrombosis (1.7%), and pulmonary edema (1.4%). Few patients discontinued study treatment due to TEAEs (4.5% in the Triferic AVNU group and 2.4% in the placebo group).

In the overall clinical program, there were two cases (0.1%) of hypersensitivity reactions related to treatment out of the 1,411 patients treated with Triferic AVNU. There were no cases of serious hypersensitivity reaction and no cases of anaphylaxis related to Triferic AVNU treatment. A Serious Warnings and Precautions box describing a warning for hypersensitivity reaction has been included in the Product Monograph for Triferic AVNU.

A Risk Management Plan (RMP) for Triferic AVNU was submitted by Rockwell Medical Inc. to Health Canada. The RMP is designed to describe known and potential safety issues, to present the monitoring scheme and when needed, to describe measures that will be put in place to minimize risks associated with the product. In the RMP, the sponsor included ‘hypersensitivity reactions’ as an important identified risk; ‘systemic/serious infections’ as an important potential risk; and ‘use in pregnant and breastfeeding women’, ‘use in children’ and ‘concomitant use with other intravenous iron product’ as missing information. Labelling for these safety concerns has been included in the Product Monograph and the sponsor has committed to systemically review clinical and post-marketing safety data as part of routine pharmacovigilance activities. Upon review, the RMP was considered to be acceptable.

The submitted inner and outer labels, package insert and Patient Medication Information section of the Triferic AVNU Product Monograph meet the necessary regulatory labelling, plain language and design element requirements.

A review of the submitted brand name assessment, including testing for look-alike sound-alike attributes, was conducted and the proposed name Triferic AVNU was accepted.

Overall, the therapeutic benefits of Triferic AVNU therapy seen in the pivotal studies are positive and are considered to outweigh the potential risks. Triferic AVNU has an acceptable safety profile based on the non-clinical data and clinical studies. The identified safety issues can be managed through labelling and adequate monitoring. Appropriate warnings and precautions are in place in the Triferic AVNU Product Monograph to address the identified safety concerns.

This New Drug Submission complies with the requirements of sections C.08.002 and C.08.005.1 and therefore Health Canada has granted the Notice of Compliance pursuant to section C.08.004 of the Food and Drug Regulations. For more information, refer to the ClinicalNon-clinical, and Quality (Chemistry and Manufacturing) Basis for Decision sections.

The Chemistry and Manufacturing information submitted for Triferic AVNU has demonstrated that the drug substance and drug product can be consistently manufactured to meet the approved specifications. Proper development and validation studies were conducted, and adequate controls are in place for the commercial processes. Changes to the manufacturing process and formulation made throughout the pharmaceutical development are considered acceptable upon review. Based on the stability data submitted, the proposed shelf life of 36 months is acceptable when the drug product is stored protected from light in the aluminum pouch at room temperature (15 ºC to 30 ºC).

Proposed limits of drug-related impurities are considered adequately qualified (i.e. within International Council for Harmonisation [ICH] limits and/or qualified from toxicological studies).

All sites involved in production are compliant with Good Manufacturing Practices.

None of the excipients used in the formulation of Triferic AVNU are of human or animal origin. All non-medicinal ingredients (described earlier) found in the drug product are acceptable for use in drugs according to the Food and Drug Regulations.

DIN:

02515334

Product Monograph/Veterinary Labelling:

Date: 2021-04-21  Product monograph/Veterinary Labelling (PDF version ~ 175K)

Company:

ROCKWELL MEDICAL INC
30142 S Wixom Rd
Wixom
Michigan
United States  48393

Class: 

Human

Dosage form(s):

Solution

Route(s) of administration:

Intravenous

Number of active ingredient(s):

1

Schedule(s):

Prescription

Biosimilar Biologic Drug:

No

American Hospital Formulary Service (AHFS):See footnote3

20:04.04   IRON PREPARATIONS

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC):See footnote4

B03AC  IRON, PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS

Active ingredient group (AIG) number:See footnote5

0108536041

Active ingredient(s)Strength
IRON (FERRIC PYROPHOSPHATE CITRATE)1.5 MG / ML

RXLIST

TRIFERIC®
(ferric pyrophosphate citrate) Solution, for Hemodialysis Use

TRIFERIC®
(ferric pyrophosphate citrate) powder packet for hemodialysis use

DESCRIPTION

Triferic (ferric pyrophosphate citrate) solution, an iron replacement product, is a mixed-ligand iron complex in which iron (III) is bound to pyrophosphate and citrate. It has a molecular formula of Fe4(C6H4O7)3(H2P2O7)2(P2O7) and a relative molecular weight of approximately 1313 daltons. Ferric pyrophosphate citrate has the following structure:

TRIFERIC® (ferric pyrophosphate citrate) solution, for hemodialysis use TRIFERIC® (ferric pyrophosphate citrate) powder packet for hemodialysis use Structural Formula - Illustration

Triferic Solution

Triferic (ferric pyrophosphate citrate) solution–is a clear, slightly yellow-green color sterile solution containing 27.2 mg of elemental iron (III) per 5 mL (5.44 mg iron (III) per mL) filled in a 5 mL or 272 mg of elemental iron (III) per 50 mL (5.44 mg iron (III) per mL) filled in a 50 Ml low density polyethylene (LDPE) ampule. Each Triferic ampule contains iron (7.5-9.0% w/w), citrate (15-22% w/w), pyrophosphate (15-22% w/w), phosphate (< 2% w/w), sodium (18-25% w/w) and sulfate (20-35%). One Triferic 5 mL ampule is added to 2.5 gallons (9.46 L) of bicarbonate concentrate. One Triferic 50 mL ampule is added to 25 gallons (94.6 L) of master bicarbonate mix.

Triferic Powder Packets

Triferic (ferric pyrophosphate citrate) powder is a slightly yellow-green powder, packaged in single use paper, polyethylene and aluminum foil packets, each containing 272.0 mg of elemental iron (III). Each Triferic packet contains iron (7.5-9.0% w/w), citrate (15-22% w/w), pyrophosphate (15-22% w/w), phosphate (< 2% w/w), sodium (18-25% w/w) and sulfate (20- 35%). One Triferic powder packet is added to 25 (94.6 L) gallons of master bicarbonate mix.

Ferric pyrophosphate citrate (FPC), a novel iron-replacement agent, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in January 2015 for use in adult patients receiving chronic hemodialysis (HD). This iron product is administered to patients on HD via the dialysate.

Ferric pyrophosphate citrate is a soluble iron replacement product. Free iron presents several side effects as it can catalyze free radical formation and lipid peroxidation as well as the presence of interactions of iron in plasma. The ferric ion is strongly complexed by pyrophosphate and citrate.1 FPC is categorized in Japan as a second class OTC drug.6 This category is given to drugs with ingredients that in rare cases may cause health problems requiring hospitalization or worst.7 It is also FDA approved since 2015.Label

Iron(III) pyrophosphate is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula Fe4(P2O7)3.

Synthesis

Anhydrous iron(III) pyrophosphate can be prepared by heating the mixture of iron(III) metaphosphate and iron(III) phosphate under oxygen with the stoichiometric ratio 1:3. The reactants can be prepared by reacting iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate with phosphoric acid.[2]

It can be also prepared via the following reaction:[3]3 Na4P2O7(aq) + 4 FeCl3(aq) → Fe4(P2O7)3(s) + 12 NaCl(aq)

References

  1. ^ W.M.Haynes. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th edition). New York: CRC Press, 2016. pp 4-68
  2. ^ Elbouaanani, L.K; Malaman, B; Gérardin, R; Ijjaali, M (2002). “Crystal Structure Refinement and Magnetic Properties of Fe4(P2O7)3 Studied by Neutron Diffraction and Mössbauer Techniques”. Journal of Solid State Chemistry. Elsevier BV. 163 (2): 412–420. doi:10.1006/jssc.2001.9415ISSN 0022-4596.
  3. ^ Rossi L, Velikov KP, Philipse AP (May 2014). “Colloidal iron(III) pyrophosphate particles”. Food Chem151: 243–7. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.050PMID 24423528.
  • Gupta A, Amin NB, Besarab A, Vogel SE, Divine GW, Yee J, Anandan JV: Dialysate iron therapy: infusion of soluble ferric pyrophosphate via the dialysate during hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 1999 May;55(5):1891-8. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00436.x. [Article]
  • Naigamwalla DZ, Webb JA, Giger U: Iron deficiency anemia. Can Vet J. 2012 Mar;53(3):250-6. [Article]
  • Fidler MC, Walczyk T, Davidsson L, Zeder C, Sakaguchi N, Juneja LR, Hurrell RF: A micronised, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate with high relative bioavailability in man. Br J Nutr. 2004 Jan;91(1):107-12. [Article]
  • Pratt RD, Swinkels DW, Ikizler TA, Gupta A: Pharmacokinetics of Ferric Pyrophosphate Citrate, a Novel Iron Salt, Administered Intravenously to Healthy Volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Mar;57(3):312-320. doi: 10.1002/jcph.819. Epub 2016 Oct 3. [Article]
  • Underwood E. (1977). Trace elements in human and animal nutrition (4th ed.). Academic press.
  • KEGG [Link]
  • Nippon [Link]
  • FDA Reports [Link]
Names
Other namesFerric pyrophosphate
Identifiers
CAS Number10058-44-3 (anhydrous) 10049-18-0 (nonahydrate) 
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
ChEBICHEBI:132767
ChemSpider23258
DrugBankDB09147
ECHA InfoCard100.030.160 
EC Number233-190-0
PubChem CID24877
UNIIQK8899250F 1ZJR117WBQ (nonahydrate) 
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID6047600 
showInChI
showSMILES
Properties
Chemical formulaFe4(P2O7)3
Molar mass745.224 (anhydrate)
907.348 (nonahydrate)
Appearanceyellow solid (nonahydrate)[1]
Solubility in waterinsoluble
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

CLIP

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10534-018-0151-1

Iron deficiency is a significant health problem across the world. While many patients benefit from oral iron supplements, some, including those on hemodialysis require intravenous iron therapy to maintain adequate iron levels. Until recently, all iron compounds suitable for parenteral administration were colloidal iron–carbohydrate conjugates that require uptake and processing by macrophages. These compounds are associated with variable risk of anaphylaxis, oxidative stress, and inflammation, depending on their physicochemical characteristics. Ferric pyrophosphate citrate (FPC) is a novel iron compound that was approved for parenteral administration by US Food and Drug Administration in 2015. Here we report the physicochemical characteristics of FPC. FPC is a noncolloidal, highly water soluble, complex iron salt that does not contain a carbohydrate moiety. X-ray absorption spectroscopy data indicate that FPC consists of iron (III) complexed with one pyrophosphate and two citrate molecules in the solid state. This structure is preserved in solution and stable for several months, rendering it suitable for pharmaceutical applications in solid or solution state.

Iron deficiency with or without associated anemia represents a significant health problem worldwide. While many patients can restore iron levels with the use of oral iron supplements, oral supplementation is not suitable in some patients, including those undergoing chronic hemodialysis for chronic kidney disease (CKD) (Fudin et al. 1998; Macdougall et al. 1996; Markowitz et al. 1997). The limitations of oral iron replacement in patients undergoing hemodialysis likely arise from excessive ongoing losses and insufficient absorption, thus intravenous (IV) iron has become the primary route of administration in such patients (Shah et al. 2016). Multiple IV iron formulations are available, including iron dextran, iron sucrose, sodium ferric gluconate, iron carboxymaltose, ferrumoxytol, and iron isomaltoside (Macdougall et al. 1996). All such formulations are iron–carbohydrate macromolecular complexes, and the majority consist of an iron oxide core surrounded by a carbohydrate moiety (Macdougall et al. 1996; Markowitz et al. 1997).

Intravenous iron products have been used extensively for over 30 years for the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia and to maintain iron balance in hemodialysis patients since these patients have obligatory excessive losses. While these agents are generally well tolerated, they have been associated with risk of anaphylaxis (Wang et al. 2015). Compared to oral iron agents, there may be an increased risk of cardiovascular complications and infections in nondialysis patients with CKD (Macdougall et al. 1996). Additionally, higher mortality rates have been reported with use of high-dose IV iron in hemodialysis patients (Bailie et al. 2015).

Iron possesses oxidizing properties that may cause injury to cells and tissues (Koskenkorva-Frank et al. 2013; Vaziri 2013). Iron loading in general is associated with endocrinological, gastrointestinal, infectious, neoplastic, neurodegenerative, obstetric, ophthalmic, orthopedic, pulmonary, and vascular complications. In addition, excessive or misplaced tissue iron also can contribute to aging and mortality (Weinberg 2010). Normally, the body is able to protect tissues from the damaging effects of iron by regulating iron absorption in the intestine and sequestering iron with iron-binding proteins. However, the concentrations of iron introduced into the bloodstream with IV iron therapy can be as much as 100 times more than that absorbed normally through the intestine. Combined with the fact that IV iron is administered over a period of minutes compared to the slow, regulated absorption in the gut, it is possible that the increased iron load may damage cells and tissues.

A novel parenteral iron formulation, ferric pyrophosphate citrate (FPC), potentially offers a more physiologic delivery of iron. Unlike previous forms of IV iron, FPC contains no carbohydrate shell. Soluble ferric pyrophosphate-citrate complexes, generally referred to as soluble ferric pyrophosphate (SFP) were first described in the mid-1800s by Robiquet and Chapman (Chapman 1862; Robiquet 1857). This class of food-grade iron salts has been available for over 100 years as oral iron supplements and for fortification of food. In the late-1990s, Gupta et al. demonstrated that food-grade SFP could be administered to hemodialysis patients via the dialysate (Gupta et al. 1999). However, the commercially available compounds are poorly characterized and not suitable for further development as a parenteral iron supplement. Therefore, a pharmaceutical-grade SFP was developed. This product had a higher solubility than food-grade SFP and was granted a new USAN name—FPC. In 2015 FPC was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for parenteral delivery by hemodialysis to replace iron losses and thereby maintain hemoglobin levels in hemodialysis-dependent patients with CKD (Rockwell Medical Inc 2018). FPC is currently marketed under the trade name Triferic® (Rockwell Medical Inc., Wixom, Michigan, USA). FPC is the first carbohydrate-free, noncolloidal, water-soluble iron salt suitable for parenteral administration.

Infrared spectroscopy

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy was used to determine the main functional groups present in FPC. Figure 1 shows a representative IR spectrum of FPC. Peak assignments and positions for FPC as well as for sodium citrate, sodium pyrophosphate, and ferric sulfate, which were used to confirm the peak assignments, are shown in Table 1.

figure1
Fig. 1
figure4

X-ray spectra of solid and aqueous iron standards and FPC. a XANES spectra of iron (II) and iron (III) standards as well as FPC in the solid and solution phases show that FPC consists exclusively of iron (III) and that the solid-phase structure is maintained in solution. b EXFAS modeling of FPC in the solid phase (top) and in solution (bottom) at Day 1 and Month 4

Chemical composition of ferric pyrophosphate citrate

From: Physicochemical characterization of ferric pyrophosphate citrate

IonPercentage
Iron8
Citrate19
Pyrophosphate18
Phosphate< 1
Sulfate25–28

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2017040937A1/enProperties of Conventional SFP

Figure imgf000010_0001

Another example of SFP is the composition is the chelate composition described in US Patent Nos. 7,816,404 and 8,178,709. The SFP may be a ferric pyrophosphate citrate (FPC) comprising a mixed-ligand iron compound comprising iron chelated with citrate andpyrophosphate, optionally FPC has the following formula: Fe4(C6H407)3(H2P207)2(P207) (relative MW 1313 daltons), e.g., structure (I):

Figure imgf000011_0001

[0036] An exemplary SFP according to the present disclosure is known to have the properties described in Table 3.Table 3 – Properties of SFP according to the present disclosure

Figure imgf000012_0001

wdt-12

NEW DRUG APPROVALS

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////////////ferric pyrophosphate citrate, Triferic AVNU, , Ferric pyrophosphate citrate, FPC, SFP, Tetraferric nonahydrogen citrate pyrophosphate, Triferic, FDA 2015, APPROVALS 2021, CANADA 2021, hemodialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease 

[Fe+3].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O.OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O.OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O.OC(CC([O-])=O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O.OC(CC([O-])=O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O.OC(CC([O-])=O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O

SY 5609

$
0
0


[ Fig. 0001] 
[ Fig. 0002] [ Fig. 0003] [ Fig. 0004] 

SY 5609

CAS 2519828-12-5

Cancer, solid tumor

PHASE 1

A highly selective and potent oral inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) for potential treatment of advanced solid tumors that harbor the Rb pa thway alterations (Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA)

SY-5609 is an oral non-covalent CDK7 inhibitor in early clinical development at Syros Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of patients with advanced breast, colorectal, lung or ovarian cancer, or with solid tumors of any histology that harbor Rb pathway alterations.

  • OriginatorSyros Pharmaceuticals
  • ClassAntineoplastics; Small molecules
  • Mechanism of ActionCyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase inhibitors
  • Phase IBreast cancer; Solid tumours
  • 05 Aug 2021Roche plans the phase I/Ib INTRINSIC trial in Colorectal cancer (Combination therapy, Metastatic disease) in USA, Canada, Italy, South Korea, Spain and United Kingdom (NCT04929223)
  • 05 Aug 2021Roche and Syros Pharmaceuticals enters into a clinical trial collaboration to evaluate atezolizumab in combination with SY 5609 in a clinical trial
  • 05 Aug 2021Syros Pharmaceuticals plans a phase I trial in Cancer in second half of 2021
  • NCT04247126
  • https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04247126
Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

At #ESMO21, we will be presenting new preclinical and clinical data on SY-5609, our highly selective and potent oral CDK7 inhibitor. #oncology #biotech Learn more: https://lnkd.in/gqYmWYhb

A Promising Approach for Difficult-to-Treat Cancers

SY-5609 is a highly selective and potent oral inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) in a Phase 1 dose-escalation trial in patients with advanced breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian or pancreatic cancer, or with solid tumors of any histology that harbor Rb pathway alterations.

SY-5609 represents a new approach to treating cancer that we believe has potential in a range of difficult-to-treat cancers. It has shown robust anti-tumor activity, including complete regressions, in preclinical models of breast, colorectal, lung and ovarian cancers at doses below the maximum tolerated dose. In preclinical studies of breast, lung and ovarian cancers, deeper and more sustained responses were associated with the presence of Rb pathway alterations. SY-5609 has also shown substantial anti-tumor activity in combination with fulvestrant in treatment-resistant models of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, including those resistant to both fulvestrant and a CDK4/6 inhibitor. Early dose-escalation data demonstrated proof-of-mechanism at tolerable doses.

Syros to Present New Data from Phase 1 Clinical Trial of SY-5609 in Oral Presentation at ESMO Congress 2021SEPTEMBER 13, 2021

Management to Host Conference Call on Monday, September 20, 2021 at 4:00 p.m. ET

CAMBRIDGE, Mass.–(BUSINESS WIRE)– Syros Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ:SYRS), a leader in the development of medicines that control the expression of genes, today announced that it will present new data from the dose-escalation portion of the Phase 1 clinical trial of SY-5609, its highly selective and potent oral cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) inhibitor, at the ESMO Congress 2021, taking place virtually September 16-21, 2021. The oral presentation will include safety, tolerability, and initial clinical activity data for SY-5609 in patients with breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian and pancreatic cancers, as well as in patients with solid tumors of any histology harboring Rb pathway alterations.

In separate poster presentations, Syros will present new preclinical data evaluating the antitumor and pharmacodynamic activity of intermittent dosing regimens for SY-5609 in ovarian cancer models, as well as new preclinical data evaluating antitumor activity of SY-5609 as a single agent and in combination with chemotherapy in KRAS-mutant models.

The abstracts for the two poster presentations are now available online on the ESMO conference website at: https://www.esmo.org/meetings/esmo-congress-2021/abstracts, and the presentations will become available for on-demand viewing starting September 16 at 08:30 CEST (September 16 at 2:30 a.m. ET). The abstract for the oral presentation on the Phase 1 dose-escalation data will remain embargoed until September 17 at 00:05 CEST (September 16 at 6:05 p.m. ET).

Details of the oral presentation are as follows:

Presentation Title: Tolerability and Preliminary Clinical Activity of SY-5609, a Highly Potent and Selective Oral CDK7 Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors
Session Date & Time: Monday, September 20, 17:30-18:30 CEST (11:30-12:30 p.m. ET)
Presentation Time: 17:55-18:00 CEST (11:55-12:00 p.m. ET)
Session Title: Mini Oral Session: Developmental Therapeutics
Presenter: Manish Sharma, M.D., START Midwest
Abstract Number: 518MO

Details of the poster presentations are as follows:

Presentation Title: Preclinical Evaluation of Intermittent Dosing Regimens on Antitumor and PD Activity of SY-5609, a Potent and Selective Oral CDK7 Inhibitor, in Ovarian Cancer Xenografts
Abstract Number: 14P
Presentation Title: SY-5609, a Highly Potent and Selective Oral CDK7 inhibitor, Exhibits Robust Antitumor Activity in Preclinical Models of KRAS Mutant Cancers as a Single Agent and in Combination with Chemotherapy
Abstract Number: 13P

Conference Call Information

Syros will host a conference call on Monday, September 20, 2021 at 4:00 p.m. ET to discuss the new clinical and preclinical data for SY-5609, which will be presented at the ESMO Congress 2021.

To access the live conference call, please dial 866-595-4538 (domestic) or 636-812-6496 (international) and refer to conference ID 4648345. A webcast of the call will also be available on the Investors & Media section of the Syros website at www.syros.com. An archived replay of the webcast will be available for approximately 30 days following the conference call.

About Syros Pharmaceuticals

Syros is redefining the power of small molecules to control the expression of genes. Based on its unique ability to elucidate regulatory regions of the genome, Syros aims to develop medicines that provide a profound benefit for patients with diseases that have eluded other genomics-based approaches. Syros is advancing a robust clinical-stage pipeline, including: tamibarotene, a first-in-class oral selective RARα agonist in RARA-positive patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia; SY-2101, a novel oral form of arsenic trioxide in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia; and SY-5609, a highly selective and potent oral CDK7 inhibitor in patients with select solid tumors. Syros also has multiple preclinical and discovery programs in oncology and monogenic diseases.

PATENT

CN(C)C\C=C\C(=O)Nc1ccc(cc1)C(=O)Nc1cccc(c1)Nc1ncc(Cl)c(n1)c1c[NH]c2ccccc21

THZ1; 1604810-83-4; THZ-1; HY-80013

CLIP

SY 1365 MEVOCICLIB, CAS 1816989-16-8

CN(C)C\C=C\C(=O)Nc1ccc(nc1)C(=O)N[C@]1(C)C[C@@H](CCC1)Nc1ncc(Cl)c(n1)c1c[NH]c2ccccc21

str1

PATENT

PATENT

3-fluoro-4-(methylamino)-N-[(1S,3R)-1-methyl-3-[[4-(7-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino]cyclohexyl]benzamide (Compound 130)

      

3-chloro-4-[[4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-butanoyl]amino]-N-[(1S,3R)-3-[[4-(1H-indazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino]-1-methyl-cyclohexyl]benzamide (Compound 129)

      

4-amino-N-((1S,3R)-3-((5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-1-methylcyclohexyl)benzamide (Compound 128)

      

4-amino-3-fluoro-N-[(1S,3R)-3-[[4-(1H-indazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino]-1-methyl-cyclohexyl]benzamide (Compound 127)

      

4-amino-N-((1S,3R)-3-((5-chloro-4-(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)cyclohexyl)benzamide (Compound 126)

      

4-amino-N-((1S,3R)-3-((5-chloro-4-(1H-indazol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)cyclohexyl)benzamide (Compound 124)

      

Example 25 Synthesis of N1-(4-(((1S,3R)-3-((5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)cyclohexyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)oxalamide (Compound 113)

      

Example 24 Synthesis of N-((1S,3R)-3-((5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)cyclohexyl)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)butanamido)benzamide (Compound 105)

      

PATENT

4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decanyl)benzamide (Compound 100).

+/−)-4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-5 hydroxycyclohexyl)benzamide (Compound 101)

4-amino-N-((1S,3R)-3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)cyclohexyl)benzamide (Compound 102)

(1S,3R)-N-(4-aminophenyl)-3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)cyclohexanecarboxamide (Compound 106)

4-amino-N-((1S,3R)-3-(5-cyclopropyl-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)cyclohexyl)benzamide.HCl (Compound 103)

4-amino-N-((1S,3R)-3-(5-chloro-4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)cyclohexyl)benzamide (Compound 108)

4-amino-N-((1S,3R)-3-(5-cyano-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)cyclohexyl)benzamide (Compound 107)

(+/−)-4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-5-fluorocyclohexyl)benzamide (Compound 110)

4-amino-N-(5-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)bicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-1-yl)benzamide (Compound 104)

4-amino-N4(1R,5S)-5-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-3,3-difluorocyclohexyl)benzamide (Compound 115)

4-amino-N-((1S,3R)-3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)cyclohexyl)benzenesulfonamide (Compound 109).

4-amino-N-((1S,3R)-3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)cyclohexyl)-2-fluorobenzamide (Compound 112)

4-amino-N-((1S,3R)-3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)cyclohexyl)-3-fluorobenzamide (Compound 111).

(+/−)-4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-1-methylcyclohexyl)benzamide (Compound 116).

N-((1S,3R)-3-(4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)cyclohexyl)-4-aminobenzamide (Compound 114).

4-amino-N-((1S,3R)-3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)cyclohexyl)-2-morpholinobenzamide(Compound 117).

4-amino-N-((1S,3R)-3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)cyclohexyl)benzamide (Compound 118).

3-amino-N-(trans-4-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)cyclohexyl)benzamide.HCl (Compound 119).

(1S,3R)-N1-(R)-1-(4-aminophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-N3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)cyclohexane-1,3-diamine (Compound 120).

(1S,3R)-N1-(4-aminobenzyl)-N3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)-N1-methylcyclohexane-1,3-diamine.HCl (Compound 122).

4-amino-N-((1S,3R)-3-(5-chloro-4-(pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)cyclohexyl)benzamide.HCl (Compound 123).

Synthesis of 5-amino-N-((1S,3R)-3-(5-chloro-4-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)cyclohexyl)picolinamide (Compound 125)

Synthesis of N-((1S,3R)-3-((5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)cyclohexyl)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)butanamido)benzamide (Compound 105)

Synthesis of N1-(4-(((1S,3R)-3-)(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)cyclohexyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)oxalamide (Compound 113)

Synthesis of 4-amino-N-((1S,3R)-3-((5-chloro-4-(1H-indazol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)cyclohexyl)benzamide (Compound 124)

Synthesis of 4-amino-N-((1S,3R)-3-((5-chloro-4-(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)cyclohexyl)benzamide (Compound 126)

Synthesis of 4-amino-3-fluoro-N-[(1S,3R)-3-[[4-(1H-indazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino]-1-methyl-cyclohexyl]benzamide (Compound 127).

Synthesis of 4-amino-N-((1S,3R)-3-((5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl) pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-1-methylcyclohexyl)benzamide (Compound 128)

Synthesis of 3-chloro-4-[[4-(dimethylamino)-3 hydroxy-butanoyl]amino]-N-[(1S,3R)-3-[[4-(1H-indazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino]-1-methyl-cyclohexyl]benzamide (Compound 129).

Synthesis of 3-fluoro-4-(methylamino)-N-[(1S,3R)-1-methyl-3-[[4-(7-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino]cyclohexyl]benzamide (Compound 130)

//////////////SY 5609, 2519828-12-5, Cancer, solid tumor, PHASE 1, SYROS

MEVOCICLIB, SY 1365

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Mevociclib.png

 

Mevociclib Chemical Structure

MEVOCICLIB,

CAS 1816989-16-8

SY 1365

N-[(1S,3R)-3-[[5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino]-1-methylcyclohexyl]-5-[[(E)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoyl]amino]pyridine-2-carboxamide

N-((lS,3R)-3-(5-chloro-4-(lH-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-l-methylcvclohexyl)-5-((E)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamido)picolinamide

HS Tariff Code: 2934.99.9001

Syros

Molecular Weight 587.12
Formula C₃₁H₃₅ClN₈O₂
  • OriginatorSyros Pharmaceuticals
  • ClassAmides; Amines; Antineoplastics; Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Cyclohexanes; Indoles; Pyridines; Pyrimidines; Small molecules
  • Mechanism of ActionCyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase inhibitors
  • DiscontinuedAcute myeloid leukaemia; Breast cancer; Haematological malignancies; Ovarian cancer; Solid tumours
  • 23 Oct 2019Discontinued – Preclinical for Haematological malignancies and Acute myeloid leukaemia in the USA (Parenteral); Phase-I for Solid tumours, Ovarian cancer and Breast cancer in the USA (IV) because data obtained did not support an optimal profile for patients and indicated higher or frequent dosing
  • 07 Dec 2018Pharmacodynamics data from preclinical trials in Breast cancer presented at the 41st Annual San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium (SABCS-2018)
  • 15 Nov 2018Adverse events, efficacy and pharmacokinetics data from a phase I trial in Solid tumours presented at the 30th EORTC-NCI-AACR Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics Symposium (EORTC-NCI-AACR-2018)
Clinical Trial NCT NumberSponsorConditionStart DatePhaseNCT03134638Syros PharmaceuticalsAdvanced Solid Tumors|Ovarian Cancer|Breast CancerMay 12, 2017Phase 1

Mevociclib (SY-1365) is a potent and first-in-class selective CDK7 inhibitor, with a Ki of 17.4 nM. Mevociclib exhibits anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects in solid tumor cell lines. Mevociclib possesses anti-tumor activity in hematological and multiple aggressive solid tumors.

Mevociclib, also known as SY-1365, is a CDK7 inhibitor. In vitro, SY-1365 inhibited cell growth of many different cancer types at nanomolar concentrations. SY-1365 treatment decreased MCL1 protein levels, and cancer cells with low BCL-XL expression were found to be more sensitive to SY-1365. Transcriptional changes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines were distinct from those following treatment with other transcriptional inhibitors. SY-1365 demonstrated substantial anti-tumor effects in multiple AML xenograft models as a single agent; SY-1365-induced growth inhibition was enhanced in combination with the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax.

Syn

WO2015154038

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2015154038

Example 16. Synthesis of N-((lS,3R)-3-(5-chloro-4-(lH-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-l-methylcvclohexyl)-5-((E)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamido)picolinamide (Compound 267).

[251] (+/-) Benzyl tert-butyl ((lS,3R)-l-methylcvclohexane-l,3-diyl)dicarbamate

(+/-)

[252] A solution of (+/-)-(lS,3R) -3-((ieit-¾itoxycarbonyl)amino)–l -raethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid prepared as in WO2010/148197 (4.00 g, 15.5 mmol) in toluene (Ϊ 55 mL) was treated with Et3N (2.4 mL, 17.1 mmol) and DPPA (3.68 mL, Ϊ7.1 mmol) and heated at reflux for lh. Benzyl alcohol (8.0 mL, 77.7 mmol) and Et3N (4.4 mL , 31 .4 mmol) were added to the reaction mixture and the solution was heated at 100 °C for 72h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and then diluted with EtOAc (300 mL) and H20 (300 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 200 mL). The combined organics layers were washed with brine (100 mL), filtered and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by Si02 chromatography (EtOAc in hexanes, 0 to 50% gradient) and afforded the title compound (3.40 g, 9.38 mmol, 60%) as a white solid.

[253] Benzyl tert-butyl ((lS,3R)-l-methylcvclohexane-l,3-diyl)dicarbamate and benzyl tert- -l-methylcvclohexane-l,3-diyl)dicarbamate

(+/-)

[254] Both enantiomers of (+/-)-Benzyl tert-butyl ((lS,3R)-l-methylcyclohexane-l,3-diyl)dicarbamate (3.40 g, 9.38 mmol) were separated using preparative chiral HPLC (Chiralpak IA, 5 urn, 20×250 mm; hex/MeOH/DCM = 90/5/5) to yield both compounds benzyl tert-butyl ((lS,3R)-l-methylcyclohexane-l,3-diyl)dicarbamate (1.20 g, 3.31 mmol) and benzyl iert-butyl ((lR,3S)-l-methylcyclohexane-l,3-diyl)dicarbamate (1.15 g, 3.17 mmol) as white solids.

255 Benzyl ((lS,3R)-3-amino-l-methylcvclohexyl)carbamate hydrochloride

[256] A solution of benzyl tert-butyl ((lS,3R)-l-methylcyclohexane-l,3-diyl)dicarbamate (700 mg, 1.93 mmol) in DCM (19 mL) was treated with a 4M solution of HCI in dioxane (9.66 mL, 38.6 mmol) and stirred 16h at rt. The mixture was evaporated to dryness and afforded the title compound (577 mg, 1.93 mmol, 100%) as a white solid which was used in the next step without further purification.

[257] (lS,3R)-Benzyl-3-(5-chloro-4-(l-(phenylsulfonyl)-lH ndol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-1-methylcyclohexylcarbamate

[258] A solution of 3-(2,5-dichloropyrimidin-4-yl)-l-(phenylsulfonyl)-lH-indole (1.02 g, 2.53 mmol), benzyl (( iS,3 )-3- amino- 1 -methylcyclohexyljcarbaniaie hydrochloride (577 mg, 1.93 mmol) and DIPEA (1.15 mL, 6.60 mmol) in NMP (11 mL) was heated at 135 °C (microwave) for 60 min. The cooled mixture was diluted with EtOAc (250 mL), washed with H20 (100 mL), brine (100 mL), dried over MgS04, filtered and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by Si02 chromatography (EtOAc in DCM, 0 to 50% gradient) and afforded the title compound (747 mg, 1.19 mmol, 54%) as a yellow foam.

[259] (lS,3R)-N-(5-chloro-4-(l-(phenylsulfonyl)-lH ndol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)-3-methylcvclohexane-l,3-diamine

[260] A cooled (-78°C) solution of (lS,3R)-benzyl-3-(5-chloro-4-(l-(phenylsulfonyl)-lH-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-l-methylcyclohexylcarbamate (747 mg, 1.19 mmol) in DCM (39 mL) was treated with a 1M solution of BBr3 in DCM (2.83 mL, 2.83 mmol) and was slowly warmed up to rt. MeOH (10 mL) was added to the mixture was the resulting solution was stirred lh at rt. The resulting mixture was evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (C18, H20/ACN +0.1% HC02H, 0 to 60% gradient) and afforded the title compound (485 mg, 0.978 mmol, 83%) as a yellow solid.

[261] 5-amino-N-( ( lS,3R)-3-( 5-chloro-4-(l-(phenylsulfonyl)-lH-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-l-methylcvclohexyl)picolinamide

[262] A solution of (lR,3S)-N-(5-chloro-4-(l-(phenylsulfonyl)-lH-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)-3-methylcyclohexane-l,3-diamine (75.0 mg, 0.150 mmol) and 5-aminopicolinic acid (25.0 mg, 0.180 mmol) in DMF (5.0 mL) was treated with HBTU (86.0 mg, 0.230 mmol) and DIPEA (79 μί, 0.45 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred 5h at rt and diluted with MeTHF (50 mL) and saturated NaHC03 (50 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with MeTHF (2 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgS04, filtered and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by Si02 chromatography (EtOAc in DCM, 0 to 50% gradient) and afforded the title compound (74.0 mg, 0.120 mmol, 79%) as a light yellow oil.

[263] 5-amino-N-((lS,3R)-3-(5-chloro-4-(lH ndol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-l-methylcyclohexyDpicolinamide

[264] A solution of 5-amino-N-((lS,3R)-3-(5-chloro-4-(l-(phenylsulfonyl)-lH-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-l-methylcyclohexyl)picolinamide (74.0 mg, 0.120 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (4.0 mL) was treated with a 2M solution of NaOH in H20 (960 μί, 4.78 mmol) and heated at 60°C for lh. The cooled mixture was diluted with MeTHF (30 mL) and H20 (30 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with MeTHF (3 x 30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgS04, filtered and evaporated to dryness affording the title compound (57.0 mg, 0.120 mmol, 100%) as a light yellow oil which was used in the next step without further purification.

[265] N-((lS,3R)-3-(5-chloro-4-(lH ndol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-l-methylcvd^

( ( E)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamido )picolinamide ( Compound 267)

[266] A cooled (-78°C) solution of 5-amino-N-((lS,3R)-3-(5-chloro-4-(lH-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-l-methylcyclohexyl)picolinamide (57.0 mg, 0.120 mmol) and DIPEA (104 0.598 mmol) in THF/NMP (4.0 mL/1.0 mL) was treated with a 54.2 mg/mL solution of (E)-4-bromobut-2-enoyl chloride in DCM (104 μί, 0.598 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred 4h at -78°C before addition of a 2M solution of dimethylamine in THF (359 μί, 0.717 mmol). The resulting mixture was warmed up to rt and stirred 45min at this temperature before being evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (C18, H20/ACN +0.1% HC02H, 0 to 50% gradient) and afforded the title compound (15.0 mg, 0.026 mmol, 22%) as a white solid after lyophilization. LCMS: Calculated: 587.12; Found (M+H+): 587.39. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ 11.84 (s, 1H), 10.54 (s, 1H), 8.82 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (s, 1H), 8.47 (s, 1H), 8.25 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 7.98 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.25 – 7.07 (m, 3H), 6.81 (dt, J = 15.5, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (d, J = 15.4 Hz, 1H), 4.23 – 4.08 (m, 1H), 3.08 (dd, J = 5.7, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 2.46 – 2.37 (m, 1H), 2.18 (s, 6H), 2.04 – 1.95 (m, 2H), 1.87 – 1.70 (m, 3H), 1.63 – 1.46 (m, 4H), 1.39 – 1.26 (m, 1H).

Ref

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CN(C)C\C=C\C(=O)Nc1ccc(nc1)C(=O)N[C@]1(C)C[C@@H](CCC1)Nc1ncc(Cl)c(n1)c1c[NH]c2ccccc21

 

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Vosoritide

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PGQEHPNARK YKGANKKGLS KGCFGLKLDR IGSMSGLGC
(Disulfide bridge: 23-39)
Vosoritide achondroplasia drug molecule, illustration - Stock Image -  F030/0526 - Science Photo Library
ChemSpider 2D Image | vosoritide | C176H290N56O51S3
Vosoritide.png
SVG Image

H-Pro-Gly-Gln-Glu-His-Pro-Asn-Ala-Arg-Lys-Tyr-Lys-Gly-Ala-Asn-Lys-Lys-Gly-Leu-Ser-Lys-Gly-Cys(1)-Phe-Gly-Leu-Lys-Leu-Asp-Arg-Ile-Gly-Ser-Met-Ser-Gly-Leu-Gly-Cys(1)-OH

PGQEHPNARKYKGANKKGLSKGCFGLKLDRIGSMSGLGC
H-PGQEHPNARKYKGANKKGLSKGC(1)FGLKLDRIGSMSGLGC(1)-OH

PEPTIDE1{P.G.Q.E.H.P.N.A.R.K.Y.K.G.A.N.K.K.G.L.S.K.G.C.F.G.L.K.L.D.R.I.G.S.M.S.G.L.G.C}$PEPTIDE1,PEPTIDE1,23:R3-39:R3$$$

L-prolyl-glycyl-L-glutaminyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-histidyl-L-prolyl-L-asparagyl-L-alanyl-L-arginyl-L-lysyl-L-tyrosyl-L-lysyl-glycyl-L-alanyl-L-asparagyl-L-lysyl-L-lysyl-glycyl-L-leucyl-L-seryl-L-lysyl-glycyl-L-cysteinyl-L-phenylalanyl-glycyl-L-leucyl-L-lysyl-L-leucyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-arginyl-L-isoleucyl-glycyl-L-seryl-L-methionyl-L-seryl-glycyl-L-leucyl-glycyl-L-cysteine (23->39)-disulfide

(4R,10S,16S,19S,22S,28S,31S,34S,37S,40S,43S,49S,52R)-52-[[2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-5-oxo-2-[[2-[[(2S)-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]acetyl]amino]pentanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-40-(4-aminobutyl)-49-benzyl-28-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-31-(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-34-(carboxymethyl)-16,22-bis(hydroxymethyl)-10,37,43-tris(2-methylpropyl)-19-(2-methylsulfanylethyl)-6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51-hexadecaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,41,44,47,50-hexadecazacyclotripentacontane-4-carboxylic acid

Vosoritide

FormulaC176H290N56O51S3
CAS1480724-61-5
Mol weight4102.7254

1480724-61-5[RN]BMN 111L-Cysteine, L-prolylglycyl-L-glutaminyl-L-α-glutamyl-L-histidyl-L-prolyl-L-asparaginyl-L-alanyl-L-arginyl-L-lysyl-L-tyrosyl-L-lysylglycyl-L-alanyl-L-asparaginyl-L-lysyl-L-lysylglycyl-L-leucyl-L-seryl-L-lysylglycyl-L-cysteinyl-L-phenylalanylglycyl-L-leucyl-L-lysyl-L-leucyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-arginyl-L-isoleucylglycyl-L-seryl-L-methionyl-L-serylglycyl-L-leucylglycyl-, cyclic (23→39)-disulfideL-prolylglycyl-(human C-type natriuretic peptide-(17-53)-peptide (CNP-37)), cyclic-(23-39)-disulfideUNII:7SE5582Q2Pвосоритид [Russian] [INN]فوسوريتيد [Arabic] [INN]伏索利肽 [Chinese] [INN]

Voxzogo, 2021/8/26 EU APPROVED

Product details
NameVoxzogo
Agency product numberEMEA/H/C/005475
Active substanceVosoritide
International non-proprietary name (INN) or common namevosoritide
Therapeutic area (MeSH)Achondroplasia
Anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) codeM05BX
OrphanOrphanThis medicine was designated an orphan medicine. This means that it was developed for use against a rare, life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition or, for economic reasons, it would be unlikely to have been developed without incentives. For more information, see Orphan designation.
Publication details
Marketing-authorisation holderBioMarin International Limited
Date of issue of marketing authorisation valid throughout the European Union26/08/2021

On 24 January 2013, orphan designation (EU/3/12/1094) was granted by the European Commission to BioMarin Europe Ltd, United Kingdom, for modified recombinant human C-type natriuretic peptide for the treatment of achondroplasia.

The sponsorship was transferred to BioMarin International Limited, Ireland, in February 2019.

This medicine is now known as Vosoritide.

The medicinal product has been authorised in the EU as Voxzogo since 26 August 2021.

PEPTIDE

Treatment of Achondroplasia
modified recombinant human C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)

Vosoritide, sold under the brand name Voxzogo, is a medication used for the treatment of achondroplasia.[1]

The most common side effects include injection site reactions (such as swelling, redness, itching or pain), vomiting and decreased blood pressure.[1]

Vosoritide was approved for medical use in the European Union in August 2021.[1][2]

Voxzogo is a medicine for treating achondroplasia in patients aged 2 years and older whose bones are still growing.

Achondroplasia is an inherited disease caused by a mutation (change) in a gene called fibroblast growth-factor receptor 3 (FGFR3). The mutation affects growth of almost all bones in the body including the skull, spine, arms and legs resulting in very short stature with a characteristic appearance.

Achondroplasia is rare, and Voxzogo was designated an ‘orphan medicine’ (a medicine used in rare diseases) on 24 January 2013. Further information on the orphan designation can be found here: ema.europa.eu/medicines/human/orphan-designations/EU3121094.

Voxzogo contains the active substance vosoritide.

Achondroplasia Posters | Fine Art America

Medical uses

Vosoritide is indicated for the treatment of achondroplasia in people two years of age and older whose epiphyses are not closed.[1]

Mechanism of action

AChondrocyte with constitutionally active FGFR3 that down-regulates its development via the MAPK/ERK pathway
B: Vosoritide (BMN 111) blocks this mechanism by binding to the atrial natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B), which subsequently inhibits the MAPK/ERK pathway at the RAF-1 protein.[3]

Vosoritide works by binding to a receptor (target) called natriuretic peptide receptor type B (NPR-B), which reduces the activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3).[1] FGFR3 is a receptor that normally down-regulates cartilage and bone growth when activated by one of the proteins known as acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor. It does so by inhibiting the development (cell proliferation and differentiation) of chondrocytes, the cells that produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix which is also necessary for bone growth. Children with achondroplasia have one of several possible FGFR3 mutations resulting in constitutive (permanent) activity of this receptor, resulting in overall reduced chondrocyte activity and thus bone growth.[3]

The protein C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), naturally found in humans, reduces the effects of over-active FGFR3. Vosoritide is a CNP analogue with the same effect but prolonged half-life,[3] allowing for once-daily administration.[4]

Chemistry

 

Vosoritide is an analogue of CNP. It is a peptide consisting of the amino acids proline and glycine plus the 37 C-terminal amino acids from natural human CNP. The complete peptide sequence isPGQEHPNARKYKGANKKGLS KGCFGLKLDIGSMSGLGC

with a disulfide bridge between positions 23 and 39 (underlined).[5] The drug must be administered by injection as it would be rendered ineffective by the digestive system if taken by mouth.

History

Vosoritide is being developed by BioMarin Pharmaceutical and, being the only available causal treatment for this condition, has orphan drug status in the US as well as the European Union.[1][2][6] As of September 2015, it is in Phase II clinical trials.[7][4]

Society and culture

Controversy

Some people with achondroplasia, as well as parents of children with this condition, have reacted to vosoritide’s study results by saying that dwarfism is not a disease and consequently does not need treatment.[8]

Research

Vosoritide has resulted in increased growth in a clinical trial with 26 children. The ten children receiving the highest dose grew 6.1 centimetres (2.4 in) in six months, compared to 4.0 centimetres (1.6 in) in the six months before the treatment (p=0.01).[9] The body proportions, more specifically the ratio of leg length to upper body length – which is lower in achondroplasia patients than in the average population – was not improved by vosoritide, but not worsened either.[7][10]

As of September 2015, it is not known whether the effect of the drug will last long enough to result in normal body heights,[10] or whether it will reduce the occurrence of achondroplasia associated problems such as ear infections, sleep apnea or hydrocephalus. This, together with the safety of higher doses, is to be determined in further studies.[4]

References

  1. Jump up to:a b c d e f g “Voxzogo EPAR”European Medicines Agency. 23 June 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021. Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  2. Jump up to:a b “European Commission Approves BioMarin’s Voxzogo (vosoritide) for the Treatment of Children with Achondroplasia from Age 2 Until Growth Plates Close”BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. (Press release). 27 August 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  3. Jump up to:a b c Lorget F, Kaci N, Peng J, Benoist-Lasselin C, Mugniery E, Oppeneer T, et al. (December 2012). “Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of a CNP analog in a Fgfr3 mouse model recapitulating achondroplasia”American Journal of Human Genetics91 (6): 1108–14. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.10.014PMC 3516592PMID 23200862.
  4. Jump up to:a b c Clinical trial number NCT02055157 for “A Phase 2 Study of BMN 111 to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy in Children With Achondroplasia (ACH)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
  5. ^ “International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN): List 112” (PDF). WHO Drug Information28 (4): 539. 2014.
  6. ^ “Food and Drug Administration Accepts BioMarin’s New Drug Application for Vosoritide to Treat Children with Achondroplasia” (Press release). BioMarin Pharmaceutical. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2021 – via PR Newswire.
  7. Jump up to:a b Spreitzer H (6 July 2015). “Neue Wirkstoffe – Vosoritid”. Österreichische Apothekerzeitung (in German) (14/2015): 28.
  8. ^ Pollack A (17 June 2015). “Drug Accelerated Growth in Children With Dwarfism, Pharmaceutical Firm Says”The New York Times.
  9. ^ “BMN 111 (vosoritide) Improves Growth Velocity in Children With Achondroplasia in Phase 2 Study”. BioMarin. 17 June 2015.
  10. Jump up to:a b “Vosoritid” (in German). Arznei-News.de. 20 June 2015.

External links

Clinical data
Trade namesVoxzogo
Other namesBMN-111
Routes of
administration
Subcutaneous injection
ATC codeNone
Legal status
Legal statusEU: Rx-only [1]
Identifiers
CAS Number1480724-61-5
DrugBankDB11928
ChemSpider44210446
UNII7SE5582Q2P
KEGGD11190
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC176H290N56O51S3
Molar mass4102.78 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
showSMILES
showInChI

/////////Vosoritide, Voxzogo, PEPTIDE, ボソリチド (遺伝子組換え) , восоритид , فوسوريتيد , 伏索利肽 , APPROVALS 2021, EU 2021, BMN 111, ORPHAN DRUG

CCC(C)C1C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CSSCC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)N1)CCCNC(=N)N)CC(=O)O)CC(C)C)CCCCN)CC(C)C)CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)C(CC(=O)N)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)C(CC3=CC=C(C=C3)O)NC(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)C(CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CC(=O)N)NC(=O)C4CCCN4C(=O)C(CC5=CN=CN5)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C6CCCN6)C(=O)O)CC(C)C)CO)CCSC)CO

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Verdiperstat

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Verdiperstat (AZD3241) | MPO Inhibitor | MedChemExpress
Verdiperstat.png

Verdiperstat

AZD 3241; BHV-3241

CAS No. : 890655-80-8

1-(2-propan-2-yloxyethyl)-2-sulfanylidene-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one

4H-​Pyrrolo[3,​2-​d]​pyrimidin-​4-​one, 1,​2,​3,​5-​tetrahydro-​1-​[2-​(1-​methylethoxy)​ethyl]​-​2-​thioxo-

1-(2-isopropoxyethyl)-2-thioxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[3,2-d] pyrimidin-4-one

l-(2-Isopropoxyethyl)-2-thioxo-l,2,3,5-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one

  • Molecular FormulaC11H15N3O2S
  • Average mass253.321 Da

AZD-3241BHV-3421UNII-TT3345YXVRTT3345YXVRBHV-3241, WHO 10251вердиперстат [Russian] [INN]فيرديبيرستات [Arabic] [INN]维地泊司他 [Chinese] [INN]

  • OriginatorAstraZeneca
  • DeveloperAstraZeneca; Biohaven Pharmaceuticals
  • ClassAntiparkinsonians; Ethers; Organic sulfur compounds; Pyrimidinones; Small molecules
  • Mechanism of ActionPeroxidase inhibitors
  • Orphan Drug StatusYes – Multiple system atrophy
  • Phase IIIMultiple system atrophy
  • Phase II/IIIAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • DiscontinuedParkinson’s disease
  • 23 Jun 20213574186: Added patent info and HE
  • 23 Jun 2021Biohaven Pharmaceuticals has patents pending for the composition of matter of verdiperstat, pharmaceutical compositions and various neurological diseases in Europe, Japan and other countries
  • 01 Nov 2020Brigham and Women’s Hospital plans a phase I trial for Multiple System Atrophy in USA , (NCT04616456)

EU/3/14/1404: Orphan designation for the treatment of multiple system atrophy

This medicine is now known as verdiperstat.

On 16 December 2014, orphan designation (EU/3/14/1404) was granted by the European Commission to Astra Zeneca AB, Sweden, for 1-(2-isopropoxyethyl)-2-thioxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[3,2-d] pyrimidin-4-one for the treatment of multiple system atrophy.

The sponsorship was transferred to Richardson Associates Regulatory Affairs Limited, Ireland, in March 2019.

The sponsorship was transferred to Biohaven Pharmaceutical Ireland DAC, Ireland, in September 2021.

Key facts

Active substance1-(2-isopropoxyethyl)-2-thioxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[3,2-d] pyrimidin-4-one (verdiperstat)
Intented useTreatment of multiple system atrophy
Orphan designation statusPositive
EU designation numberEU/3/14/1404
Date of designation16/12/2014
SponsorBiohaven Pharmaceutical Ireland DAC

VERDIPERSTAT

For Initial Indications in Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Verdiperstat is a first-in-class, potent, selective, brain-penetrant, irreversible myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme inhibitor. Verdiperstat was progressed through Phase 2 clinical trials by AstraZeneca. Seven clinical studies were completed by AstraZeneca, including four Phase 1 studies in healthy subjects, two Phase 2a studies in subjects with Parkinson’s Disease, and one Phase 2b study in subjects with MSA. These Phase 2 clinical studies provide evidence that verdiperstat achieves peripheral target engagement (i.e., reduces MPO specific activity in plasma) and central target engagement in the brain and offer proof of its mechanism of action (i.e., reduce microglial activation and neuroinflamation).

A Phase 3 clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of verdiperstat in MSA is currently ongoing. A Phase 2/3 trial to evaluate the efficacy of verdiperstat in ALS is currently ongoing as part of the HEALEY ALS Platform Trial.

Verdiperstat has received Fast Track and Orphan Drug designations by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicine Agency due to the unmet medical needs in MSA.

Verdiperstat Overview

DESCRIPTIONClick to expendFirst-in-class, brain-penetrant, irreversible inhibitor of MPO

CLINICAL STATUSClick to expendOver 250 healthy volunteers and patients have been treated with verdiperstat in Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies. A Phase 3 study in MSA is currently underway and a Phase 2/3 study in ALS is currently enrolling.
Verdiperstat (AZD3241) is a selective, irreversible and orally active myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 630 nM, and can be used in the research of neurodegenerative brain disorders.

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PATENTWO 2006062465https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2006062465A1/enExample 9 l-(2-Isopropoxyethyl)-2-thioxo-l,2,3,5-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one (a) 3-[(2-Isopropoxyethyl)ωnino]-lH-pyrwle-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester Trichlorocyanuric acid (1.84 g, 7.93 mmol) was added to a solution of 2- isopropoxyethanol (0.75 g, 7.21 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (3 mL). The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C and TEMPO (0.022 g, 0.14 mmol) was carefully added in small portions. The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 20 minutes then filtered through Celite and washed with CH2Cl2. The filtrate was kept cold, 0 °C, during filtration. The aldehyde solution was added to a stirred mixture of 3-amino-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid ester (0.83 g, 5.41 mmol) and HOAc (0.62 mL, 10.8 mmol) at 0 °C in methanol (5 mL). The mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, then NaCNBH3 (0.34 g, 5.41 mmol) was added. After stirring at r.t for 2 h, the solution was evaporated onto silica and purified by flash column chromatography (heptane/ethyl acetate gradient; 0 to 100% ethyl acetate) to yield the title compound (0.75 g, 58%) as an oil. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm 10.72 (IH, br s), 6.76-6.74 (IH, m), 5.66-5.65 (IH, m), 5.34(1H, br s), 4.17 (2H, q, J=7.0 Hz), 3.59-3.49 (3H, m), 3.15 (2H, q, J=5.6 Hz), 1.26 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 1.10 (3H, s), 1.08 (3H, s); MS (ESI) m/z 241 (M +1).(b) l-(2-Isopropoxyethyl)-2-thioxo-l,2,3,5-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one The title compound (0.17 g, 23%) was prepared in accordance with the general method B using 3-[(2-isopropoxyethyl)amino]-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (0.7 g, 2.91 mmol) and ethoxycarbonyl isothiocyanate (0.40 mL, 3.50 mmol).1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm 12.74 (2H, br s), 7.35 (IH, d, J=2.8 Hz), 6.29 (IH, d, J=3.0Hz), 4.49 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 3.72 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 3.60-3.58 (IH, m), 1.02 (3H, s), 1.01 (3H, s);MS (ESI) m/z 254 (M +1).

/////////verdiperstat, вердиперстат , فيرديبيرستات , 维地泊司他 , WHO 10251, AZD-3241BHV-3421UNII-TT3345YXVRTT3345YXVRBHV-3241, AZD 3241, BHV 3241, BHV 3421

CC(C)OCCN1C2=C(C(=O)NC1=S)NC=C2

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Mobocertinib

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Mobocertinib - Wikipedia
Mobocertinib.png

Mobocertinib

1847461-43-1

MF C32H39N7O4
MW 585.70

propan-2-yl 2-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl-methylamino]-2-methoxy-5-(prop-2-enoylamino)anilino]-4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate

TAK-788AP32788TAK788UNII-39HBQ4A67LAP-3278839HBQ4A67L

US10227342, Example 10MFCD32669806NSC825519s6813TAK-788;AP32788WHO 11183

NSC-825519example 94 [WO2015195228A1]GTPL10468BDBM368374BCP31045EX-A3392

US FDA APPROVED 9/15/2021, Exkivity, To treat locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor exon 20 insertion mutation

Mobocertinib succinate Chemical Structure

Mobocertinib succinate Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 2389149-74-8

Molecular Weight703.78
FormulaC₃₆H₄₅N₇O₈
img

Mobocertinib mesylateCAS# 2389149-85-1 (mesylate)C33H43N7O7S
Molecular Weight: 681.809

CAS #: 2389149-85-1 (mesylate)   1847461-43-1 (free base)   2389149-74-8 (succinate)   2389149-76-0 (HBr)   2389149-79-3 (HCl)   2389149-81-7 (sulfate)   2389149-83-9 (tosylate)   2389149-87-3 (oxalate)   2389149-89-5 (fumarate)

JAPANESE ACCEPTED NAME

Mobocertinib Succinate

Propan-2-yl 2-[4-{[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-methoxy-5-(prop-2-enamido)anilino]-4-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate monosuccinate

C32H39N7O4▪C4H6O4 : 703.78
[2389149-74-8]

FDA grants accelerated approval to mobocertinib for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations……. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-grants-accelerated-approval-mobocertinib-metastatic-non-small-cell-lung-cancer-egfr-exon-20

On September 15, 2021, the Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval to mobocertinib (Exkivity, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) for adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 20 insertion mutations, as detected by an FDA-approved test, whose disease has progressed on or after platinum-based chemotherapy.

Today, the FDA also approved the Oncomine Dx Target Test (Life Technologies Corporation) as a companion diagnostic device to select patients with the above mutations for mobocertinib treatment.

Approval was based on Study 101, an international, non-randomized, open-label, multicohort clinical trial (NCT02716116) which included patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC with EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations. Efficacy was evaluated in 114 patients whose disease had progressed on or after platinum-based chemotherapy. Patients received mobocertinib 160 mg orally daily until disease progression or intolerable toxicity.

The main efficacy outcome measures were overall response rate (ORR) according to RECIST 1.1 as evaluated by blinded independent central review (BICR) and response duration. The ORR was 28% (95% CI: 20%, 37%) with a median response duration of 17.5 months (95% CI: 7.4, 20.3).

The most common adverse reactions (>20%) were diarrhea, rash, nausea, stomatitis, vomiting, decreased appetite, paronychia, fatigue, dry skin, and musculoskeletal pain. Product labeling includes a boxed warning for QTc prolongation and Torsades de Pointes, and warnings for interstitial lung disease/pneumonitis, cardiac toxicity, and diarrhea.

The recommended mobocertinib dose is 160 mg orally once daily until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

View full prescribing information for mobocertinib.

This indication is approved under accelerated approval based on overall response rate and duration of response. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in a confirmatory trial(s).

This review was conducted under Project Orbis, an initiative of the FDA Oncology Center of Excellence. Project Orbis provides a framework for concurrent submission and review of oncology drugs among international partners. For this review, FDA collaborated with the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA), and United Kingdom’s Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). The application reviews are ongoing at the other regulatory agencies.

This review used the Assessment Aid, a voluntary submission from the applicant to facilitate the FDA’s assessment. The FDA approved this application approximately 6 weeks ahead of the FDA goal date.

This application was granted priority review, breakthrough therapy designation and orphan drug designation. A description of FDA expedited programs is in the Guidance for Industry: Expedited Programs for Serious Conditions-Drugs and Biologics.Takeda’s EXKIVITY™ (mobocertinib) Approved by U.S. FDA as the First Oral Therapy Specifically Designed for Patients with EGFR Exon20 Insertion+ NSCLC…….. https://www.takeda.com/newsroom/newsreleases/2021/takeda-exkivity-mobocertinib-approved-by-us-fda/September 15, 2021

  • Approval based on Phase 1/2 trial results, which demonstrated clinically meaningful responses with a median duration of response (DoR) of approximately 1.5 years
  • Next-generation sequencing (NGS) companion diagnostic test approved simultaneously to support identification of patients with EGFR Exon20 insertion mutations

OSAKA, Japan, and CAMBRIDGE, Mass. September 15, 2021 – Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (TSE:4502/NYSE:TAK) (“Takeda”) today announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved EXKIVITY (mobocertinib) for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 20 insertion mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test, whose disease has progressed on or after platinum-based chemotherapy. EXKIVITY, which was granted priority review and received Breakthrough Therapy Designation, Fast Track Designation and Orphan Drug Designation from the FDA, is the first and only approved oral therapy specifically designed to target EGFR Exon20 insertion mutations. This indication is approved under Accelerated Approval based on overall response rate (ORR) and DoR. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in a confirmatory trial.

“The approval of EXKIVITY introduces a new and effective treatment option for patients with EGFR Exon20 insertion+ NSCLC, fulfilling an urgent need for this difficult-to-treat cancer,” said Teresa Bitetti, president, Global Oncology Business Unit, Takeda. “EXKIVITY is the first and only oral therapy specifically designed to target EGFR Exon20 insertions, and we are particularly encouraged by the duration of the responses observed with a median of approximately 1.5 years. This approval milestone reinforces our commitment to meeting the needs of underserved patient populations within the oncology community.”

The FDA simultaneously approved Thermo Fisher Scientific’s Oncomine Dx Target Test as an NGS companion diagnostic for EXKIVITY to identify NSCLC patients with EGFR Exon20 insertions. NGS testing is critical for these patients, as it can enable more accurate diagnoses compared to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, which detects less than 50% of EGFR Exon20 insertions.

“EGFR Exon20 insertion+ NSCLC is an underserved cancer that we have been unable to target effectively with traditional EGFR TKIs,” said Pasi A. Jänne, MD, PhD, Dana Farber Cancer Institute. “The approval of EXKIVITY (mobocertinib) marks another important step forward that provides physicians and their patients with a new targeted oral therapy specifically designed for this patient population that has shown clinically meaningful and sustained responses.”

“Patients with EGFR Exon20 insertion+ NSCLC have historically faced a unique set of challenges living with a very rare lung cancer that is not only underdiagnosed, but also lacking targeted treatment options that can improve response rates,” said Marcia Horn, executive director, Exon 20 Group at ICAN, International Cancer Advocacy Network. “As a patient advocate working with EGFR Exon20 insertion+ NSCLC patients and their families every day for nearly five years, I am thrilled to witness continued progress in the fight against this devastating disease and am grateful for the patients, families, healthcare professionals and scientists across the globe who contributed to the approval of this promising targeted therapy.”

The FDA approval is based on results from the platinum-pretreated population in the Phase 1/2 trial of EXKIVITY, which consisted of 114 patients with EGFR Exon20 insertion+ NSCLC who received prior platinum-based therapy and were treated at the 160 mg dose. Results were presented at the 2021 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting from the Phase 1/2 trial and demonstrated a confirmed ORR of 28% per independent review committee (IRC) (35% per investigator) as well as a median DoR of 17.5 months per IRC, a median overall survival (OS) of 24 months and a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 7.3 months per IRC.

The most common adverse reactions (>20%) were diarrhea, rash, nausea, stomatitis, vomiting, decreased appetite, paronychia, fatigue, dry skin, and musculoskeletal pain. The EXKIVITY Prescribing Information includes a boxed warning for QTc prolongation and Torsades de Pointes, and warnings and precautions for interstitial lung disease/pneumonitis, cardiac toxicity, and diarrhea.

The FDA review was conducted under Project Orbis, an initiative of the FDA Oncology Center of Excellence (OCE), which provides a framework for concurrent submission and review of oncology products among international partners. We look forward to continuing our work with regulatory agencies across the globe to bring mobocertinib to patients.

About EXKIVITY (mobocertinib)

EXKIVITY is a first-in-class, oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) specifically designed to selectively target epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) Exon20 insertion mutations.

EXKIVITY is approved in the U.S. for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test, whose disease has progressed on or after platinum-based chemotherapy.

Results from the Phase 1/2 trial of mobocertinib have also been accepted for review by the Center for Drug Evaluation (CDE) in China for locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC patients with EGFR Exon20 insertion mutations who have been previously treated with at least one prior systemic chemotherapy.

For more information about EXKIVITY, visit http://www.EXKIVITY.com. For the Prescribing Information, including the Boxed Warning, please visit https://takeda.info/Exkivity-Prescribing-Information.

About EGFR Exon20 Insertion+ NSCLC

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common form of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 85% of the estimated 2.2 million new cases of lung cancer diagnosed each year worldwide, according to the World Health Organization.1,2 Patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) Exon20 insertion+ NSCLC make up approximately 1-2% of patients with NSCLC, and the disease is more common in Asian populations compared to Western populations.3-7 This disease carries a worse prognosis than other EGFR mutations, as EGFR TKIs – which do not specifically target EGFR Exon20 insertions – and chemotherapy provide limited benefit for these patients.

Takeda is committed to continuing research and development to meet the needs of the lung cancer community through the discovery and delivery of transformative medicines.

EXKIVITY IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

QTc Interval Prolongation and Torsades de PointesEXKIVITY can cause life-threatening heart rate-corrected QT (QTc) prolongation, including Torsades de Pointes, which can be fatal, and requires monitoring of QTc and electrolytes at baseline and periodically during treatment. Increase monitoring frequency in patients with risk factors for QTc prolongation.  Avoid use of concomitant drugs which are known to prolong the QTc interval and use of strong or moderate CYP3A inhibitors with EXKIVITY, which may further prolong the QTc.  Withhold, reduce the dose, or permanently discontinue EXKIVITY based on the severity of QTc prolongation.

Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)/Pneumonitis: Monitor patients for new or worsening pulmonary symptoms indicative of ILD/pneumonitis. Immediately withhold EXKIVITY in patients with suspected ILD/pneumonitis and permanently discontinue EXKIVITY if ILD/pneumonitis is confirmed.

Cardiac Toxicity: Monitor cardiac function, including left ventricular ejection fraction, at baseline and during treatment. Withhold, resume at reduced dose or permanently discontinue based on severity.

Diarrhea: Diarrhea may lead to dehydration or electrolyte imbalance, with or without renal impairment. Monitor electrolytes and advise patients to start an antidiarrheal agent at first episode of diarrhea and to increase fluid and electrolyte intake. Withhold, reduce the dose, or permanently discontinue EXKIVITY based on the severity.

Embryo-Fetal Toxicity: Can cause fetal harm. Advise females of reproductive potential of the potential risk to a fetus and to use effective non-hormonal contraception.

Mobocertinib, sold under the brand name Exkivity, is used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.[2][3]

The most common side effects include diarrhea, rash, nausea, stomatitis, vomiting, decreased appetite, paronychiafatigue, dry skin, and musculoskeletal pain.[2]

Mobocertinib is a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Its molecular target is epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) bearing mutations in the exon 20 region.[4][5]

Mobocertinib was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2021.[2][3] It is a first-in-class oral treatment to target EGFR Exon20 insertion mutations.[3]

Medical uses

Mobocertinib is indicated for adults with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 20 insertion mutations, as detected by an FDA-approved test, whose disease has progressed on or after platinum-based chemotherapy.[2]

PATENT

WO 2019222093

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2019222093A1

Figure imgf000004_0002

Scheme I

Figure imgf000018_0001
Figure imgf000020_0001
Figure imgf000024_0001

Example 1 Procedure for the preparation of isopropyl 2-((5-acrylamido-4-((2- (dimethylamino)ethyl) (methyl)amino)-2-methoxyphenyl)amino)-4-(l -methyl- lH-indol-3- yl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (Compound (A)).

Figure imgf000049_0001

[00351] Step 1 : Preparation of isopropyl 2-chloro-4-(l -methyl- lH-indo 1-3 -yl)pyrimidine-5- carboxylate.

Figure imgf000049_0002

[00352] To a 2 L Radley reactor equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer, and a refluxing condenser was charged isopropyl 2,4-dichloropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (100 g, 42.5 mmol, 1.00 eq.) andl,2-dimethoxyethane (DME, 1.2 L, 12 vol) at RT. The mixture was cooled to 3 °C, and granular AlCb (65.5 g, 49.1 mmol, 1.15 eq.) was added in 2 portions (IT 3-12 °C, jacket set 0 °C). The white slurry was stirred 15-25 °C for 60 minutes. 1 -Methylindole (59 g, 44.9 mmol, 1.06 eq.) was added in one portion (IT 20-21°C). DME (100 mL) was used to aid 1- Methylindole transfer. The reaction mixture was aged for at 35 °C for 24 h. Samples (1 mL) were removed at 5 h and 24 h for HPLC analysis (TM1195).[00353] At 5 h the reaction had 70 % conversion, while after 24 h the desired conversion was attained (< 98%).[00354] The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C to 5 °C and stirred for 1 h. The solids were collected via filtration and washed with DME (100 mL). The solids (AlCb complex) were charged back to reactor followed by 2-MeTHF (1 L, 10 vol), and water (400 mL, 4 vol). The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes. The stirring was stopped to allow the layers to separate.The organic phase was washed with water (200 mL, 2 vol). The combined aqueous phase was re-extracted with 2-MeTHF (100 mL, 1 vol).[00355] During workup a small amount of product title compound started to crystallize.Temperature during workup should be at about 25-40 °C.[00356] The combined organic phase was concentrated under mild vacuum to 300-350 mL (IT 40-61 °C). Heptane (550 mL) was charged while maintaining the internal temperature between 50 °C and 60 °C. The resulting slurry was cooled at 25 °C over 15 minutes, aged for 1 h (19-25 °C) and the resulting solids isolated by filtration.[00357] The product was dried at 50 °C under vacuum for 3 days to yield 108.1 g (77 % yield) of the title compound, in 100% purity (AUC) as a yellow solid.‘H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i/e) d ppm 1.24 (d, J= 6.53 Hz, 6 H) 3.92 (s, 3 H) 5.19 (spt, J=6.27 Hz, 1 H) 7.25 – 7.35 (m, 2 H) 7.59 (d, J=8.03 Hz, 1 H) 8.07 (s, 1 H) 8.16 (d, J= 7.53 Hz, 1 H) 8.82 (s, 1 H).[00358] Step 2: Preparation of isopropyl 2-((4-fhioro-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)amino)-4-(l- methyl-lH-indol-3-yl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate.

Figure imgf000050_0001

[00359] A mixture of the product of step 1 (85.0 g, 258 mmol, 1.0 eq.), 4-fluoro-2-methoxy- 5nitroaniline (57.0 g, 306 mmol, 1.2 eq.) and PTSA monohydrate (13.3 g, 70.0 mmol, 0.27 eq.) in acetonitrile (1.4 L, 16.5 v) was heated to 76-81 °C under nitrogen in a 2 L Radley reactor. IPC at 19 h indicated that the reaction was complete.[00360] The reaction mixture was cooled to 25 °C and water (80 mL) was charged in one portion (IT during charge dropped from 25 °C to 19 °C). The reaction mixture was aged for 1 h at 21 °C and then the resulting solids were isolated by filtration. The product was washed with EtOAc (2 x 150 mL) and dried in high vacuum at 50 °C to 60 °C for 44 h to give 121.5 g of the title compound (98% yield), HPLC purity 100 % a/a; NMR indicated that PTSA was purged.¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-7,) d ppm 1.21 (d, 7=6.02 Hz, 6 H) 3.91 (s, 3 H) 4.02 (s, 3 H) 5.09 (spt, 7=6.27 Hz, 1 H) 7.10 (t, 7=7.53 Hz, 1 H) 7.26 (t, 7=7.58 Hz, 1 H) 7.42 (d, 7=13.05 Hz, 1 H) 7.55 (d, 7=8.53 Hz, 1 H) 7.90 (br d, 7=7.53 Hz, 1 H) 7.98 (s, 1 H) 8.75 (s, 1 H) 8.88 (d, 7=8.03 Hz, 1 H) 9.03 (s, 1 H).[00361] Step 3: Preparation of isopropyl 2-((4-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl(methyl)amino)-2- methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)amino)-4-(l-methyl-lH-indol-3-yl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate.

Figure imgf000051_0001

[00362] A 50 L flask was charged 1.500 kg of the product of step 2 (3.1 moles, l.O equiv.), 639.0 g A,A,A-trimethylethylenediamine (6.3 mol, 2 equiv.), and 21 L MeCN. The resulting slurry was mixed for 7 hours at reflux. The reaction was cooled overnight. Water (16.5 L) was added before the solids were isolated. After isolation of the solids, a wash of 2.25 L MeCN in 2.25 L water was conducted to provide the title compound. The solids were dried, under vacuum, at 75 °C. HPLC purity a/a % of the dry solid was 99.3%.¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-7,) d ppm 1.22 (d, 7=6.02 Hz, 6 H) 2.09 – 2.13 (m, 1 H) 2.19 (s, 6 H) 2.49 – 2.52 (m, 1 H) 2.89 (s, 3 H) 3.29 – 3.35 (m, 2 H) 3.89 (s, 3 H) 3.94 (s, 3 H) 5.10 (spt, 7=6.19 Hz, 1 H) 6.86 (s, 1 H) 7.07 (br t, 7=7.53 Hz, 1 H) 7.24 (t, 7=7.28 Hz, 1 H) 7.53 (d, 7=8.53Hz, 1 H) 7.86 – 8.02 (m, 2 H) 8.36 (s, 1 H) 8.69 (s, 1 H) 8.85 (s, 1 H).[00363] Step 4: Preparation of isopropyl 2-((5-amino-4-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)(methyl)- amino)-2-methoxyphenyl)amino)-4-(l -methyl- lH-indo 1-3 -yl)pyrimidine-5-carboxy late.

Figure imgf000051_0002

[00364] To a mixture of the product of step 3 (1.501 kg, 2.67 mol, 1.00 eq.) and 10% Pd/C (64 % wet, 125.0 g, 0.01 1 eq.) was added 2-MeTHF (17.7 L) in a 20 L pressure reactor. The mixture was hydrogenated at 6- 10 psi ¾ and at 40 °C until IPC indicated complete conversion (1 1 h, the reaction product 99.0%). The reaction mixture was filtered (Celite), and the pad rinsed with MeTHF (2.5 L total). The filtrate was stored under N2 in a refrigerator until crystallization.[00365] Approximately 74% of 2-MeTHF was evaporated under reduced pressure while maintaining IT 23-34 °C (residual volume in the reactor was approximately 4.8 L). To the mixture was added n-heptane (6 L) over 15 min via dropping funnel. The resulting slurry was aged at room temperature overnight. The next day the solids on the walls were scraped to incorporate them into the slurry and the solids were isolated by filtration. The isolated solids were washed with n-heptane containing 5% MeTFlF (2 x 750 mL), and dried (75 °C, 30 inch Flg) to yield 1287 g (91 % yield) of the title compound as a yellow solid. F1PLC purity: 99.7% pure.[00366] ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- ) d ppm 1.20 (d, .7=6.02 Hz, 6 H) 2.21 (s, 6 H) 2.37 -2.44 (m, 2 H) 2.68 (s, 3 H) 2.93 (t, .7=6.78 Hz, 2 H) 3.74 (s, 3 H) 3.90 (s, 3 H) 4.60 (s, 2 H) 5.08 (spt, 7=6.19 Hz, 1 H) 6.80 (s, 1 H) 7.08 – 7.15 (m, 1 H) 7.19 – 7.26 (m, 2 H) 7.52 (d, .7=8.03 Hz, 1 H) 7.94 – 8.01 (m, 2 H) 8.56 (s, 1 H) 8.66 (s, 1 H).[00367] Step 5: Preparation of isopropyl 2-((4-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)(methyl)amino)-2- methoxy-5 -(3 -(phenylsulfonyl)propanamido)phenyl)amino)-4-(l -methyl- lH-indol-3- yl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate.

Figure imgf000052_0001

lnt-5[00368] A mixture of the product of step 4 (1.284 kg, 2.415 mol, 1.0 eq.) and 3- (phenylsulfonyl)propionic acid (0.5528 kg, 2.580 mol, 1.07 eq.) in anhydrous DCM (8.5 L) was cooled to 2 °C, and treated with DIEA (0.310 kg, 2.399 mol, 1.0 eq.). To the reaction mixture was charged over 40 min, 50 % w/w T3P in MeTHF (1.756 kg, 2.759 mol, 1.14 eq.) while maintaining the internal temperature between 0 °C and 8 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C to 5 °C for 15 minutes and then warmed over 30 min to 15 °C then held at 15 °C to 30 °C for 60 min.[00369] The reaction was quenched with water (179 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min then DIEA (439 g) was charged in one portion. The resulting mixture was aged for 15 min, and then treated with 5% aqueous K2CO3 (7.3 L) at 22-25 °C. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer back extracted with DCM (6.142 L). The combined organic extract was washed with brine (2 x 5.5 L).[00370] The organic extract was concentrated to 6.5 L, diluted with EtOFl, 200 Proof (14.3 kg), and the mixture concentrated under vacuum (23-25 inch Flg/IT40-60 °C) to a residual volume of 12.8 L.[00371] The residual slurry was treated with EtOFl, 200 Proof (28.8 Kg), and heated to 69 °C to obtain a thin slurry. The reaction mixture was cooled to 15 °C over 2 h, and stored overnight at 15 °C under nitrogen.[00372] The next day, the mixture was cooled to 5 °C, and aged for 30 minutes. The resulting solid was isolated by filtration, washed with EtOFl (2 x 2.16 kg) and dried to give 1.769 kg (100% yield) of the title compound. F1PLC purity 99.85%.‘H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾ d ppm 1.08 – 1.19 (m, 8 H) 2.15 (s, 6 H) 2.32 (t, J= 5.77 Hz, 2 H) 2.66 – 2.76 (m, 5 H) 2.88 (br t, J= 5.52 Hz, 2 H) 3.48 (qd, J= 7.03, 5.02 Hz, 1 H) 3.60 – 3.69 (m, 2 H) 3.83 (s, 3 H) 3.89 (s, 3 H) 4.40 (t, J=5.02 Hz, 1 H) 5.04 (quin, J=6.27 Hz, 1 H) 7.01 – 7.09 (m, 2 H) 7.22 (t, J= 7.53 Hz, 1 H) 7.52 (d, J= 8.53 Hz, 1 H) 7.67 – 7.82 (m, 4 H) 7.97 (s, 1 H) 7.98 – 8.00 (m, 1 H) 8.14 (s, 1 H) 8.61 – 8.70 (m, 3 H) 10.09 (s, 1 H).[00373] Step 6: Preparation of isopropyl 2-((5-acrylamido-4-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl) (methyl)amino)-2-methoxyphenyl)amino)-4-(l -methyl- lH-indol-3-yl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (Compound (A)).

Figure imgf000053_0001

compound (A)[00374] The product of step 5 (1.600 kg, 2.198 mol, 1.0 equiv.) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (19.5 kg) and was treated at -1 °C to 1 °C with 2M KOSi(CH3)3 in THF (2.72 L, 5.44 mol, 2.47 equiv.). KOSi(CFb)3 was added over 5 minutes, reactor jacket set at -5 °C to 10 °C. 2 M KOSi(CFh)3 solution was prepared by dissolving 871 g of KOSi(CFh)3 technical grade (90%) in 3.056 L of anhydrous TF1F.[00375] The reaction mixture was aged for 60 minutes. Potable water (22 L) was charged to the reaction mixture over 1 10 minutes, while maintaining temperature at 2-7 °C. The resulting suspension was aged at 3-7 °C for 60 minutes; the product was isolated by filtration (the filtration rate during crude product isolation was (1.25 L/min), washed with potable water (2 x 1.6 L) and air dried overnight and then in high vacuum for 12 h at 45 °C to give 1.186 kg of crude title compound (92% yield).‘H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-i¾ d ppm 1.05 (t, J= 7.09 Hz, 2 H) 1.1 1 (d, J= 6.36 Hz, 6 H) 2.1 1 (s, 6 H) 2.28 (br t, .7=5.38 Hz, 3 H) 2.55 – 2.67 (m, 3 H) 2.69 (s, 3 H) 2.83 (br t, .7=5.38 Hz, 3 H) 3.31 (s, 3 H) 3.36 – 3.51 (m, 2 H) 3.54 – 3.70 (m, 3 H) 3.75 – 3.82 (m, 3 H) 4.33 (t, .7=5.14 Hz, 1 H) 4.99 (dt, 7=12.35, 6.30 Hz, 2 H) 5.75 (s, 1 H) 6.95 – 7.07 (m, 2 H) 7.17 (br t, .7=7.58 Hz, 2 H) 7.48 (d, 7=8.31 Hz, 2 H) 7.62 – 7.71 (m, 3 H) 7.71 – 7.83 (m, 2 H) 7.93 (d, .7=7.83 Hz, 3 H) 8.09 (s, 2 H) 8.53 – 8.67 (m, 3 H) 10.03 (s, 2 H).[00376] Step 7: Preparation of polymorphic Form-I of isopropyl 2-((5-acrylamido-4-((2- (dimethylamino)ethyl) (methyl)amino)-2-methoxyphenyl)amino)-4-(l -methyl- lH-indol-3- yl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (Free base Compound (A)).[00377] Method 1 : The crude product of step 6 (1.130 kg) was recrystallized by dissolving it in EtOAc (30.1 kg) at 75 °C, polish filtered (1.2 pm in-line filter), followed by concentration of the filtrate to 14 L of residue (IT during concentration is 58-70 °C). The residual slurry was cooled to 0 °C over 70 minutes and then aged at 0-2 °C for 30 minutes. Upon isolation the product was dried to a constant weight to give 1.007 kg (89% recovery) of the title compound as polymorphic Form-I. Purity (HPLC, a/a %, 99.80%).

PATENT

WO 2015195228

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2015195228A1/en

PATENT

US10227342, Example 10

https://patents.google.com/patent/US10227342

 
 isopropyl 2-((5-acrylamido-4-((2-R13
 (dimethylamino)ethyl)(methyl)amino)-2- 
 methoxyphenyl)amino)-4-(1-methyl-1H- 
 indol-3-yl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate 
 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 10.15 (s, 1 H), 9.80 
 (s, 1 H), 8.91 (s, 1 H), 8.70 (br. s., 1 H), 
 7.91 (s, 1 H), 7.48-7.71 (m, 1 H), 7.15- 
 7.37 (m, 3 H), 6.81 (s, 1 H), 6.49 (dd, 
 J = 17.07, 1.88 Hz, 1 H), 6.36 (dd, 
 J = 16.94, 10.04 Hz, 1 H), 5.73 (dd, 
 J = 10.04, 1.88 Hz, 1 H), 5.02 (dt, 
 J = 12.45, 6.26 Hz, 1 H), 4.00 (s, 3 H), 
 3.90 (s, 3 H), 2.86-2.93 (m, 2 H), 2.76 
 (s, 3 H), 2.26-2.31 (m, 8 H), 1.05 (d, 
 J = 6.15 Hz, 6 H) 
 ESI-MS m/z: 586.3 [M + H]+

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

  1. Jump up to:a b https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/215310s000lbl.pdf
  2. Jump up to:a b c d e “FDA grants accelerated approval to mobocertinib for metastatic non-sma”U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. Jump up to:a b c “Takeda’s Exkivity (mobocertinib) Approved by U.S. FDA as the First Oral Therapy Specifically Designed for Patients with EGFR Exon20 Insertion+ NSCLC” (Press release). Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. 15 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021 – via Business Wire.
  4. ^ “TAK-788 as First-line Treatment Versus Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) With EGFR Exon 20 Insertion Mutations”Clinicaltrials.gov. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  5. ^ Zhang SS, Zhu VW (2021). “Spotlight on Mobocertinib (TAK-788) in NSCLC with EGFR Exon 20 Insertion Mutations”Lung Cancer. Auckland, N.Z. 12: 61–65. doi:10.2147/LCTT.S307321PMC 8286072PMID 34285620.

External links

Clinical data
Trade namesExkivity
Other namesTAK-788
License dataUS DailyMedMobocertinib
Pregnancy
category
Contraindicated[1]
Routes of
administration
By mouth
Drug classAntineoplastic
ATC codeNone
Legal status
Legal statusUS: ℞-only [1][2]
Identifiers
showIUPAC name
CAS Number1847461-43-12389149-74-8
PubChem CID118607832
DrugBankDB16390DBSALT003192
ChemSpider84455481
UNII39HBQ4A67L
KEGGD12001D11969
ChEMBLChEMBL4650319
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC32H39N7O4
Molar mass585.709 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
showSMILES
showInChI

////////////mobocertinib, Exkivity, TAK 788, AP32788, fda 2021, approvals 2021, cancer

CC(C)OC(=O)C1=CN=C(N=C1C2=CN(C3=CC=CC=C32)C)NC4=C(C=C(C(=C4)NC(=O)C=C)N(C)CCN(C)C)OC

wdt-18

NEW DRUG APPROVALS

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$10.00

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VX 759

$
0
0

VX 759
CAS#: 478025-29-5
Chemical Formula: C22H27NO3S
Molecular Weight: 385.522

478025-29-5

Drug Name:VCH-759Research Code:VX-759; BCH-27759; VCH-759

VX-759; BCH-27759; VCH-759; VX759; BCH27759; VCH759; VX 759; BCH 27759; VCH 759; NNI-1

3-(N-isopropyl-4-methylcyclohexane-1-carboxamido)-5-phenylthiophene-2-carboxylic acid

  • 3-[[(trans-4-Methylcyclohexyl)carbonyl](1-methylethyl)amino]-5-phenyl-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid
  • 3-[Isopropyl(trans-4-methylcyclohexylcarbonyl)amino]-5-phenylthiophene-2-carboxylic acid
  • NNI 1

MOA:NS5B inhibitorIndication:HCV infectionStatus:Phase Ⅱ (Discontinued)Company:Vertex (Originator)

VX-759 sodium salt.png
Molecular FormulaC26H32NNaO3S
SynonymsVX-759 sodium saltBCP17193
Molecular Weight461.6

VCH-759 had been in phase II clinical trials by ViroChem Pharma (acquired by Vertex in 2009) for the treatment of HCV infection. However, this research has been discontinued.

Infection with HCV is a major cause of human liver disease throughout the world. In the US, an estimated 4.5 million Americans are chronically infected with HCV. Although only 30% of acute infections are symptomatic, greater than 85% of infected individuals develop chronic, persistent infection. Treatment costs for HCV infection have been estimated at $5.46 billion for the US in 1997. Worldwide over 200 million people are estimated to be infected chronically. HCV infection is responsible for 40-60% of all chronic liver disease and 30% of all liver transplants. Chronic HCV infection accounts for 30% of all cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and liver cancer in the U.S. The CDC estimates that the number of deaths due to HCV will minimally increase to 38,000/year by the year 2010.

Due to the high degree of variability in the viral surface antigens, existence of multiple viral genotypes, and demonstrated specificity of immunity, the development of a successful vaccine in the near future is unlikely. Alpha-interferon (alone or in combination with ribavirin) has been widely used since its approval for treatment of chronic HCV infection. However, adverse side effects are commonly associated with this treatment: flu-like symptoms, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, depression from interferon, as well as anemia induced by ribavirin (Lindsay, K. L. (1997) Hepatology 26 (suppl 1 ): 71 S-77S). This therapy remains less effective against infections caused by HCV genotype 1 (which constitutes -75% of all HCV infections in the developed markets) compared to infections caused by the other 5 major HCV genotypes. Unfortunately, only -50-80% of the patients respond to this treatment (measured by a reduction in serum HCV RNA levels and normalization of liver enzymes) and, of responders, 50-70% relapse within 6 months of cessation of treatment. Recently, with the introduction of pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN), both initial and sustained response rates have improved substantially, and combination treatment of Peg-IFN with ribavirin constitutes the gold standard for therapy. However, the side effects associated with combination therapy and the impaired response in patients with genotype 1 present opportunities for improvement in the management of this disease.

First identified by molecular cloning in 1989 (Choo, Q-L et al (1989) Science 244:359-362), HCV is now widely accepted as the most common causative agent of post-transfusion non A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) (Kuo, G et al (1989) Science 244:362-364). Due to its genome structure and sequence homology, this virus was assigned as a new genus in the Flaviviridae family. Like the other members of the Flaviviridae, such as flaviviruses (e.g. yellow fever virus and Dengue virus types 1-4) and pestiviruses (e.g. bovine viral diarrhea virus, border disease virus, and classic swine fever virus) (Choo, Q-L et al (1989) Science 244:359-362; Miller, R.H. and R.H. Purcell (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2057-2061 ), HCV is an enveloped virus containing a single strand RNA molecule of positive polarity. The HCV genome is approximately 9.6 kilobases (kb) with a long, highly conserved, noncapped 5′ nontranslated region (NTR) of approximately 340 bases which functions as an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) (Wang CY et al ‘An RNA pseudoknot is an essential structural element of the internal ribosome entry site located within the hepatitis C virus 5′ noncoding region’ RNA- A Publication of the RNA Society. 1 (5): 526-537, 1995 JuL). This element is followed by a region which encodes a single long open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of -3000 amino acids comprising both the structural and nonstructural viral proteins.

Upon entry into the cytoplasm of the cell, this RNA is directly translated into a polypeptide of -3000 amino acids comprising both the structural and nonstructural viral proteins. This large polypeptide is subsequently processed into the individual structural and nonstructural proteins by a combination of host and virally-encoded proteinases (Rice, CM. (1996) in B.N. Fields, D.M.Knipe and P.M. Howley (eds) Virology 2nd Edition, p931-960; Raven Press, N.Y.). Following the termination codon at the end of the long ORF, there is a 3′ NTR which roughly consists of three regions: an – 40 base region which is poorly conserved among various genotypes, a variable length poly(U)/polypyrimidine tract, and a highly conserved 98 base element also called the “3′ X-tail” (Kolykhalov, A. et al (1996) J. Virology 70:3363-3371 ; Tanaka, T. et al (1995) Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun. 215:744-749; Tanaka, T. et al (1996) J. Virology 70:3307-3312; Yamada, N. et al (1996) Virology 223:255-261 ). The 3′ NTR is predicted to form a stable secondary structure which is essential for HCV growth in chimps and is believed to function in the initiation and regulation of viral RNA replication.

The NS5B protein (591 amino acids, 65 kDa) of HCV (Behrens, S. E. et al (1996) EMBO J. 15:12-22), encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity and contains canonical motifs present in other RNA viral polymerases. The NS5B protein is fairly well conserved both intra-typically (-95-98% amino acid (aa) identity across 1 b isolates) and inter-typically (-85% aa identity between genotype 1 a and 1 b isolates). The essentiality of the HCV NS5B RdRp activity for the generation of infectious progeny virions has been formally proven in chimpanzees (A. A. Kolykhalov et al.. (2000) Journal of Virology, 74(4): 2046-2051 ). Thus, inhibition of NS5B RdRp activity (inhibition of RNA replication) is predicted to be useful to treat HCV infection.

Although the predominant HCV genotype worldwide is genotype 1, this itself has two main subtypes, denoted 1a and 1 b. As seen from entries into the Los Alamos HCV database

(www.hcv.lanl.gov) (Table 1 ) there are regional differences in the distribution of these subtypes: while genotype 1 a is most abundant in the United States, the majority of sequences in Europe and Japan are from genotype 1 b.

Table 1

Based on the foregoing, there exists a significant need to identify synthetic or biological compounds for their ability to inhibit replication of both genotype 1 a and genotype 1 b of HCV.

PATENT

WO 2002100851

WO 2007071434 

PATENT

WO 2009000818 

Compound A
5-Phenyl-3-[[(frans-4-methylcyclohexyl)carbonyl](1-methylethyl)amino]-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid

To a mixture of methyl S-^trans^-methylcyclohexyOcarbonylKI-methylethy^aminol-S-phenyl-2-thiophenecarboxylate (Intermediate 31 ) (390 mg) in THF/MeOH/water (3:2:1, vol/vol, 40 ml. total) was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (246 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours, the solvents removed in vacuo, and the residue partitioned between water (40 ml.) and ethyl acetate (40 ml_). The organic layer was dried

(Na2SC>4), evaporated and triturated with ether to give the title compound.
MS calcd for (C22H27NO3S+ H)+: 356
MS found (electrospray): (M+H)+ =356

Compounds A, B, C and D may be made according to the processes described in WO2002/100851 or as described hereinabove.

Structures of Compounds A, B, C and D are shown below for the avoidance of doubt.

The compounds of Formula (I) which have been tested demonstrate a surprisingly superior potency as HCV polymerase inhibitors, as shown by the IC5O values in the cell-based assays across both of the 1 a and 1 b genotypes of HCV, compared to Compounds A, B, C and D. Accordingly, the compounds of Formula (I) are of great potential therapeutic benefit in the treatment and prophylaxis of HCV.

PAPER

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2016), 26(18), 4536-4541.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960894X16300427

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Application IdApplication NumberApplication DateCountryTitle
US3338300371661089904.05.2018USIDENTIFICATION AND TARGETED MODULATION OF GENE SIGNALING NETWORKS
US772744961366150826.10.2012USCOMPOUNDS AND METHODS FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF FLAVIVIRUS INFECTIONS
US735063961317247729.06.2011USThiophene analogues for the treatment or prevention of flavivirus infections
EP298582551018573711.06.2002EPThiophene derivatives as antiviral agents for flavivirus infection
US733265851308178007.04.2011USCompounds and methods for the treatment or prevention of <i>Flavivirus </i>infections
JP272602128201010370628.04.2010JPCOMPOUND AND METHOD FOR TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF FLAVIVIRUS INFECTION
EP111672700916720311.06.2002EPThiophene derivatives as antiviral agents for flavivirus infection
CN83819886200910139375.511.06.2002CNThiophene derivatives as antiviral agents for flavivirus infection
US428463041209784020.12.2006USAntiviral 2-Carboxy-Thiophene Compounds
JP272180287200854627620.12.2006JP抗ウイルス性2-カルボキシ-チオフェン化合物
WO2007071434PCT/EP2006/01244220.12.2006WOANTIVIRAL 2-CARBOXY-THIOPHENE COMPOUNDS
US414291341104244226.01.2005USCompounds and methods for the treatment or prevention of <i>Flavivirus </i>infections
CN8279269202815768.011.06.2002CNThiophene derivatives used as antiviral agent against flavivirus infections
JP270324690200350361811.06.2002JPFLAVIVIRUS感染の治療または予防のための化合物および方法
EA9539828220040002211.06.2002EACOMPOUNDS AND METHODS FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF FLAVIVIRUS INFECTIONS
US403679521016603111.06.2002USCompounds and methods for the treatment or prevention of Flavivirus infections
KR588271102003701624011.12.2003KRTHIOPHENE DERIVATIVES AS ANTIVIRAL AGENTS FOR FLAVIVIRUS INFECTION
EP140923120274256311.06.2002EPTHIOPHENE DERIVATIVES AS ANTIVIRAL AGENTS FOR FLAVIVIRUS INFECTION
WO2002100851PCT/CA2002/00087611.06.2002WOTHIOPHENE DERIVATIVES AS ANTIVIRAL AGENTS FOR FLAVIVIRUS INFECTION

////////////////VX-759, BCH-27759, VCH-759, VX759,  BCH27759, VCH759, VX 759, BCH 27759, VCH 759, NNI-1

O=C(C1=C(N(C(C2CCC(C)CC2)=O)C(C)C)C=C(C3=CC=CC=C3)S1)O

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BIAPENEM

$
0
0
Biapenem.png
ChemSpider 2D Image | Biapenem | C15H18N4O4S
Biapenem.png

Biapenem

  • Molecular FormulaC15H18N4O4S
  • Average mass350.393 Da

BiapenernCL 186-815LJ C10,627LJ C10627LJC 10627MFCD00864863 [MDL number]omegacinYR5U3L9ZH1

(4R,5S,6S)-3-((6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazol-4-ium-6-yl)thio)-6-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylate

[4R-[4a,5b,6b(R*)]]-6-[[2-Carboxy-6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-3-yl]thio]-6,7-dihydro-5 H-pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazol-4-ium inner salt

120410-24-4[RN]

5H-Pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazol-4-ium, 6-[[(4R,5S,6S)-2-carboxy-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-3-yl]thio]-6,7-dihydro-, inner salt [ACD/Index Name]

6-[[(4R,5S,6S)-2-Carboxy-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-3-yl]thio]-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazol-4-ium inner salt

7074

(4R,5S,6S)-3-(6,7-Dihydro-5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazol-4-ium-6-ylsulfanyl)-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylate

TL8000539UNII:YR5U3L9ZH1UNII-YR5U3L9ZH1биапенем

بيابينام比

阿培南

INDIA CDSCO APPROVED 25 SEPT 2021, BDR PHARMA,  File:Animated-Flag-India.gif - Wikipedia
https://www.cdsco.gov.in/opencms/resources/UploadCDSCOWeb/2018/UploadCTApprovals/BDR.pdfhttps://medicaldialogues.in/news/industry/pharma/bdr-pharma-gets-dcgi-nod-for-generic-antibiotic-drug-biapenem-82384BiapenemCAS Registry Number: 120410-24-4 
CAS Name: 6-[[(4R,5S,6S)-2-Carboxy-6-((1R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-3-yl]thio]-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazol-4-ium inner saltAdditional Names: (1R,5S,6S)-2-[(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]-triazolium-6-yl)thio]-6-[(R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-methylcarbapen-2-em-3-carboxylateManufacturers’ Codes: LJC-10627; L-627; CL-186815 
Molecular Formula: C15H18N4O4SMolecular Weight: 350.39Percent Composition: C 51.42%, H 5.18%, N 15.99%, O 18.26%, S 9.15% 
Literature References: 1-b-methyl-carbapenem antibiotic. Prepn: T. Kumagai et al.,EP289801eidem,US4990613 (1988, 1991 both to Lederle). Total synthesis: Y. Nagao et al.,J. Org. Chem.57, 4243 (1992). Renal dehydropeptidase stability: M. Hikida et al.,Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.36, 481 (1992). In-vitro antimicrobial spectrum: H. M. Wexler et al.,J. Antimicrob. Chemother.33, 629 (1994); H. Y. Chen, D. M. Livermore, ibid. 949. Clinical pharmacokinetics: M. Nakashima et al.,Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxicol.31, 70 (1993). Clinical evaluation: H. Meguro et al.,Jpn. J. Antibiot.47, 903 (1994). 
Properties: Amorphous, pale yellow powder from acetone/water, occurs as hemihydrate. [a]D20 -32.9° (c = 0.5).Optical Rotation: [a]D20 -32.9° (c = 0.5)Therap-Cat: Antibacterial.Keywords: Antibacterial (Antibiotics); ?Lactams; Carbapenems.

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Biapenem (INN) is a carbapenem antibiotic. It has in vitro activity against anaerobes.[1] 1-β-methyl-carbapenem antibiotic. Approved in Japan in 2001.

PATENT

EP 168707

EP 289801

JP 02088578

ZA 9100014

EP 533149

CN 1995040

IN 2006DE01555

CN 101121716

IN 2008CH00177

CN 101805359

CN 101851206

CN 101935321

CN 111875622

WO 2018074916

WO 2016059622

US 20150328323

WO 2015151081

WO 2015155753

WO 2015151078

US 20150284416

WO 2015151080

US 20150038726

WO 2014104488

IN 2013MU00181

WO 2014111957

CN 103570750

WO 2014097221

IN 2012CH01371

WO 2013150550

PAPERS

 Journal of Organic Chemistry (1992), 57(15), 4243-9.

Heterocycles (1993), 36(8), 1729-34.

Journal of Antibiotics (1993), 46(12), 1866-82.

e-EROS Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (2008), 1-3.

Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters (2009), 19(17), 5162-5.

 IP.com Journal (2014), 14(12A), 1-3

IP.com Journal (2014), 14(10A), 1-2.

Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry (2013), 21(18), 5841-50.

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PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2014097221A1/esBiapenem is chemically known as 6-[[2(4R,5S,6S)-carboxy-6-[(lR)- hydroxy ethyl] -4-methyl-7-oxo- 1 -azabicyclo [3.2.0]hept-2-en-3 -yljthio] 6,7-dihydro-5H- pyrazolo[l,2-a][l,2,4]triazol-4-ium inner salt, and is represented by Formula 1. It is indicated for the treatment of bacterial infection and sepsis.

Figure imgf000002_0001

Formula 1U.S. Patent No. 4,866,171, in Example 6, discloses the purification of biapenem using chromatography and/or lyophilization techniques. This patent also describes a process for the conversion of amorphous biapenem into a crystalline form by dissolving the amorphous biapenem in water while heating, followed by cooling, then washing the obtained crystals with a 50% aqueous ethanol solution.U.S. Patent No. 5,241,073 describes a process for the purification of biapenem involving column chromatography and crystallization with ethanol.U.S. Patent No. 5,286,856 describes a process for the crystallization of biapenem from an aqueous solution, comprising maintaining the temperature of the aqueous solution from eutectic temperature (-10°C to -2°C) to a temperature lower than 0°C, followed by lyophilization.The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 63(23):8145-8149 (1998) describes the purification of biapenem involving resin chromatography.The present invention provides an alternate process for the purification of biapenem that avoids making use of tedious techniques like chromatography and lyophilization. At the same time, it results in a high yield and high purity of the final product. Advantageously, the crystalline biapenem of this invention can be directly isolated from the reaction mixture. Further, the process of the present invention involves fewer steps, is easily scalable, and industrially advantageous.EXAMPLESExample 1 : Purification of BiapenemBiapenem (12 g) was added into water (300 mL) at 65°C, stirred for 5 minutes, and cooled to 30°C within 10 minutes. Enoantichromos carbon (0.6 g) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 10 minutes to 15 minutes at 25°C to 30°C. The reaction mixture was filtered through a hyflo bed and washed with water (36 mL). The filtrate obtained was passed through a 0.45 micron filter, and its pH was adjusted to 5.5 using 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution at 10°C to 15°C. Acetone (336 mL) was added to the reaction mixture at 5°C to 10°C. The resultant slurry was stirred for 3 hours at 5°C to 10°C, filtered, and the obtained solid was washed with acetone (60 mL). The solid was dried under reduced pressure (720 mmHg) at 30°C to 35°C to obtain the title product as white crystals.Yield: 84%HPLC Purity: 99.87% Example 2: Purification of BiapenemBiapenem (18 g) was added into water (450 mL) at 65°C, stirred for 5 minutes, and cooled to 30°C within 10 minutes. Enoantichromos carbon (0.9 g) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 minutes at 25°C to 30°C. The reaction mixture was filtered through a hyflo bed and washed with water (54 mL). The filtrate obtained was passed through a 0.45 micron filter and its pH was adjusted to 4.9 using 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution at 10°C to 15°C. Acetone (504 mL) was added to the reaction mixture at 10°C to 15°C. The resultant slurry was stirred for 3 hours at 5°C to 10°C, filtered, and the obtained solid was washed with acetone (90 mL). The solid was dried under reduced pressure (720 mmHg) at 35°C to 40°C to obtain the title product as white crystals.Yield: 81.77%HPLC Purity: 99.80% 
PATENThttps://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2013150550

The present invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of carbapenem antibiotic; more particularly relates to the preparation of Ertapenem monosodium salt of formula (I) having purity greater than 98.5% and having pharmaceutically acceptable level of residual solvent and palladium content.

The US patents namely US 5,478,820 and US 5,856,321 disclose various processes for preparing Ertapenem and its sodium salt. Example 12 of US 5,478,820 discloses a process in which the Ertapenem was isolated using column purification followed by freeze-drying technique. According to Example-4 of this patent disodium salt of Ertapenem was prepared by dissolving crude product in water using NaHCO3, followed by purification using column chromatography and subsequent lyophilization.

US 6,504,027 provides a process for preparing Ertapenem in crystalline form which comprises deprotecting and extracting a polar organic solution containing a crude mono-protected Ertapenem of formula

wherein P represents protecting group and X represents charge balancing group like sodium

with C4.10 alcohol in the presence of ion-pairing reagent followed by adjusting the pH of the aqueous layer to 5.5 and crystallizing using methanol and 1-propanol to produce a crystalline compound; this patent process involves operations like

multiple extractions which is cumbersome in plant and said operation affects the overall yield.

US 7,145,002 provides a process for producing Ertapenem or its sodium salt and/or its solvate in crystalline form. This patent states (refer para 3, lines 31-41) that contact of Ertapenem sodium with water and alcoholic solvents results in the formation of crystalline solvates. The processes reported in examples- 1 & 2 provide crystalline Ertapenem monosodium which is isolated from a mixture of methanol, 1-propanol and water followed by washing with aqueous isopropyl alcohol which results in the formation of crystalline solvate of Ertapenem sodium. Applicant found the Ertapenem monosodium obtained according to this process contain higher amount of residual solvent and palladium content.

US 7,022,841 provide a process for reducing the levels of organic solvents in Ertapenem to pharmaceutically acceptable levels. This patent discloses (Refer para 1, lines 52-60) that Ertapenem sodium obtained from water/alcohol mixture according to US 7, 145,002 becomes amorphous when water content of the solid is reduced and further the organic solvent present in the solid is not readily removed. In view of this drawback, this patent provides a process wherein the water content of Ertapenem sodium is maintained between 13-25% during the washing and drying process. This patent further discloses that (Refer para 9, lines 6-14) the washing of Ertapenem sodium can be carried out using anhydrous solvents which results in the formation of amorphous solid, which is then dried using hydrated nitrogen by increasing the water content of the solid. Due to the hygroscopic and unstable nature of Ertapenem sodium when in contact with water, the above processes result in more degradation of Ertapenem. The patent further discloses in example 5 that the degradation of Ertapenem sodium is more when it takes more time for drying.

Further this patent requires repetitive washing and control of moisture content to get the desired results.

For isolation of Ertapenem sodium from the reaction mass, all the above discussed prior art patents utilize methanol and 1-propanol as crystallization solvent. The filtration of Ertapenem sodium formed by using these solvents or their mixture takes longer time duration and subsequent drying for the removal of residual solvent also takes several hours due to occlusion of solvent into Ertapenem sodium. During these operations the Ertapenem sodium degrades an results in the formation of many impurities such as several dimers, methanolysis impurity etc., and hence the reported processes is not suitable to manufacture Ertapenem sodium on commercial scale with purity greater than 98.5% and with pharmaceutically acceptable level of residual solvent content.

Methanolysis impurity Dimer-I

Dimer-II

Further the applicant found that Ertapenem monosodium isolated by following the process reported in prior art was having palladium content above the pharmaceutically acceptable level. Hence the process reported in prior art is not suitable on manufacturing scale where maintaining stringent technological condition is cumbersome and involves higher operating cost.

Thus all the reported processes suffer in terms of one or more of the following facts:

 Filtration time of Ertapenem sodium takes several hours.

 Drying time takes several hours due to occlusion of solvent and nature of the solid.

 Stringent technological condition is required for maintenance of moisture content during washing & drying operation.

■ Palladium content is found to be higher (greater than 25 ppm) which is not acceptable for pharmaceutical products.

■ The isolated Ertapenem sodium is having higher amount of residual solvents.

■ The purity is reduced over to several hours of filtration & drying.

With our continued research for developing a process for the preparation of Ertapenem monosodium of formula (I) to overcome the above mentioned drawbacks, we surprisingly found that when esters of organic acid were used as solvents in place of 1-propanol, the solid obtained was easily filterable with less cycle time. Further the washing with hydrocarbon solvents containing 0-75% alcoholic solvent followed by drying results in Ertapenem having residual solvent content well below the pharmaceutically acceptable levels. The use of thiourea, thiosemicarbazide or their N-substituted derivatives in the presence of organic solvents during isolation brings down the palladium content to pharmaceutically acceptable level.

The Ertapenem or its sodium salt can be prepared according the processes provi

(I)

P’ and P” represent carboxylic protecting groups and X is H or Na

Scheme-1

The present invention is illustrated with the following examples, which should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention.

Example- I

Preparation of Ertapenem monosodium of formula (I)

Step-I:

To a stirred solution of p-nitrobenzyl (4R,5S,6S)-3-(diphenyloxy)phosphoryloxy-6-[(lR)-l-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-l-azabicyclo[3,2,0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylate (compound II) (100 g) and (2S,4S)-2-[[(3-carboxyphenyl) amino]carbonyl]-4-mercapto-l-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyrrolidinecarboxylate (compound III) (75 g) in N,N-dimethylformamide was added Ν,Ν-diisopropylethylamine at -30 to -40° C and stirred. The reaction mass, after completion of the reaction, was quenched with a mixture of phosphate buffer solution-ethyl acetate and the pH was adjusted to 5 – 6 with phosphoric acid. The organic layer was separated, washed with water and subjected to carbon treatment. To the organic layer containing the compound of formula (IV) (wherein P’ and P” refers to p-nitrobenzyl), a solution of sodium 2-ethylhexanoate (42 g in 500 mL methanol) was added and taken to next step as such. (If required the compound of formula (IV) is isolated either as sodium salt or as free acid by following the process reported in prior art and taken further)

Step-II:

To the Step-I organic layer containing the compound of formula (IV) (wherein P’ and P” refers to p-nitrobenzyl & X is Na), 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid solution was added and subjected to hydrogenation using palladium on carbon at 8- 10° C with 9-10 kg hydrogen pressure. The reaction mass, after completion of reaction, was filtered to remove palladium on carbon. To the filtrate, thiourea (5 g) and tetrahydrofuran were added and stirred. The aqueous layer was separated and treated with carbon and neutral alumina at 10-15° C while degassing and filtered. The filtrate was added to methanol at -20° C and the pH was adjusted to 5 – 6 using aqueous acetic acid. To the mass, ethyl acetate was added and stirred. The solid obtained was filtered, washed with a mixture of cyclohexane: ethanol (200 ml) and dried under vacuum. Yield: 46 g; Purity by HPLC: 98.93%; Palladium content: 1.8 ppm by ICP MS

The HPLC purity of Ertapenem monosodium was checked using the following parameters

Column : Zorbax Eclipse plus C8, (50 mm x 4.6 mm), 1.8μ).

Mobile phase : Ammoniam acetate buffer: Acetonitile: water

Detector : UV at 250 nm

Flow rate : 0.5 mL/min

Run time : 45 min.

Example- II

Preparation of Ertapenem monosodium of formula (I)

To the Step-I organic layer as provided in Example-I, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid solution was added and subjected to hydrogenation using palladium on carbon at 8-10° C with 9-10 kg hydrogen pressure. The reaction mass, after completion of reaction, was filtered and the filtrate was treated with thiourea and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was treated with carbon & neutral alumina at 10-15° C and filtered. The filtrate was mixed with methanol at -20° C and the pH was adjusted to 5 – 6 using aqueous acetic acid. To the mass, ethyl acetate was added and stirred. The solid obtained was filtered, washed with cyclohexane (200 ml) and

dried under vacuum. Yield: 44 g; Purity by HPLC: 98.84%; Palladium content: 0.93 ppm by ICP MS

The term ICP MS method refers to the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The following parameter was used to determine the content of palladium.

The carbapenem was digested in a closed vessel system in presence of reagents Nitric acid, Hydrogen peroxide and Hydrochloric acid by using Microwave reaction system with microwave radiation power 1200 Watts. The digested sample was introduced into inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer by help of Peltier cooled spray chamber. The sample aerosol is getting atomized then ionized in the argon plasma. The ionized Palladium was estimated by using Quadrupole mass detector. The sample was quantified against NIST traceable reference standards at mass number ! 05.

Example- III

Preparation of Ertapenem monosodium of formula (I)

To the Step-I organic layer as provided in Example-I, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid solution was added and hydrogenated at 9-10 kg pressure using palladium on carbon at 8-10° C. The reaction mass, after completion of reaction, was filtered and the filtrate was treated with thiourea and tetrahydrofuran and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was separated and treated with carbon, neutral alumina at 10-15° C and filtered. The filtrate was mixed with methanol at -20° C and the pH was adjusted to 5 – 6 using aqueous acetic acid. To the mass, ethyl acetate was added and stirred. The solid obtained was filtered, washed with a mixture of toluene: ethanol (200 ml) and dried under vacuum. Yield: 42 g; Purity by HPLC: 99.03%

Example- IV

Preparation of Ertapenem monosodium of formula (I)

To the Step-I organic layer as provided in Example-I, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid solution was added and hydrogenated using palladium on carbon at 8-10° C. The reaction mass, after completion of reaction was filtered and the filtrate was treated with thiosemicarbazide and tetrahydrofuran and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was treated with carbon, neutral alumina at 10-15° C and filtered. The filtrate was mixed with methanol at -20° C followed by the addition of ethyl acetate and stirred. The solid obtained was filtered, washed with a mixture of cyclohexane: ethanol (200 ml) and dried under vacuum. Yield: 41 g; Purity by HPLC: 99.13%; Palladium content: 1.71 ppm by ICP MS

Example- V

Preparation of Ertapenem monosodium of formula (I)

To the Step-I organic layer as provided in Example-I, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid solution was added and subjected to hydrogenation using palladium on carbon at 8-10° C with 9-10 kg hydrogen pressure. The reaction mass, after completion of reaction, was filtered and the filtrate was treated with thiourea and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was treated with carbon, neutral alumina at 10-15° C and filtered. The filtrate was mixed with methanol at -20° C and the pH was adjusted to 5 – 6 using aqueous acetic acid. To the mass, a mixture of ethyl acetate containing 10% methyl acetate was added and stirred. The solid obtained was

filtered, washed with cyclohexane:ethanol and dried under vacuum. Yield: 40.5 g; Purity by HPLC: 98.77%; Palladium content: 1.43 ppm by ICP MS

Example-VI

(V ) (V I )

The diprotected Meropenem of formula (V) (where P and P’ were p-nitrobenzyl) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid buffer and hydrogenated using palladium on carbon at 9-10 kg hydrogen pressure. The mass was filtered and the filtrate was washed with ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was treated with thiourea and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. The aqueous layer was separated, treated with carbon and degassed. The carbon was filtered off and acetone was added to the filtrate to crystallize Meropenem trihydrate of formula (VI). The product was filtered and washed with aq. acetone and dried under vacuum to get Meropenem trihydrate. Purity: 99.8%; Pd content: 0.08 ppm

Reference example-I:

Preparation of Ertapenem monosodium of formula (I)

To Step-I organic layer as provided in Example-I, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid solution was added and hydrogenated at 9-10 kg pressure using palladium on carbon at 8-10° C. The reaction mass, after completion of reaction, was filtered. The filtrate was treated with thiourea and tetrahydrofuran and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was treated with carbon and neutral alumina at 10-15° C and filtered. The filtrate was mixed with methanol at -20° C and the pH was adjusted to 5.5-5.7 using aqueous acetic acid. To the mass ethyl acetate was added and stirred. The solid obtained was filtered, washed with ethanol (5 * 100 ml) and dried under vacuum. Yield: 31 g; Purity by HPLC: 96.76%

Reference example-II:

Preparation of Ertapenem monosodium of formula (I)

To the Step-I reaction mass , as provided in Example-I, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid solution was added and hydrogenated at 9-10 kg pressure using palladium on carbon at 8-10° C. The reaction mass, after completion of reaction was filtered and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was treated with carbon and neutral alumina at 10-15° C and filtered. The filtrate was mixed with methanol at -20° C and the pH was adjusted to 5.5-5.7 using aqueous acetic acid. To the mass, ethyl acetate was added and stirred. The solid obtained was filtered, washed with a mixture of cyclohexane: ethanol and dried under vacuum. Yield: 43 g; Purity by HPLC: 98.6%; Palladium content: 35.8 ppm by ICP MS.

Reference example-HI:

Preparation of Ertapenem monosodium of formula (I)

To the Step-I reaction mass as provided in Example-I, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid solution was added and hydrogenated at 9-10 kg pressure using palladium on carbon at 8-10° C. The reaction mass, after completion of reaction, was filtered and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was treated with carbon, neutral alumina at 10-15° C and filtered. The filtrate was mixed with 1-propanol at -5° C and the pH was adjusted to 5.5-5.7 using aqueous acetic acid. To the mass methanol and 1-propanol were added and stirred. The solid obtained was filtered, washed with ethanol and dried under nitrogen atmosphere in vacuum. Yield: 25 g; Purity by HPLC: 97 %.: palladium content: 38.2 ppm

The following tables illustrate the advantages of the present invention over prior art process:

Table-I: Comparison of present process with prior art process

The crystallization and washing method disclosed in US 7,022,841 was followed.

The above table indicates that the use of ethyl acetate as crystallization solvent results with improved yield and high purity with less filtration and drying time thereby increasing the productivity significantly on manufacturing scale. Further the use of thiourea or thiosemicarbazide as reagents in the present process results in the pharmaceutically acceptable level of palladium content.

Table-II: Comparison of solvents for washing Ertapenem monosodium

The above table indicates that the use of hydrocarbon solvents containing 0-75% of alcoholic solvent helps in washing to remove the residual solvent content in shorter duration and with single run wash. On the other hands the use of ethanol alone results in Ertapenem monosodium having less yield and purity requiring repetitive washing.

Table-IH: Effect of different reagent in reduction of palladium content

Reagent : thiourea, thiosemicarbazide or its N-substituted derivatives

Advantages of the process of the present invention:

> The use of ester of an organic acid for the crystallization of Ertapenem sodium results in fast filtration and reduced cycle time, thereby increasing the productivity.

> Washing of Ertapenem sodium with hydrocarbon solvent optionally containing alcohol results in improved physical nature of Ertapenem sodium resulting in reduced washing and drying time thereby avoid the degradation of Ertapenem and providing Ertapenem sodium with purity greater than 98.5% by HPLC.

Use of thiourea, thiosemicarbazide or their N-substituted derivatives in the process results in Ertapenem sodium having pharmaceutically acceptable level of palladium content.

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2002057266A1/enEXAMPLE

Figure imgf000013_0001

PNB = p-nitrobenzyl

Figure imgf000013_0002

Ia’A hydrogenator is charged with 63 g of 10% Pd on carbon catalyst (dry weight) in 1.8 L of water. The vessel is placed under hydrogen then vented and placed under nitrogen. Sodium hydroxide (68 g, 50%) is charged adjusting the pH to about 7.5 with carbon dioxide.The enol phosphate (170 g) and the thiol (86 g) are dissolved in 1.3L of N- ethylpyrrolidinone (NEP). The mixture is cooled to below -40°C and 1,1,3,3- tetramethylguanidine (109 g) is added. After 3 hours, the reaction mixture is quenched into the hydrogenator at below 15°C adjusting the pH to about 8 with carbon dioxide. The vessel is placed under hydrogen. When the reaction is complete, the hydrogen is vented and the reaction mixture is treated with activated carbon and filtered. The filtrate is extracted with iso-amyl alcohol containing diphenylphosphoric acid (240 g) and 50% NaOH (44 g). The resulting aqueous solution is further extracted with iso-amyl alcohol to give an aqueous solution containing at least 90 mg/mL of the product. Both extractions are performed using two CINC centrifugal separators set in series for countercurrent extraction. The pH is adjusted to 5.5 with acetic acid. The product is crystallized by adding equal volumes of methanol and 1- propanol at below -5°C and isolated by filtration. The solid is washed with a mixture of 2-propanol and water (85: 15 v/v) then dried to yield a compound of formula la’.While certain preferred embodiments of the invention have been described herein in detail, numerous alternative embodiments are contemplated as falling within the scope of the appended claims. Consequently the invention is not to be limited thereby.

Patent Citations

Publication numberPriority datePublication dateAssigneeTitleUS4866171A1987-04-111989-09-12Lederle (Japan), Ltd.(1R,5S,6S)-2-[(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-yl)]thio-6-[R-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-methyl-carbapenum-3-carboxylateUS5241073A1990-10-121993-08-31Lederle (Japan)Process for preparing (1R,5S,6S)-2-[(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrazolo [1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-yl)]thio-6-[(R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-methyl-carbapenem-3-carboxylate and starting materials thereofUS5286856A1991-09-201994-02-15Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd.Production of crystalline penemWO2002057266A1 *2001-01-162002-07-25Merck & Co., Inc.Improved process for carbapenem synthesisWO2009047604A1 *2007-10-082009-04-16Orchid Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals LimitedProcess for the preparation of carbapenem antibioticCN102268025A *2011-07-152011-12-07海南美兰史克制药有限公司一种比阿培南化合物及其制法

References

  1. ^ Aldridge KE, Morice N, Schiro DD (April 1994). “In vitro activity of biapenem (L-627), a new carbapenem, against anaerobes”Antimicrob. Agents Chemother38 (4): 889–93. doi:10.1128/aac.38.4.889PMC 284564PMID 8031067.

External links

Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug Names
Routes of
administration
IV
ATC codeJ01DH05 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal statusIn general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Identifiers
showIUPAC name
CAS Number120410-24-4 
PubChem CID71339
ChemSpider64442 
UNIIYR5U3L9ZH1
ChEBICHEBI:3089 
ChEMBLChEMBL285347 
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID5046435 
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC15H18N4O4S
Molar mass350.39 g·mol−1
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ClinicalTrials.gov

CTID TitlePhaseStatusDate
NCT04552444Clinical Efficacy of Combination Therapy Based on High-dose Biapenem in CRKP Infections Recruiting2020-09-17
NCT01772836Safety Study of Intravenous Biapenem (RPX2003) and RPX7009 Given Alone and in CombinationPhase 1Completed2013-07-11
NCT01702649Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous RPX2003 (Biapenem) in Healthy Adult SubjectsPhase 1Completed2012-12-03

NIPH Clinical Trials Search of Japan

CTID TitlePhaseStatusDate
UMIN000017219Feasibility and efficacy of the de-escalation therapy by Biapenem for postoperative bacterial pneumonia.NoneRecruiting2015-04-22
UMIN000003964Clinical evaluation of Biapenem 0.3g, three times daily dosing in eldery patients with pneumonia (moderate and severe infection)Not applicableComplete: follow-up complete2010-07-29

/////////BIAPENEM, TL8000539, UNII:YR5U3L9ZH1, UNII-YR5U3L9ZH1, биапенем, بيابينام ,比阿培南 , Biapenern, CL 186-815, CL 186815, L 627, LJC 10627, Omegacin, Antibacterial, Antibiotics, Lactams, Carbapenems, ind 2021, india 2021, approvals 2021

CC1C2C(C(=O)N2C(=C1SC3CN4C=NC=[N+]4C3)C(=O)[O-])C(C)O

Avacopan

$
0
0
Avacopan.png
EFD
ChemSpider 2D Image | Avacopan | C33H35F4N3O2
Figure imgf000059_0001

Avacopan

アバコパン

авакопан [Russian] [INN]

أفاكوبان [Arabic] [INN]

阿伐可泮 [Chinese] [INN]

FormulaC33H35F4N3O2
CAS1346623-17-3
Mol weight581.6435

(2R,3S)-2-[4-(cyclopentylamino)phenyl]-1-(2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoyl)-N-[4-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide

(2R,3S)-2-(4-Cyclopentylaminophenyl)-l-(2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoyl)piperidine-3- carboxylic acid (4-methyl-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)amide

3-​Piperidinecarboxamid​e, 2-​[4-​(cyclopentylamino)​phenyl]​-​1-​(2-​fluoro-​6-​methylbenzoyl)​-​N-​[4-​methyl-​3-​(trifluoromethyl)​phenyl]​-​, (2R,​3S)​-

  • (2R,3S)-2-[4-(Cyclopentylamino)phenyl]-1-(2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoyl)-N-[4-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-piperidinecarboxamide
  • (2R,3S)-2-[4-(cyclopentylamino)phenyl]-1-(2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoyl)-N-[4-methyl3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide

APPROVED PMDA JAPAN 2021/9/27, Tavneos

File:Animated-Flag-Japan.gif - Simple English Wikipedia, the free  encyclopedia

Anti-inflammatory, Complement C5a receptor antagonist

Treatment of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis

Avacopan

(2R,3S)-2-[4-(Cyclopentylamino)phenyl]-1-(2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoyl)-N-[4-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide

C33H35F4N3O2 : 581.64
[1346623-17-3]

CCX 168

Avacopan wasunder investigation in clinical trial NCT02994927 (A Phase 3 Clinical Trial of CCX168 (Avacopan) in Patients With ANCA-Associated Vasculitis).

VFMCRP announces approval for TAVNEOS® (avacopan) for the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis in Japan

  • First orally administered therapy for the treatment of two types of ANCA-associated vasculitis approved in Japan
  • Partner Kissei to market TAVNEOS® in Japan, with launch expected as soon as possible following National Health Insurance (NHI) price listing

September 27, 2021 02:02 AM Eastern Daylight Time

ST. GALLEN, Switzerland–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Vifor Fresenius Medical Care Renal Pharma (VFMCRP) today announced that Japan’s Ministry of Health and Labor Welfare (MHLW) has granted its partner, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., marketing authorization approval for TAVNEOS® for the treatment of patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), the two main types of ANCA-associated vasculitis, a rare and severe autoimmune renal disease with high unmet medical need.

“We are delighted that TAVNEOS® has been approved in Japan, the first market worldwide, and congratulate our partner Kissei for this significant milestone”

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“We are delighted that TAVNEOS® has been approved in Japan, the first market worldwide, and congratulate our partner Kissei for this significant milestone,” said Abbas Hussain, CEO of Vifor Pharma Group. “ANCA-associated vasculitis is officially designated an intractable disease in Japan, indicating a rare disease without any effective treatment but for which long-term treatment is required. There is significant unmet medical need of over 10,000 patients in Japan, and we believe in the potential of TAVNEOS® for treating it. We are confident that Kissei will fully focus on bringing this breakthrough treatment to this patient population, helping them lead better, healthier lives.”

The approval is based on the marketing authorization application filing by Kissei which was supported by positive clinical data from the pivotal phase-III trial ADVOCATE in a total of 331 patients with MPA and GPA in 18 countries and regions, including Japan. TAVNEOS® demonstrated superiority over standard of care at week 52 based on Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS).

VFMCRP holds the rights to commercialize TAVNEOS® outside the U.S.. In June 2017, VFMCRP granted Kissei the exclusive right to develop and commercialize TAVNEOS® in Japan. Kissei expects to begin to market TAVNEOS® as soon as possible following NHI price listing. Outside Japan, TAVNEOS is currently in regulatory review with various agencies, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency.

About Vifor Pharma Group

Vifor Pharma Group is a global pharmaceuticals company. It aims to become the global leader in iron deficiency, nephrology and cardio-renal therapies. The company is a partner of choice for pharmaceuticals and innovative patient-focused solutions. Vifor Pharma Group strives to help patients around the world with severe and chronic diseases lead better, healthier lives. The company develops, manufactures and markets pharmaceutical products for precision patient care. Vifor Pharma Group holds a leading position in all its core business activities and consists of the following companies: Vifor Pharma and Vifor Fresenius Medical Care Renal Pharma (a joint company with Fresenius Medical Care). Vifor Pharma Group is headquartered in Switzerland, and listed on the Swiss Stock Exchange (SIX Swiss Exchange, VIFN, ISIN: CH0364749348).

For more information, please visit viforpharma.com.

About Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. is a Japanese pharmaceutical company with approximately 70 years of history. Based on its management philosophy, “contributing to society through high-quality, innovative pharmaceutical products” and “serving society through our employees”, Kissei is concentrating on providing innovative pharmaceuticals to patients worldwide as a strongly R&D-oriented corporation. Kissei is engaged in R&D and licensing activities in the field of nephrology/dialysis, urology, and unmet medical needs in other disease areas. Kissei has an established collaboration with VFMCRP for sucroferric oxyhydroxide which Kissei fully developed in Japan as P-TOL® (known as Velphoro® in Europe/US) for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia. Since the launch in 2015, the market share of P-TOL® has been steadily expanding in Japan. For more information about Kissei Pharmaceutical, please visit www.kissei.co.jp.

About ChemoCentryx Inc.

ChemoCentryx is a biopharmaceutical company developing new medications for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer. ChemoCentryx targets the chemokine and chemoattractant systems to discover, develop and commercialize orally-administered therapies. Besides ChemoCentryx’s lead drug candidate, avacopan, ChemoCentryx also has early stage drug candidates that target chemoattractant receptors in other inflammatory and autoimmunediseases and in cancer.

About ANCA-associated vasculitis

ANCA-associated vasculitis is a systemic disease in which over-activation of the complement pathway further activates neutrophils, leading to inflammation and destruction of small blood vessels. This results in organ damage and failure, with the kidney as the major target, and is fatal if not treated. Currently, treatment for ANCA-associated vasculitis consists of courses of non-specific immuno-suppressants (cyclophosphamide or rituximab), combined with the administration of daily glucocorticoids (steroids) for prolonged periods of time, which can be associated with significant clinical risk including death from infection.

About TAVNEOS® (avacopan)

Avacopan is an orally-administered small molecule that is a selective inhibitor of the complement C5a receptor C5aR1. By precisely blocking the receptor (the C5aR) for the pro-inflammatory complement system fragment, C5a on destructive inflammatory cells such as blood neutrophils, avacopan arrests the ability of those cells to do damage in response to C5a activation, which is known to be the driver of inflammation. Moreover, avacopan’s selective inhibition of only the C5aR1 leaves the beneficial C5a l pathway through the C5L2 receptor functioning normally.

ChemoCentryx is also developing avacopan for the treatment of patients with C3 Glomerulopathy (C3G) and hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has granted avacopan orphan-drug designation for ANCA-associated vasculitis, C3G and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. The European Commission has granted orphan medicinal product designation for avacopan for the treatment of two forms of ANCA vasculitis: microscopic polyangiitis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis), as well as for C3G. In October 2020, European Medicines Agency (EMA) accepted to review the Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) for avacopan for the treatment of patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA)).

On May 6, 2021 the U.S. Food & Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) Arthritis Advisory Committee narrowly voted in support of avacopan, a C5a receptor inhibitor, for the treatment of adult patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis. Although the panelists were excited about the possibility of a steroid-sparing therapy, some raised questions about whether results from the single phase 3 trial could adequately inform the risk/benefit assessment.1 The FDA will weigh the panel’s recommendation as it considers possible approval.

Treatment Needs for ANCA-Associated Vasculitis

ANCA-associated vasculitis is a rare, severe and sometimes fatal form of vasculitis characterized by inflammation of small vessels, often including those in the kidney. One factor that distinguishes it from other forms of vasculitis is the dom­inant role of neutrophils in its pathogenesis. From work in both animal and mouse models, we know activation of the alternative complement pathway plays a role in the disease pathogenesis, triggering attraction and activation of neutrophils in a complex feedback loop.1-3

Morbidity and mortality from ANCA-associated vasculitis has improved in recent decades, partly due to the introduction of new treatment regimens. The FDA approved rituximab for ANCA-associated vasculitis in 2011, and, in 2018, its label was extended to include maintenance therapy. Most patients with newly diagnosed ANCA-associated vasculitis are now started on a tapering dose of glucocorticoids, paired either with cyclo­phosphamide or rituximab, with a later follow-up maintenance dose of rituximab at around six months.

High doses of glucocorticoids are often used for remission induction, and they may also be employed as part of maintenance therapy, flare management and relapsing disease. This is a concern for practitioners, who hope to reduce the toxicity that results from glucocorticoid use, especially when given at high doses for prolonged periods.

Avacopan is the first drug to be specifically developed for a vasculitis indication. Other vasculitis therapies—such as tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis or rituximab for ANCA-associated vasculitis—were first approved for other diseases. Avacopan is an oral C5a receptor antagonist that selectively blocks the effects of C5a, thus dampening neutrophil attraction and activation. It does not have FDA approval for other indications, but has orphan drug status for ANCA-associated vasculitis (specifically for microscopic polyangiitis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis) and for C3 glomerulopathy, a rare kidney disease.

Arthritis Advisory Panel Meeting

The FDA generally requires evidence from at least two adequate and well-controlled phase 3 trials to establish effectiveness of a drug. However, it exercises regulatory flexibility in certain circumstances, such as for some rare diseases. In this case, it may consider the results of a well-designed single study if the evidence is statistically persuasive and clinically meaningful.4

Study design is a challenge for any manufacturer attempting to develop a product to potentially decrease steroid use because the FDA does not accept steroid sparing as an assessable outcome for clinical trials. For example, in the GiACTA trial, the phase 3 trial used as evidence for approval of tocilizumab for patients with giant cell arteritis, the biotechnology company Genentech wanted to give tocilizumab and demonstrate patients could then be safely taken off glucocorticoids. But the FDA required a more complicated multi-arm design.5

Other issues come up because of the way gluco­corticoids have been used historically. Although they have been used for vasculitis since before drug licensing was introduced, glucocorticoids are not themselves licensed for ANCA-associated vasculitis, which brings up certain regulatory barriers in study design. Additionally, the efficacy of glucocorticoids in vasculitis to control disease activity or prevent relapse has never been officially quantified in a placebo-controlled trial.

ADVOCATE Design

For avacopan, ChemoCentryx based its application on a single phase 3 trial and two phase 2 trials.1-3 In pre-meeting documents and during the meeting itself, the company drew comparisons to the RAVE trial, used to establish the non-inferiority of rituximab to standard cyclophosphamide therapy in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis.6 In this case, a single phase 3 trial (with supporting phase 2 data) was used as evidence for approval of rituximab.

The phase 3 trial of avacopan, ADVOCATE, used a similar, double-blind, double-dummy design.1 ADVOCATE included 331 patients with either new or relapsing ANCA-associated vasculitis. Half the participants received 30 mg of avacopan twice a day orally, as well as a prednisone placebo, out to the study’s end at 12 months. The other half received oral prednisone (tapered to 0 mg at five months) plus an avacopan placebo.

Additionally, patients received immunosuppressive treatment, either cyclo­phosphamide (35%) or rituximab (65%), at the discretion of the prescribing physician. Patients who had received cyclophosphamide also received follow-up azathio­prine at week 15. But after initial treatment, no patients received maintenance rituximab, as would now be common practice.

Prior to enrollment, many participants were already receiving glucocorticoids as part of their treatment, to help get their disease under control. Thus, open-label prednisone treatment continued to be tapered for the early part of the trial in both groups up to the end of week 4. This had to be tapered to 20 mg or less of prednisone daily before beginning the trial, in both treatment groups.

As reported by the investigators, at week 26, the avacopan group was non-inferior to the prednisone group in terms of sustained remission. At the study’s conclusion at week 52, 66% of patients in the avacopan group were in sustained remission, as were 55% of those in the prednisone group. Thus, in terms of remission, avacopan was superior to gluco­corticoids at week 52 (P=0.007).

The researchers also provided encouraging secondary endpoints related to a number of other parameters, including reduced glucocorticoid-related toxicities, fewer relapses, better quality of life measures and improvements in kidney functioning (e.g., glomerular filtration rate changes).

David R.W. Jayne, MD, a professor of clinical auto­immunity at the University of Cambridge and director of the Vasculitis and Lupus Service at Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, England, was one of the ADVOCATE investigators and says that in the context of previous vasculitis trials, which have only rarely displayed positive effects from interventions, the ADVOCATE results are impressive.

“We’ve never seen quality-of-life benefits or [glomerular filtration rate] recovery benefits in other vasculitis trials, but we saw them consistently in this one,” says Dr. Jayne.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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PATENT

Example 1: Preparation of Free Base Crystalline Form of Compound 1

      Crude Compound 1 was prepared essentially as described in WO 2016/053890.
      A free base crystalline form of Compound 1 was prepared by dissolving 18 g of crude Compound 1 in 50 mL acetone with heating at 40° C. (a concentration of about ˜0.36 g/mL). The warm solution was passed through a 10 μm polyethylene filter. The solution was then loaded into rotary evaporator at 30° C. bath temperature and 180 rpm rotational speed. The solid collected was dried further in a 45° C. oven for 1 hour. The XRPD data of the crystalline form is shown in Error! Reference source not found., and the table of peaks measured are listed in Table 1, below.

Example 2: Preparing an Amorphous Form of Compound 1

      Method 1
      Crude Compound 1 was prepared essentially as described in WO 2016/053890.
      Crude Compound 1 (15 grams) was dissolved into 40 mL of acetone at 40° C. temperature. The solution was spray dried using a Buchi B290 Spray Dryer, equipped with a peristaltic pump. The spray drying process was completed by using target inlet temperature of 80° C., target spray rate of 5 mL/min, and process gas flow rate of 20.60 CFM. The spray dried powder collected in the sample collection chamber was the amorphous form of Compound 1 as assessed by XRFD, shown in Error! Reference source not found.
      Method 2 An amorphous form of Compound 1 was prepared by dissolving 1 g of the free base crystalline form of Compound 1 in 9 mL of acetone without any heating (a concentration of about ˜0.11 g/mL). The solution was passed through a 10 μm polyethylene filter by gravity. The solution was then loaded into rotary evaporator at 45° C. bath temperature and 220 rpm rotational speed. The solid collected was dried further in a 45° C. oven for 30 hour. The XRPD data of the starting material (in crystalline form) and the amorphous form produced from Method 2 are shown in Error! Reference source not found.A & FIG. 3B. The DSC data of the starting material (in crystalline form) and the amorphous form produced from Method 2 are shown in Error! Reference source not found. Experimental details related to DSC data collection are described in Example 3.

PATENT

WO 2021163329 

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2021163329A1/en

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/US20170283446A1/en

PATENT

Example 1: A Besylate Salt of Compound 1 (Form I)

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      A 3-L round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer was charged with (2R,3S)-2-(4-(cyclopentylamino)phenyl)-1-(2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoyl)-N-(4-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide (Compound 1, 250 g, 430 mmol) and MeCN (1.84 L, 8 vol). The resulting mixture was stirred and heated to 75° C. (internal temperature) for 30 min to form a clear solution, and filtered through polyethylene frit filter and rinsed with MeCN (230 mL). To this solution at 60° C. was slowly added a pre-filtered solution of benzenesulfonic acid hydrate (77.9 g, 442 mmol (based on monohydrate), 1.03 eq) in MeCN (276 mL, 3 vol) over 10 min and rinsed with MeCN (92 mL) (internal temperature dropped to 55° C.). The resulting solution was cooled to 50° C., seeded with besylate crystals of Compound 1 (˜100 mg) and slowly cooled to 45° C. over 1 h. The resulting mixture was slowly cooled to RT and stirred for 42 h. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with MeCN (230 mL×2), air-dried and then dried in an oven under vacuum at 50° C. overnight (48 h) to afford N-cyclopentyl-4-((2R,3S)-1-(2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoyl)-3-((4-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-carbamoyl)piperidin-2-yl)benzenaminium benzenesulfonate as off-white crystals, with a recovery yield of 266.5 g (84%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6) (RT) δ 10.44 (s, 1H), 7.90-7.83 (m, 1H), 7.65-6.95 (m, 14H), 6.42-6.34 (m, 1H), 6.05-5.00 (br, 1H), 3.85-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.22-3.00 (m, 3H), 2.38-2.28 (m, 4H), 2.20-1.40 (m, 15H); (65° C.) δ 10.22 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.68-6.70 (m, 15H), 6.44-6.35 (m, 1H), 3.72-3.65 (m, 1H), 3.25-2.98 (m, 3H), 2.40-2.28 (m, 4H), 2.22-1.40 (m, 15H). MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C 333643[M+H] 582.3, found 582.2. A plot of the XRPD is shown in FIG. 1, and Table 1, below, summarizes significant peaks observed in the XRPD plot. HPLC (both achiral analytical and chiral): >99%. Elemental Analysis consistent with formula of C 3941435S, KF: 0.66%.

PATENT

 WO 2011163640

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2011163640A1

Figure imgf000028_0002

Example 11[0147] The following are representative compounds prepared and evaluated using methods similar to the examples herein. Characterization data is provided for the compounds below. Biological evaluation is shown in Figure 1 for these compounds and others prepared as described herein.(2R,3S)-2-(4-Cyclopentylaminophenyl)-l-(2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoyl)piperidine-3- carboxylic acid (4-methyl-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)amide

Figure imgf000059_0001

[0148] 1H NMR (400 MHz, TFA-d) δ 7.91 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.84 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.58-6.82 (m, 8 H), 6.75 (t, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.10-4.00 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.47 (m, 1H), 3.45-3.41 (m, 1H), 3.33-3.25 (m, 1H), 2.44-2.22 (m, 7H), 2.04-1.92 (m, 4H), 1.82-.169 (m, 7H)

PATENTUS 20110275639https://patents.google.com/patent/US20110275639PATENT
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160090357A1/en

  • [0097]This example illustrates the preparation of (2R,3S)-2-[4-(cyclopentylamino)phenyl]-1-(2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl)-N-[4-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide by the method provided more generally in FIG. 1 (Scheme 1) using the reagents provided below:
  • [0098]Step 1:
  • [0099]An oven-dried 12 L, 3-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, condenser, and thermometer was charged with acrolein diethyl acetal (1127 g, 8.666 mole, 1.05 equiv.) and warmed up to 40° C. A mixture of solid ethyl 3-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-oxo-propanoate (1956 g, 8.253 mole) and (R)-(−)-2-phenylglycinol (>99.5% e.e., 1187 g, 8.666 mole, 1.05 equiv.) was added in portions over 40 min. to maintain a stirrable mixture at an internal temperature of approximately 40° C. After all solids were added, the mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 10 minutes. 4M HCl in dioxane (206.2 mL, 0.825 mole, 10 mol. %) was subsequently added through the condenser within 2 minutes and the internal temperature was increased to 70 OC. The reaction was stirred for 22 h whereupon LC-MS showed consumption of starting materials and enamine intermediate. The heating was turned off and ethanol (6.6 L) was added. The solution was then seeded with 4 g of ethyl (3R,8aR)-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-phenyl-3,7,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-oxazolo[3,2-a]pyridine-6-carboxylate and stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The solid was subsequently filtered off and 0.1 L of ethanol was used to rinse the flask and equipment onto the filter. The isolated solid was then washed three times on the filter with ethanol (250 mL each) and dried under vacuum to generate 1253 g of ethyl (3R,8aR)-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-phenyl-3,7,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-oxazolo[3,2-a]pyridine-6-carboxylate as a bright yellow solid (38% yield, 98.5% HPLC wt/wt purity, 0.15 wt % of EtOH).
  • [0100]Step 2:
  • [0101]260 g of ethyl (3R,8aR)-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-phenyl-3,7,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-oxazolo[3,2-a]pyridine-6-carboxylate (0.659 mol), 0.66 L of ethanol, and 56 g of palladium catalyst (10% Pd/C, Degussa type E101 NE/W, 50% wet, 21.5 wt. % of powder, 4.0 mol % Pd) were placed in a 2.2 L Parr bottle and purged with nitrogen. The bottle was mounted on a Parr shaker apparatus and hydrogen was added at a rate to keep the external temperature of the bottle below 30° C. After 4 hours, the consumption of hydrogen slowed down. The bottle was then shaken under 50 psi of hydrogen for 2 hours. 94 mL of glacial acetic acid (1.65 mol, 2.5 equiv.) was subsequently added to the bottle and the bottle was purged three times with hydrogen at 50 psi. The bottle was then shaken under 35-55 psi of hydrogen for 48 hours, keeping the temperature below 30° C. The bottle was removed from the apparatus and 55 mL of 12M HCl aq. was added (0.659 mol, 1 equiv.) followed by 87 mL of cyclopentanone (0.989 mol, 1.5 equiv.). The bottle was purged three times with hydrogen at 50 psi and then shaken under 50 psi of hydrogen for 16-20 hours. The mixture was removed from the apparatus and filtered through a fritted funnel containing celite (80 g) and then washed three times with 0.125 L of ethanol. 54.1 g of anhydrous sodium acetate (0.659 mol, 1 equiv.) was added and the mixture was concentrated in vacuo at 40-55° C. to remove 0.9 L of the volatile components. 2.0 L of acetonitrile was added and 2.0 L of volatile components were removed in vacuo. The crude material was diluted with 1.0 L of acetonitrile and mechanically stirred at r.t. for 30 minutes. The mixture was filtered through Celite (40 g) and the cake was washed with 0.28 L of acetonitrile. The combined filtrates gave a solution of the crude amine acetate (Solution A, e.e. =78%). Solutions A of two independent runs were combined for further processing.
  • [0102]In a 12-L 3-neck flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, internal thermometer, and reflux condenser (−)-O,O′-di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid (1.019 kg, 2.64 mol, 2 equiv.) was dissolved in 5.8 L of acetonitrile. The mixture was heated to 60° C. with stirring, followed by a quick addition of 1 L of Solution A. The resultant solution was seeded with 4 g of the crystalline ethyl (2R,3S)-2-[4-(cyclopentylamino)phenyl]piperidine-3-carboxylate (−)-O,O′-di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid salt (1:2) and stirred at 60° C. for 15 minutes. After 15 minutes at 60 OC the seed bed has formed. The remaining amount of Solution A was added over a period of 2.5 hours, maintaining an internal temperature at 60° C. When the addition was complete, the heat source was turned off and the mixture was stirred for 17 hours, reaching a final temperature of 22.5° C. The suspension was filtered and the solids were washed with 0.50 L of acetonitrile to rinse the equipment and transfer all solids onto the filter. The resultant wet solids were washed on the funnel with 3.0 L of acetonitrile and dried in a vacuum oven at 45° C. for 48 hours to provide 1.005 kg of ethyl (2R,3S)-2-[4-(cyclopentylamino)phenyl]piperidine-3-carboxylate (−)-O,O′-di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid salt (1:2) as an off-white solid (70% yield, contains 1 wt. % of acetonitrile). The enantiomeric ratio of the product was 99.4:0.6.
  • [0103]Step 3:
  • [0104]In a 5 L 3-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer and an addition funnel, solid anhydrous potassium carbonate (K2CO3, 226 g, 1.64 mol, 4.1 equiv.) was dissolved in H2O (0.82 L) and cooled to ambient temperature. MTBE (0.82 L) was added, followed by solid ethyl (2R,3S)-2-[4-(cyclopentylamino)phenyl]piperidine-3-carboxylate (−)-O,O′-di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid salt (1:2) (436 g, 0.400 mol). The mixture was vigorously stirred at r.t. for 1 hour, then 2-fluoro-6-methylbenzoyl chloride (72.5 g, 0.420 mmol, 1.05 equiv.) in MTBE (0.14 L) was added dropwise over 1 hour. The product started precipitating from the reaction before addition of the acid chloride was completed. The reaction was vigorously stirred at r.t. for 30 minutes and monitored by LC-MS for the disappearance of starting material. The mixture was subsequently transferred to a 5 L evaporation flask using 0.3 L of MTBE to rinse the equipment and remove all solids. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to remove the MTBE, then 0.3 L of heptane was added and the mixture was evaporated again to leave only the product suspended in aqueous solution. The flask was removed from the rotavap and water (0.82 L) and heptane (0.82 L) were added. The suspension was vigorously stirred for 16 hours using a mechanical stirrer. The contents were then filtered and the solid was washed with water (2×0.42 L) and heptane (0.42 L). The solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 45° C. to provide 172 g of ethyl (2R,3S)-2-[4-(cyclopentylamino)phenyl]-1-(2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl)piperidine-3-carboxylate as an off-white powder (95% yield).
  • [0105]Step 4:
  • [0106]A 0.5 L 3-necked round-bottom flask was dried overnight in an oven at 200° C. and then cooled under a stream of nitrogen. The flask was equipped with a magnetic stir bar, nitrogen inlet, and a thermometer. The flask was charged with 30.2 g of ethyl (2R,3S)-2-[4-(cyclopentylamino)phenyl]-1-(2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl)piperidine-3-carboxylate (66.7 mmol), 11.5 mL of 4-methyl-5-trifluoromethylaniline (80 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) and 141 mL of dry toluene under an atmosphere of nitrogen. Nitrogen was bubbled through the resultant solution for 10 minutes and then the solution was warmed to 30° C. The oil bath was removed and 100 mL of a 2 M solution of AlMein toluene (Aldrich, 200 mmol, 3 equiv.) was cannulated into the reaction mixture at a rate maintaining the reaction temperature between 35-40° C., a process that took approximately 45 minutes. The temperature of the reaction mixture was then increased to 55° C. over a period of 1 hour and the reaction mixture was stirred at 55° C. for 8 hours, whereupon all of the starting ester was consumed (monitored by LC-MS). The reaction was subsequently cooled overnight to ambient temperature and the solution was then cannulated into a mechanically stirred 1 L flask containing a solution of 67.8 g of sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate (240 mmol, 3.6 equiv.) in 237 mL of water, pre-cooled to 10 OC in an ice bath. The addition process took approximately 30 minutes, during which the reaction mixture self-heated to 57° C. The empty reaction flask was subsequently rinsed with 20 mL of dry toluene and the solution was combined with the quench mixture. The mixture was then cooled to r.t. with stirring, 91 mL of ethyl acetate was added, and the mixture was stirred an additional 15 minutes. The mixture was subsequently filtered through a pad of Celite and the filtrate was allowed to separate into two layers. The organic layer was then separated and washed with a solution of 5.7 g of sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate (20 mmol) in 120 mL of water and then with two 120 mL portions of water. The wet organic solution was concentrated in vacuo to a weight of ˜150 g and a solvent exchange with ethanol was performed maintaining a total volume of 0.2-0.3 L, until <1 mol. % toluene with respect to ethanol was observed by 1H NMR. The solution was then evaporated at elevated temperature to a weight of 223 g and heated to reflux. Mechanical stirring was initiated and 41 mL of water was added. The resulting solution was seeded with (2R,3S)-2-[4-(cyclopentylamino)phenyl]-1-(2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl)-N-[4-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide crystals at 60 OC and then slowly cooled to r.t. over 2 hours. The slurry was subsequently stirred for 18 hours and the solids were filtered off. The solids were then washed with two 30 mL portions of 7:3 ethanol/water and dried in a vacuum oven for 24 hours at 50 OC to afford 31.0 g of (2R,3S)-2-[4-(cyclopentylamino)phenyl]-1-(2-fluoro-6-methyl-benzoyl)-N-[4-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide as off-white crystals (80% yield). Analytical data: HPLC purity: 99.59%; >99.8% d.e. and e.e. by HPLC; ICP-OES Pd: <1 ppm; Al: δ ppm; residual toluene by headspace GC-MS: 15 ppm; microash<0.1%; K—F 0.1%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, TFA-d) δ 7.91 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.58-6.82 (m, 8H), 6.75 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.10-4.00 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.47 (m, 1H), 3.45-3.41 (m, 1H), 3.33-3.25 (m, 1H), 2.44-2.22 (m, 7H), 2.04-1.92 (m, 4H), 1.82-1.69 (m, 7H), MS: (ES) m/z 582 (M+H+).

PATENT

WO2019236820

The present disclosure is directed to, inter alia, methods of treating ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) in a human in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount of avacopan, having the structure shown below:

References

  1. Jayne DRW, Merkel PA, Schall TJ, et al. Avacopan for the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitisN Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 18;384(7):599–609.
  2. Merkel PA, Niles J, Jimenez R, et al. Adjunctive treatment with avacopan, an oral C5a receptor inhibitor, in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitisACR Open Rheumatol. 2020;2(11):662–671.
  3. Jayne DRW, Bruchfeld AN, Harper L, et al. Randomized trial of C5a receptor inhibitor avacopan in ANCA-associated vasculitisJ Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Sep;28(9):2756–2767.
  4. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration. Demonstrative substantial evidence of effectiveness for human drug and biological products: Guidance for industry. 2019.
  5. Stone JH, Tuckwell K, Dimonaco S, et al. Trial of tocilizumab in giant-cell arteritisN Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 27;377(4):317–328.
  6. Stone JH, Merkel PA, Spiera R, et al. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA-associated vasculitisN Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 15;363(3):221–232.
  7. Warrington KJ. Avacopan—time to replace glucocorticoids? N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 18;384(7):664–665.

////////////Avacopan, アバコパン , JAPAN 2021, APPROVALS 2021, CCX 168, авакопан , أفاكوبان , 阿伐可泮 , 

CC1=C(C(=CC=C1)F)C(=O)N2CCCC(C2C3=CC=C(C=C3)NC4CCCC4)C(=O)NC5=CC(=C(C=C5)C)C(F)(F)F

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$10.00

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JB1-802 BY JUBILANT

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EXAMPLE

O=C(OC)/C=C/c1ccc(CNC2CC2c2ccc(F)cc2)cc1

EXAMPLE ONLY NOT CONFIRMED

JB1-802

  • Myeloid Leukemia Therapy
  • Solid Tumors Therapy

Epigenetic Modifier Modulators

  • Histone Deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) Inhibitors
  • Lysine-Specific Histone Demethylase 1A (KDM1A; LSD1) Inhibitors

Jubilant Therapeutics Announces Successful Completion of Pre-IND Meeting with FDA for its Novel Dual LSD1 and HDAC6 Inhibitor JB1-802

https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/jubilant-therapeutics-announces-successful-completion-of-pre-ind-meeting-with-fda-for-its-novel-dual-lsd1-and-hdac6-inhibitor-jb1-802-1030834551
PRESS RELEASE PR Newswire

Sep. 30, 2021, 10:23 AM

BEDMINSTER, NJ, Sept. 30, 2021 /PRNewswire/ — Jubilant Therapeutics Inc., a biopharmaceutical company advancing small molecule precision therapeutics to address unmet medical needs in oncology and autoimmune diseases, today announced the successful completion of a pre-IND (Investigational New Drug) meeting with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding the development plan, clinical study design and dosing strategy for the Phase I/II trial of JB1-802, a dual inhibitor of LSD1 and HDAC6, for the treatment of small cell lung cancer, treatment-induced neuro-endocrine prostate cancer and other mutation-defined neuroendocrine tumors.

Jubilant Therapeutics LogoA pre-IND meeting provides the drug development sponsor an opportunity for an open communication with the FDA to discuss the IND development plan and to obtain the agency’s guidance regarding planned clinical evaluation of the sponsor’s new drug candidate. After reviewing the preclinical data provided, plans for additional data generation and the Phase I/II clinical trial protocol, the FDA addressed Jubilant Therapeutics’ questions, provided guidance and aligned with the sponsor on the proposed development plan for JBI-802.

“We appreciate the FDA’s guidance as we endeavor to find an innovative new treatment for high unmet-need tumors with devastatingly low survival rates,” said Hari S Bhartia, Chairman, Jubilant Therapeutics Inc.

“We are pleased with the outcome of the pre-IND meeting with the FDA and plan to submit the IND application by the end of 2021,” said Syed Kazmi, Chief Executive Officer, Jubilant Therapeutics Inc.

About Jubilant TherapeuticsJubilant Therapeutics Inc. is a patient-centric biopharmaceutical company advancing potent and selective small molecule modulators to address unmet medical needs in oncology and autoimmune diseases. Its advanced discovery engine integrates structure-based design and computational algorithms to discover and develop novel, precision therapeutics against both first-in-class and validated but intractable targets in genetically defined patient populations. The Company plans to file an IND later this year for the first in class dual inhibitor of LSD1/HDAC6, followed by two additional INDs in 2022 with novel modulators of PRMT5 and PAD4 in oncology and inflammatory indications. Jubilant Therapeutics is headquartered in Bedminster NJ and guided by globally renowned key opinion leaders and scientific advisory board members. For more information, please visit www.jubilanttx.com or follow us on Twitter @JubilantTx and LinkedIn.

View original content:https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jubilant-therapeutics-announces-successful-completion-of-pre-ind-meeting-with-fda-for-its-novel-dual-lsd1-and-hdac6-inhibitor-jb1-802-301388983.html

SOURCE Jubilant Therapeutics Inc.

Mohd Zainuddin

Mohd Zainuddin

Director at Jubilant Therapeutics Inc

PATENT

IN 201641016129

PATENT

US20200308110 – CYCLOPROPYL-AMIDE COMPOUNDS AS DUAL LSD1/HDAC INHIBITORS

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=US306969204&tab=NATIONALBIBLIO&_cid=P21-KUANET-85789-2ApplicantsJubilant Epicore LLC
Inventors

Sridharan RAJAGOPAL
Mahanandeesha S. HALLUR
Purushottam DEWANG
Kannan MURUGAN
Durga Prasanna KUMAR C.H.
Pravin IYER
Chandrika MULAKALA
Dhanalakshmi SIVANANDHAN
Sreekala NAIR
Mohd ZAINUDDIN
Subramanyam Janardhan TANTRY
Chandru GAJENDRAN
Sriram RAJAGOPAL
Priority Data201641016129 09.05.2016 IN

Sridharan Rajagopal

Sridharan Rajagopal

Vice President-Head of Medicinal Chemistry at Jubilant Therapeutics Inc

Dhanalakshmi Sivanandhan

Dhanalakshmi Sivanandhan

Vice President at Jubilant Therapeutics Inc

Mahanandeesha Hallur

Mahanandeesha Hallur

Associate Director at Jubilant Biosys

Sreekala Nair

Sreekala Nair

Chandrika Mulakala

Chandrika Mulakala

  

Pravin Iyer

Pravin Iyer

Purushottam (M.) Dewang

Purushottam (M.) Dewang

ERRORS CALL ME , +919321316780

AND TO ADD TOO

SCHEMBL19590792.png

 EXAMPLE

CAS 2152635-16-8

C20 H20 F N O22-​Propenoic acid, 3-​[4-​[[[2-​(4-​fluorophenyl)​cyclopropyl]​amino]​methyl]​phenyl]​-​, methyl ester, (2E)​-Molecular Weight, 325.38

Patent

WO2017195216

I-3methyl (E)-3-(4-(((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(2-(4-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)phenyl) cyclopropyl)amino)methyl)phenyl)acrylate

Figure imgf000167_0001

The compound was synthesized using amine B6 and (E)-3-(4-Formyl-phenyl)-acrylic acid methyl esterfoUowing the procedure for the synthesis of 1-2. LC-MS m/z calcd for C32H34FN05, 531.2; found 532.2 [M+H]+.

Figure imgf000166_0003
Publication NumberTitlePriority DateGrant Date
EP-3455204-A1Cyclopropyl-amide compounds as dual lsd1/hdac inhibitors2016-05-09
WO-2017195216-A1Cyclopropyl-amide compounds as dual lsd1/hdac inhibitors2016-05-09
US-2020308110-A1Cyclopropyl-amide compounds as dual lsd1/hdac inhibitors2016-05-09
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Step 2: (E)-3-[4-({tert-Butoxycarbonyl-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-cyclopropyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenyl]-acrylic acid methyl ester (I-2)


(MOL)(CDX)
      To a stirred solution of (E)-3-(4-{[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-cyclopropylamino]-methyl}-phenyl)-acrylic acid methyl ester (XLVI, 0.25 g, 0.76 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran and water mixture (6 mL, 1:1) was added sodium bicarbonate (0.087 g, 2.3 mmol) and Boc anhydride (0.22 mL, 0.92 mmol) at room temperature and the resulting mixture was stirred at that temperature for 2 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethylacetate and the organic portion was washed with water and brine solution, dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated under reduced pressure to get the crude product which was purified by column chromatography using ethylacetate-hexane gradient to afford the titled product as sticky oil (I-2, 0.19 g, 58%). LC-MS m/z calcd for C 2528FNO 4, 425.2; found 326.3 [M-Boc+1] +.
      The following compounds were synthesized using procedure for the synthesize of I-2

REFJBI-802, novel dual inhibitor of LSD1-HDAC6 for treatment of cancerSivanandhan, D.; Rajagopal, S.; Nair, S.; et al.Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res (AACR) · 2020-06-22 / 2020-06-24 · Virtual, N/A · Abst 1756Synthesis and optimization of a novel series of LSD1-HDAC dual inhibitors led to the discovery of JBI-802 as the lead compound, with IC50 of 0.05 mcM against LSD1 and isoform selective HDAC6/8 activity, with IC50 of 0.011 and 0.098 mcM for HDAC6 and HDAC8, respectively. The candidate also showed excellent selectivity against other HDACs, with approximately 77-fold selectivity for HDAC6. In vitro, JBI-802 showed strong antiproliferative activity on selected cell lines, including acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma and certain solid tumors, such as small cell lung cancer and sarcoma. In vivo, JBI-802 demonstrated strong efficacy in erythroleukemia xenograft model, leading to prolonged survival of mice bearing HEL92.1.7 tumors. The candidate showed excellent dose-response and superior efficacy compared to single agents in this model, with ED50 of approximately 6.25 mg/kg twice-daily by oral administration. When evaluated in CT-26 syngeneic model, JBI-802 showed promising activity as single agent and in the combination of JBI-802 plus anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody (MAb), with approximately 80% tumor growth inhibition observed for the combination. Exploratory toxicology studies showed that JBI-802 was well tolerated at efficacious doses. Further preclinical IND-enabling studies are currently underway for this molecule, which is to be developed as a clinical candidate for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia and other tumor types. 

REFNovel dual inhibitor of LSD1-HDAC6/8 for treatment of cancerDhanalakshmi, S.; Rajagopal, S.; Sadhu, N.; et al.62nd Annu Meet Am Soc Hematol · 2020-12-05 / 2020-12-08 · Virtual, N/A · Abst 3378 Blood 2020, 136(Suppl. 1) 


REFJubilant Therapeutics Presents Preclinical Data at the American Association for Cancer Research, Reveals Unique Dual-Action Anti-Cancer Mechanism Underscoring First-in-Class Pipeline Asset in Hematological Tumors 
Jubilant Therapeutics Press Release 2020, June 22

////////////////JB1-802, JUBILANT, CANCER,  PRECLINICAL

EXTRAS…………

PATENTWO2021062327 – FUSED PYRIMIDINE COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS AND MEDICINAL APPLICATIONS THEREOFhttps://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2021062327&_cid=P21-KUAMRR-83330-1PCT/US2020/052953

Priority Data

201941039277 27.09.2019 IN

Inventors

  • VENKATESHAPPA, Chandregowda
  • SIVANANDHAN, Dhanalakshmi
  • RAJAGOPAL, Sridharan
  • ROTH, Bruce
  • PANDEY, Anjali
  • SAXTON, Tracy
  • HALLUR, Gurulingappa
  • MADHYASTHA, Naveena
  • SADHU M, Naveen

Lung cancer accounts for the greatest number of cancer deaths, and approximately 85% of lung cancer cases are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The development of targeted therapies for lung cancer has primarily focused on tumors displaying specific oncogenic drivers, namely mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). Three generations of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed for cancers with the most frequently observed EGFR mutations, however, other oncogenic drivers in the EGFR family of receptor tyrosine kinases have received less research and development focus and several oncogenic drivers, including insertions in the exon 20 gene of EGFR, have no currently approved therapeutics to treat their cancers.

[0003] The mutation, amplification and/or overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), another member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinases, has been implicated in the oncogenesis of several cancers, including lung, breast, ovarian, and gastric cancers. Although targeted therapies such as trastuzumab and lapatinib have shown clinical efficacy especially in breast tumors, their utility in lung cancer has been limited. It is likely that this variation is due to tissue-specific factors, including the low potency of kinase inhibitors like lapatinib for the mutagenic alterations in HER2 that are observed in the lung cancer patient population, including insertions in the exon 20 gene of HER2.

[0004] Given that many patients with mutations in EGFR and HER2 do not derive clinical benefit from currently available therapies against these targets, there remains a significant unmet need for the development of novel therapies for the treatment of cancers associated with EGFR and HER2 mutations.

Compound 49: (E)-N-(3-(3-benzyl-7-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide

Step 1: Synthesis of (E)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoyl chloride

[0280] To a stirred mixture of acetonitrile (2 mL) and DMF (2 drop) under N2 atmosphere was added N,N-dimethylamino crotonic acid hydrochloride (0.1 g, 0.77 mmol). After 10 min, this solution was cooled to 0-5 °C. Oxalyl chloride (0.122 g, 0.968 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was maintained at 0-5 °C for 30 min. It was allowed to warm to RT and stirring was continued for 2 h. It was then heated to 40 °C for 5 min and again brought to RT and stirred for 10 min. Formation of product was confirmed by TLC and the reaction mass was used as such to the next step without any workup.

Step-2: Synthesis of (E)-N-(3-(3-benzyl-7-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide (Compound 49)

[0281] 1-(3-Aminophenyl)-3-benzyl-7-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one (0.11g, 0.7 mmol) in DMP (2 mL) was cooled to -15 °C and then (E)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoylchloride was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at -15 °C to RT. After the completion of reaction, the reaction mass was quenched with ice water, sodium bicarbonate solution and extracted with DCM (100 mL x 2). The combined organic layer was washed with cold water (3 x 50 mL), brine solution (10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain crude product. The crude product was purified by prep HPLC to get pure product (E)-N-(3-(3-benzyl-7-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide (Compound 49, 0.022 g, 16 % yield) as white solid.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 10.21 (s, 1H), 9.32 (s, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.76 (bs, 1H) 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.48 (bs, 1H), 7.39-7.29 (m, 5H), 7.03 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.74-6.68 (m, 1H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 6.25 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 4.37 (s, 2H), 3.47 (s, 3H), 3.03 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (s, 6H); LCMS Calcd for [M+H] + 538.2, found 538.5

Compound 50: (E)-N-(3-(3-benzyl-7-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)-3-chloroacrylamide

Step-1: Synthesis of (Z)-3-chloroacrylic acid

[0282] To a stirred solution propiolic acid (2 g, 28.5 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) under N2 atmosphere was added thionyl chloride (4.07 g, 34.2 moles) slowly and the reaction mixture was maintained at 25 °C for 1 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC, after the completion of reaction, the residue was poured into ice and the resulting aqueous solution was extracted with ether (3 x100 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain crude product. The crude product was purified to get pure product (Z)-3-chloroacrylic acid (1.9 g, 62.9 % yield). LCMS Calcd for [M-H] +, 104.98, found 105.1

Step-2: Synthesis of (Z)-3-chloroacryloyl chloride

[0283] To a stirred solution of acetonitrile (3 mL) and DMF (3 drop) under N2 atmosphere was added of (Z)-3-chloroacrylic acid (0.2 g, 1.87 mmol). After 10 min this solution was cooled 0-5 °C. Oxalyl chloride (0.122 g, 0.968 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was maintained at 0-5 °C for 30 min. It was allowed to warm to RT and stirring was continued for 2 h to get (Z)-3-chloroacryloyl chloride. Formation of product was confirmed by TLC and the reaction mass was used as such to the next step without any workup.

Step-3: Synthesis of (E)-3-((3-(3-benzyl-7-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)amino)acryloyl chloride (Compound 50)

[0284] A solution of 1-(3-Aminophenyl)-3-benzyl-7-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one (0.11 g, 0.7 mmol) in DMP (2 mL) was cooled to -15 °C and then (Z)-3-chloroacryloyl chloride was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at -15 °C to RT. The reaction was monitored by TLC. After the completion of reaction, reaction mass was quenched with ice water and sodium bicarbonate solution. The aqueous layer was e 0.028 g, 22% yield) as a white solid.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 10.35 (s, 1H), 9.32 (s, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.41-7.35 (m, 5H), 7.30-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.08-7.02 (m, 2H), 6.62-6.58 (m, 2H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 4.37 (s, 2H), 3.47 (s, 3H); LCMS Calcd for [M+H] + 515.1, LCMS found 515.2

Compound 51: (E)-N-(3-(7-((3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide

Step-1: Synthesis of 2,4-dichloro-5-(chloromethyl)pyrimidine

[0285] Title compound was prepared in a similar manner to general procedure I.5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diol (15 g, 106 mmol) gave 2,4-dichloro-5-(chloromethyl)pyrimidine (11.50 g, 55% yield) as a white solid.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.66 (s, 1H), 4.65 (s, 2H).

Step-2: Synthesis of 2,4-dichloro-5-(iodomethyl)pyrimidine

[0286] Title compound was prepared in a similar manner to general procedure J.2,4-dichloro-5-(chloromethyl)pyrimidine (11.50 g, 58.20 mmol) on treatment with NaI (10.50 g, 69.0 mmol) in acetone (100 mL) resulted in 2,4-dichloro-5-(iodomethyl)pyrimidine (15.20 g, 91% yield). The solid was immediately taken up in toluene and stored under refrigeration.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.60 (s, 1H), 4.39 (s, 2H).

Step-3: Synthesis of N-((2,4-dichloropyrimidin-5-yl)methyl)aniline

[0287] A solution of iodo compound (18, 7.0 g, 24.20 mmol) in toluene (50 mL) was cooled to 0 °C and aniline (2.20 g, 24.20 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at 0 °C. Then a solution of sodium hydroxide (1.30 g, 32.50 mmol) in water (5 ml) was added and reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h at RT. The reaction was monitored by TLC. After completion of the reaction, water (25 mL) was added and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 100 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain the crude residue. The crude compound was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford the title compound as a white solid (10 g, 81% yield). LCMS Calcd for [M+H] + 254.11, found 254.09

Step-4: Synthesis of tert-butyl (3-((2-chloro-5-((phenylamino)methyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)carbamate

[0288] To a stirred solution of N-((2,4-dichloropyrimidin-5-yl)methyl)aniline (4.0 g, 15.08 mmol) in IPA (30 mL), tert-butyl (3-aminophenyl)carbamate (4.90 g, 23.0 mmol) and DIPEA (8.20 mL, 47 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was heated at 100 °C for 16 h in a sealed tube. Solvent was then evaporated and the crude thus obtained was purified by flash column chromatography to afford the title compound as off white solid (2.50 g, 37% yield). LCMS Calcd for [M+H] + 425.92, found 426.35

Step-5: Synthesis of tert-butyl (3-(7-chloro-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate

[0289] To a solution of tert-butyl (3-((2-chloro-5-((phenylamino)methyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)carbamate (1.50 g, 3.50 mmol) in THF (35 mL) was added DIPEA (2.40 mL, 14.10 mmol) and thiophosgene (0.27 g, 3.50 mmol) at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 24 h with TLC monitoring. After completion of the reaction, sodium bicarbonate solution was added. The reaction mixture was partitioned between DCM (2 x 100 mL) and water (50 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain crude product. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford the title compound as a yellow solid (1.36 g, 82% yield). LCMS Calcd for [M+H] + 467.97, found 468.27

Step-6: Synthesis of tert-butyl (3-(7-((3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate

[0290] To a solution of tert-butyl (3-(7-chloro-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate (1.30 g, 2.78 mmol) in IPA (15 mL) was added 3-

chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine (0.44 g, 3.34 mmol) and TFA (1 mL). The reaction mixture was heated for 16 h at 110 °C. Reaction was monitored by TLC. After the completion of reaction, the reaction mixture was concentrated, water (10 mL) and saturated sodium bicarbonate (20 mL) solution were added to the residue and extracted with DCM (3 x 200 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain the title compound (1.30 g) that was used as such for the next step without further purification. LCMS Calcd for [M+H] + 563.08, found 562.90

Step-7: Synthesis of 1-(3-aminophenyl)-7-((3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2(1H)-thione

[0291] To an ice-cold solution of tert-butyl (3-(7-((3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate (1.30 g, 2.30 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) and MeOH (10 mL) was added 4N HCl in dioxane (5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h at RT. The reaction was monitored by TLC. After completion of the reaction, the solvent was evaporated followed by addition of water (10 mL) and saturated sodium bicarbonate (20 mL) solution and extraction with DCM (3 x 200 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain crude product. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford the title compound as a brown solid (0.20 g). LCMS Calcd for [M+H] + 462.96, found 463.0. Purity: 68%

Step-8: Synthesis of (E)-N-(3-(7-((3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide (Compound 51)

[0292] To an ice-cold solution of 1-(3-aminophenyl)-7-((3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2(1H)-thione (0.18 g, 0.39 mmol) and trans-N,N-dimethylaminocrotonic acid hydrochloride (0.077 g, 0.47 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was added triethyl amine (1.2 mmol) followed by drop wise addition of propylphosphonic anhydride (T3P) (0.26 g, 0.97 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 6 h. Completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. The reaction mixture was portioned between 5% methanol in dichloromethane and saturated bicarbonate solution. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The crude obtained was purified by silica gel chromatography to afford the title compound as off white solid (Compound 51, 0.010 g, 5% yield).1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 10.36 (bs, 1H), 8.97 (bs, 1H), 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.72 (bs, 2H), 7.48-7.42 (m, 5H), 7.36-7.32 (m, 1H), 7.03 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.76-6.60 (m, 2H), 6.30 (d, J = 14.8 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (s, 2H), 3.50 (s, 3H), 3.12 (bs, 2H), 2.21 (s, 6H); LCMS Calcd for [M+H] + 574.10, found 574.41

Scheme 28: Preparation of (E)-N-(3-(3-benzyl-7-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide (Compound 52):

 Step 1: Preparation of ethyl 4-((3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino) phenyl) amino)-2-(methylthio) pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (106):

[0293] Title compound (106) was prepared as off-white solid (142 g; Yield: 74%) in a manner substantially similar to procedure mentioned in General procedure O.1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): ^ 10.36 (s, 1H), 8.77 (d, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.35 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.03 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 4.35 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 9H), 1.42-1.38 (m, 3H). LCMS: [M+H]+ 405.21, 89.28%.

Step 2: Preparation of tert-butyl (3-((5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)carbamate (107):

[0294] Title compound was prepared in a manner substantially similar to procedure mentioned in General procedure P. The crude was triturated with dichloromethane afforded 107 as off white solid (40.0 g; Yield: 31%).1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): ^ 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.86 (m, 2H),

7.36 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.15 (m, 1H), 6.95 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 4.59 (s, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 9H). LCMS: [M+H]+ 363.05, 91.24%.

Step 3: Preparation of tert-butyl (3-((5-formyl-2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)carbamate (108):

[0295] Title compound (108) was prepared as a pale yellow solid (31.0 g; Yield: 78%) in a manner substantially similar to procedure mentioned in General procedure Q.1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): ^ 10.59 (s, 1H), 9.75 (s, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.35 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 3.48 (s, 1H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 1.52 (s, 9H). LCMS: [M+H]+ 361.30, 97.51%.

Step 4: Preparation of tert-butyl (E)-(3-((5-((benzylimino)methyl)-2(methylthio)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)carbamate (110):

[0296] Title compound (110) was prepared as a yellow solid (28 g; Yield: 72%) in a manner substantially similar to procedure mentioned in General procedure R.1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): ^ 12.15 (s, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 8.16 (s, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.41 (m, 4H), 7.35-7.33 (m, 1H), 7.32-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.03 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.46 (s, 1H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 2.59 (s, 3H), 1.52 (s, 9H). LCMS: [M+H]+ 450.38; 99.66%.

Step 5: Preparation of tert-butyl (3-((5-((benzylamino)methyl)-2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)carbamate (111):

[0297] Title compound (111) was prepared as a pale yellow solid (40 g; Yield: 80%) in a manner substantially similar to procedure mentioned in General procedure S. LCMS: [M+H]+ 452.44; 83.57%

Step 6: Preparation of tert-butyl (3-(3-benzyl-7-(methylthio)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate (112):

[0298] Title compound was prepared in a manner substantially similar to procedure mentioned in General procedure T. The crude was triturated with diethyl ether afforded 112 as off white solid (12 g; Yield: 28%).1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): ^ 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.37 (m, 6H), 7.26 (m, 1H), 6.96 (m, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 4.69 (s, 2H), 4.34 (s, 2H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 1.50 (s, 9H). LCMS: [M+H]+ 478.16; 95.62%.

Step 7: Preparation of tert-butyl (3-(3-benzyl-7-(methylsulfonyl)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido [4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate (113):

[0299] Title compound was prepared in a manner substantially similar to procedure mentioned in General procedure U. The crude was triturated with diethyl ether afforded 113 as an off white solid (8.0 g; Yield: 76%).1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): ^ 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.40 (m, 6H), 7.17 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 4.71 (s, 2H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 2.97 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 9H). LCMS: [M+H]+ 510.31, 93.69%.

Step 8: Preparation of tert-butyl (3-(3-benzyl-7-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate (114):

[0300] Title compound was prepared in a manner substantially similar to General procedure V, tert-butyl (3-(3-benzyl-7-(methylsulfonyl)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate (113) and 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-amine (41) gave (tert-butyl (3-(3-benzyl-7-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate (114) as a brown solid (Yield: 77%), which was used directly for the next step without any further purification. MS: [M+H]+ 527.46.

Step 9: Preparation of 1-(3-aminophenyl)-3-benzyl-7-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino)-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one (115):

[0301] Title compound was prepared in a manner substantially similar to General procedure W, tert-butyl (3-(3-benzyl-7-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate (114) gave 1-(3-aminophenyl)-3-benzyl-7-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino)-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one (115) as a brown solid (Yield: 93%), which was used directly for the next step. MS: [M+H]+ 427.44.

Step 10: Preparation of (E)-N-(3-(3-benzyl-7-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide (Compound 52):

[0302] Title compound was prepared in a manner substantially similar General procedure X, 1-(3-aminophenyl)-3-benzyl-7-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino)-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one (115) and trans-N,N-dimethylaminocrotonic acid hydrochloride gave (E)-N-(3-(3-benzyl-7-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide Compound 52, as a white solid (48 mg; Yield: 13%), after prep-HPLC purification.1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 10.17 (s, 1H), 9.51 (s, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.72 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.43-7.35 (m, 5H), 7.33-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 7.01 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.75-6.69 (m, 1H), 6.27 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1H), 5.51 (s, 1H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 4.39 (s, 2H), 3.59 (s, 3H), 3.06 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 2.17 (s, 6H). MS: [M+H]+ 538.32.

Scheme 30: Alternative Preparation of (E)-N-(3-(7-((3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)amino)-2-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)-4- (dimethylamino)but-2-enamide (Compound 35):

Step 1: Preparation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (119):

[0308] An ice-cold solution of pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (118) (10 g, 89.21 mmol) and paraformaldehyde (9.63 g, 107.05 mmol) in aqueous potassium hydroxide (132 mL, 0.5 M,

66.74 mmol) was heated at 55 °C for 14 hours. After completion of starting material (TLC), the reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C and the pH was adjusted to 6 with 12N hydrochloric acid, the resulting white precipitate was filtered through sintered funnel and washed with diethyl ether afforded 119 as a white solid (6.3 g, Yield: 50%) which was used directly for the next step.1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): ^ 10.98 (bs, 1H), 10.64 (bs, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 4.78 (m, 1H), 4.12 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 2H). LCMS: [M+H]+ 143.04 (99.92% purity).

Step 2: Preparation of 2,4-dichloro-5-(chloromethyl)pyrimidine (120):

[0309] To an ice-cold solution of 5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (119) (10 g, 70.36 mmol) in toluene (25 mL) was added phosphoryl chloride (14 mL, 140.72 mmol) then N,N-diisopropylethylamine (37 mL, 211 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 120 °C for 16 hours. After the complete disappearance of starting material on TLC, the reaction mixture was quenched slowly with sodium bicarbonate solution and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 200 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure afforded 120 as a brown solid (12 g, Yield: 86%) which was used directly for the next step.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): ^ 8.66 (s, 1H), 4.64 (s, 2H). MS: [M+H]+ 197.0

Step 3: Preparation of 2,4-dichloro-5-(iodomethyl)pyrimidine (121):

[0310] To a solution of 2,4-dichloro-5-(chloromethyl)pyrimidine (120) (8.0 g, 40.51 mmol in acetone (40 mL) was added sodium iodide (9.71 g, 64.82 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min and heated to reflux for 2 hours. After completion of reaction (TLC monitoring), the reaction mixture cooled to room temperature. The resulting white precipitate was filtered through sintered funnel and washed with acetone. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure afforded 121 as a brown solid (10 g, Yield: 85%) which was used directly for the next step.1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): ^ 8.60 (s, 1H), 4.39 (s, 2H). Step 4: Preparation of N-((2,4-dichloropyrimidin-5-yl)methyl)aniline (122):

[0311] To an ice-cold solution of 2, 4-dichloro-5-(iodomethyl)pyrimidine (121) (5.0 g, 17.30 mmol) in acetone (50 mL) was added potassium carbonate (5.26 g, 38.06 mmol) and aniline (1.93 g, 20.76 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. After completion the reaction (as per TLC monitoring), the resulting white precipitate was filtered through sintered funnel and washed with acetone. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and crude was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (100-200 mesh) using 15% ethyl acetate-hexane as an eluent afforded 122 as a brown solid (2.5 g, Yield: 57%).1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): ^ 8.61 (s, 1H), 7.07 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.58 (m, 3H), 6.30 (bs, 1H), 4.33 (m, 2H). LCMS: [M+H]+ 254.03 (99.01% purity).

Step 5: Preparation of tert-butyl (3-(7-chloro-2-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate (123):

[0312] To an ice-cold solution of N-((2,4-dichloropyrimidin-5-yl)methyl)aniline (122) (500 mg, 1.96 mmol), in isopropanol (5 mL) was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.47 mL, 8.42 mmol) and tert-butyl (3-aminophenyl)carbamate (105) (409 mg, 1.96 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was heated at 100 °C for 16 hours in a sealed tube. After completion of reaction (TLC monitoring), the solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure and resulting crude was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (100-200 mesh) using 30% ethyl acetate-hexane as an eluent afforded 123 as a brown solid (500 mg, Yield: 60%).1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 9.41 (s, 1H), 8.96 (s, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.73 (s, 1H), 7.25 (m, 2H), 7.12 (m, 3H), 6.61 (m, 3H), 6.14 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (m, 2H) and 1.53 (s, 9H). LCMS: [M+H]+ 426.14 (93% purity).

Step 6: Preparation of tert-butyl (3-(7-chloro-2-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate (124):

[0313] To an ice-cold solution of tert-butyl (3-(7-chloro-2-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate (123) (500 mg, 1.17 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (6 mL) was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.81 ml, 4.68 mmol) and triphosgene (139 mg, 0.46 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. After completion of the reaction (TLC monitoring), aqueous triethylamine solution was added and extracted with dichloromethane (3 times). The combined organic layer was washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain the crude residue. The crude was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (100-200 mesh) using 30% ethyl acetate-hexane as an eluent afforded 124 as a brown solid (450 mg, Yield: 85%).1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 9.54 (s, 1H), 8.43 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.44 (m, 4H), 7.29 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 5.0 (s, 2H) and 1.47 (s, 9H). LCMS: [M+H]+ 452.27 (99% purity).

Step 7: Preparation of tert-butyl (3-(7-((3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-2-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate (125):

[0314] Title compound was prepared in a manner substantially similar to procedure mentioned in General procedure V, (tert-butyl(3-(7-chloro-2-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate (124) and 3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine (44) gave tert-butyl (3-(7-((3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-2-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate (125) as a brown solid in 70% yield, which was used directly for the next step. MS: [M+H]+ 547.17.

Step 8: Preparation of 1-(3-aminophenyl)-7-((3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one (126):

[0315] Title compound was prepared in a manner substantially similar to procedure mentioned in General procedure W, tert-butyl (3-(7-((3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-2-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate (125) gave 1-(3-aminophenyl)-7-((3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one (126) as a brown solid (800 mg, Yield: 82%) which was used directly for the next step. MS: [M+H]+ 447.08.

Step 9: Preparation of (E)-N-(3-(7-((3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-2-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide (Compound 35):

[0316] Title compound was prepared in a manner substantially similar to procedure mentioned in General procedure X, 1-(3-aminophenyl)-7-((3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one (126) and trans-N,N-dimethylaminocrotonic acid hydrochloride gave the titled compound, which was purified by prep-HPLC purification to afforded the title compound Compound 35 as a white solid (285 mg, Yield: 23%).1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 10.27 (bs, 1H), 8.86 (s, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.73 (s, 2H), 7.51-7.40 (m, 5H), 7.30-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.09 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.76-6.70 (m, 2H), 6.29 (d, J = 15.4 Hz, 1H), 4.88 (s, 2H), 3.50 (s, 3H), 3.05 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H) and 2.16 (s, 6H). MS:

[M+H]+ 558.16.

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Tisotumab vedotin

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Pipeline – Tisotumab Vedotin – Seagen
A first-in-human antibody–drug conjugate: Hope for patients with advanced solid tumours? | Immunopaedia

Tisotumab vedotin

チソツマブベドチン (遺伝子組換え)Immunoglobulin G1, anti-(human blood-coagulation factor III) (human monoclonal HuMax-TF heavy chain), disulfide with human monoclonal HuMax-TF κ-chain, dimer, tetrakis(thioether) with N-[[[4-[[N-[6-(3-mercapto-2,5-dioxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-oxohexyl]-L-valyl-N5-(aminocarbonyl)-L-ornithyl]amino]phenyl]methoxy]carbonyl]-N-methyl-L-valyl-N-[(1S,2R)-4-[(2S)-2-[(1R,2R)-3-[[(1R,2S)-2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenylethyl]amino]-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl]-1-pyrrolidinyl]-2-methoxy-1-[(1S)-1-methylpropyl]-4-oxobutyl]-N-methyl-L-valinamide 

  • HuMax-TF-ADC
  • Immunoglobulin G1, anti-(human tissue factor) (human monoclonal HuMax-TF heavy chain), disulfide with human monoclonal HuMax-TF κ-chain, dimer, tetrakis(thioether) with N-[[[4-[[N-[6-(3-mercapto-2,5-dioxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-oxohexyl]-L-valyl-N5-(aminocarbonyl)-L-ornithyl]amino]phenyl]methoxy]carbonyl]-N-methyl-L-valyl-N-[(1S,2R)-4-[(2S)-2-[(1R,2R)-3-[[(1R,2S)-2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenylethyl]amino]-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl]-1-pyrrolidinyl]-2-methoxy-1-[(1S)-1-methylpropyl]-4-oxobutyl]-N-methyl-L-valinamide

Protein Sequence

Sequence Length: 1324, 448, 448, 214, 214multichain; modified (modifications unspecified)

FormulaC6418H9906N1710O2022S44.(C68H106N11O15)n
EfficacyAntineoplastic
  DiseaseCervical cancer
CommentAntibody-drug conjugateCAS:1418731-10-8
  • HuMax-TF-ADC
  • Tisotumab vedotin
  • Tisotumab vedotin [WHO-DD]
  • UNII-T41737F88A
  • WHO 10148

US FDA APPROVED 2021/9/20 , TIVDAK

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FDA grants accelerated approval to tisotumab vedotin-tftv for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer………..  https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-grants-accelerated-approval-tisotumab-vedotin-tftv-recurrent-or-metastatic-cervical-cancer

On September 20, 2021, the Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval to tisotumab vedotin-tftv (Tivdak, Seagen Inc.), a tissue factor-directed antibody and microtubule inhibitor conjugate, for adult patients with recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer with disease progression on or after chemotherapy.

Approval was based on innovaTV 204, an open-label, multicenter, single-arm clinical trial (NCT03438396). Efficacy was evaluated in 101 patients with recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer who had received no more than two prior systemic regimens in the recurrent or metastatic setting, including at least one prior platinum-based chemotherapy regimen. Sixty-nine percent of patients had received bevacizumab as part of prior systemic therapy. Patients received tisotumab vedotin-tftv 2 mg/kg every 3 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

The main efficacy outcome measures were confirmed objective response rate (ORR) as assessed by an independent review committee (IRC) using RECIST v1.1 and duration of response (DOR). The ORR was 24% (95% CI: 15.9%, 33.3%) with a median response duration of 8.3 months (95% CI: 4.2, not reached).

The most common adverse reactions (≥25%), including laboratory abnormalities, were hemoglobin decreased, fatigue, lymphocytes decreased, nausea, peripheral neuropathy, alopecia, epistaxis, conjunctival adverse reactions, hemorrhage, leukocytes decreased, creatinine increased, dry eye, prothrombin international normalized ratio increased, activated partial thromboplastin time prolonged, diarrhea, and rash. Product labeling includes a boxed warning for ocular toxicity.

The recommended dose is 2 mg/kg (up to a maximum of 200 mg for patients ≥100 kg) given as an intravenous infusion over 30 minutes every 3 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

View full prescribing information for Tivdak.

This review used the Assessment Aid, a voluntary submission from the applicant to facilitate the FDA’s assessment.

This application was granted priority review. A description of FDA expedited programs is in the Guidance for Industry: Expedited Programs for Serious Conditions-Drugs and Biologics.

A fully human monoclonal antibody specific for tissue factor conjugated to the microtubule-disrupting agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) via a protease-cleavable valine-citrulline linker.

Tisotumab vedotin, sold under the brand name Tivdak is a human monoclonal antibody used to treat cervical cancer.[1]

Tisotumab vedotin was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2021.[1][2]

Tisotumab vedotin is the international nonproprietary name (INN).[3]

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References

  1. Jump up to:a b c d https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/761208s000lbl.pdf
  2. ^ “Seagen and Genmab Announce FDA Accelerated Approval for Tivdak (tisotumab vedotin-tftv) in Previously Treated Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical Cancer”. Seagen. 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021 – via Business Wire.
  3. ^ World Health Organization (2016). “International nonproprietary names for pharmaceutical substances (INN): recommended INN: list 75”. WHO Drug Information30 (1): 159–60. hdl:10665/331046.

External links

Monoclonal antibody
TypeWhole antibody
SourceHuman
TargetTissue factor (TF)
Clinical data
Trade namesTivdak
Other namesTisotumab vedotin-tftv
License dataUS DailyMedTisotumab_vedotin
Pregnancy
category
Contraindicated[1]
Routes of
administration
Intravenous
Drug classAntineoplastic
ATC codeNone
Legal status
Legal statusUS: ℞-only [1]
Identifiers
CAS Number1418731-10-8
UNIIT41737F88A
KEGGD11814

//////////Tisotumab vedotin, チソツマブベドチン (遺伝子組換え) , FDA 2021, APPROVALS 2021, Antineoplastic, CERVICAL CANCER, CANCER, MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY, UNII-T41737F88A, WHO 10148

REACH, Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals

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REACH

https://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/reach/reach_en.htm#:~:text=REACH%20(EC%201907%2F2006),authorisation%20and%20restriction%20of%20chemicals.

REACH (EC 1907/2006)aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment through the better and earlier identification of the intrinsic properties of chemical substances. This is done by the four processes of REACH, namely the registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals. REACH also aims to enhance innovationand competitiveness of the EU chemicals industry.

“No data no market”: the REACH Regulation places responsibility on industry to manage the risks from chemicals and to provide safety information on the substances. Manufacturers and importers are required to gather information on the properties of their chemical substances, which will allow their safe handling, and to register the information in a central database in theEuropean Chemicals Agency (ECHA)in Helsinki. The Agency is the central point in the REACH system: it manages the databases necessary to operate the system, co-ordinates the in-depth evaluation of suspicious chemicals and is…

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RTS,S/AS01, RTS,S Mosquirix

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 The World Health Organization (WHO) has announced that the Government of Malawi has immunized the first children with RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S), the world’s first malaria vaccine, according to the World Record Academy.

Sequence:

1MMAPDPNANP NANPNANPNA NPNANPNANP NANPNANPNA NPNANPNANP51NANPNANPNA NPNANPNANP NANPNANPNA NPNKNNQGNG QGHNMPNDPN101RNVDENANAN NAVKNNNNEE PSDKHIEQYL KKIKNSISTE WSPCSVTCGN151GIQVRIKPGS ANKPKDELDY ENDIEKKICK MEKCSSVFNV VNSRPVTNME201NITSGFLGPL LVLQAGFFLL TRILTIPQSL DSWWTSLNFL GGSPVCLGQN251SQSPTSNHSP TSCPPICPGY RWMCLRRFII FLFILLLCLI FLLVLLDYQG301MLPVCPLIPG STTTNTGPCK TCTTPAQGNS MFPSCCCTKP TDGNCTCIPI351PSSWAFAKYL WEWASVRFSW LSLLVPFVQW FVGLSPTVWL SAIWMMWYWG401PSLYSIVSPF IPLLPIFFCL WVYI

RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S)

RTS,S/AS01, Mosquirix

Cas 149121-47-1

203-400-Antigen CS (Plasmodium falciparum strain NF54 reduced), 203-L-methionine-204-L-methionine-205-L-alanine-206-L-proline-207-L-aspartic acid-210-L-alanine-211-L-asparagine-313-L-asparagine-329-L-glutamic acid-330-L-glutamine-333-L-lysine-336-L-lysine-339-L-isoleucine-373-L-glutamic acid-396-L-arginine-397-L-proline-398-L-valine-399-L-threonine-400-L-asparagine-, (400→1′)-protein with antigen (hepatitis B virus subtype adw small surface reduced) (9CI) 

Other Names

  • Malaria vaccine RTS,S
  • Mosquirix
  • RTS,S

Protein Sequence

Sequence Length: 424

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is khvi-16-03-1669415-g002.jpg

Figure 2.

Graphical depiction of circumsporozoite (CSP) and RTS,S structures. CSP comprises an N-terminal region containing a signal peptide sequence and Region I that binds heparin sulfate proteoglycans and has embedded within it a conserved five amino acid (KLKQP) proteolytic cleavage site sequence; a central region containing four-amino acid (NANP/NVDP) repeats; and a C-terminal region containing Region II [a thrombospondin (TSP)-like domain] and a canonical glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor addition sequence. The region of the CSP included in the RTS,S vaccine includes the last 18 NANP repeats and C-terminus exclusive of the GPI anchor addition sequence. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) monomers self-assemble into virus-like particles and approximately 25% of the HBsAg monomers in RTS,S are genetically fused to the truncated CSP and serve as protein carriers. The CSP fragment in RTS,S contains three known T-cell epitopes: a highly variable CD4 + T-cell epitope before the TSP-like domain (TH2R), a highly variable CD8 + T-cell epitope within the TSP-like domain (TH3R), and a conserved “universal” CD4 + T cell epitope (CS.T3) at the C-terminus. (Figure courtesy of a recent publication16 and open access,
PATENTWO 2009080715

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2009080715A2/tr

XAMPLES

Example 1Recipe for component for a single pediatric dose of RTS, S malaria vaccine (2 vial formulation)Component AmountRTS,S 25μgNaCl 2.25mgPhosphate buffer (NaZK2) 1OmMMonothioglycerol 125μgWater for Injection Make volume to 250 μLThe above is prepared by adding RTS, S antigen to a mix of Water for Injection, NaCl 150OmM, phosphate buffer (NaZK2) 50OmM (pH 6.8 when diluted x 50) and an aqueous solution of monothioglycerol at 10%. Finally pH is adjusted to 7.0 ± 0.1.This may be provided as a vial together with a separate vial of adjuvant, for example a liposomal formulation of MPL and QS21Component Amount l,2-di-oleoyl-5/?-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) 500 μgCholesterol 125 μgMPL 25 μgQS21 25 μgNaCl 2.25mg Phosphate buffer (NaZK2) 1 OmMWater for Injection Make volume to250 μLFor administration the adjuvant formulation is added to the component formulation, for example using a syringe, and then shaken. Then the dose is administered in the usual way. The pH of the final liquid formulation is about 6.6 +/- 0.1.Example IAA final pediatric liquid formulation (1 vial) according to the invention may be prepared according to the following recipe.Component AmountRTS,S 25μgNaCl 4.5mgPhosphate buffer (NaZK2) 1OmMMonothioglycerol 125μg1 ,2-di-oleoyl-5/?-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) 500 μgCholesterol 125 μgMPL 25 μgQS21 25 μgWater for Injection Make volume to500 μLThe pH of the above liquid formulation is either adjusted to 7.0 +/- 0.1 (which is favorable for antigen stability, but not favorable at all for the MPL stability), or to 6.1 +/- 0.1 (which is favorable for MPL stability, but not favorable at all for RT S, S stability). Therefore this formulation is intended for rapid use after preparation.The above is prepared by adding RTS, S antigen to a mix of Water for Injection, NaCl 150OmM, phosphate buffer (NaZK2) 50OmM (pH 6.8 when diluted x 50) and an aqueous solution of monothioglycerol at 10%. Then a premix of liposomes containing MPL with QS21 is added, and finally pH is adjusted. Example IBA final adult dose (1 vial formulation) for the RTS, S according to the invention may be prepared as follows:Component AmountRTS,S 50μgNaCl 4.5mgPhosphate buffer (NaZK2) 1OmMMonothioglycerol 250μg1 ,2-di-oleoyl-5/?-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) 1000 μgCholesterol 250 μgMPL 50 μgQS21 50 μgWater for Injection Make volume to500 μLExample 1CExample 1C may prepared by putting Example 1, IA or IB in an amber vial, for example flushed with nitrogen before filing.

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WHO recommends groundbreaking malaria vaccine for children at risk

Historic RTS,S/AS01 recommendation can reinvigorate the fight against malaria6 October 2021https://www.who.int/news/item/06-10-2021-who-recommends-groundbreaking-malaria-vaccine-for-children-at-risk

The World Health Organization (WHO) is recommending widespread use of the RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) malaria vaccine among children in sub-Saharan Africa and in other regions with moderate to high P. falciparum malaria transmission. The recommendation is based on results from an ongoing pilot programme in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi that has reached more than 800 000 children since 2019.

“This is a historic moment. The long-awaited malaria vaccine for children is a breakthrough for science, child health and malaria control,” said WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. “Using this vaccine on top of existing  tools to prevent malaria could save tens of thousands of young lives each year.”

Malaria remains a primary cause of childhood illness and death in sub-Saharan Africa. More than 260 000 African children under the age of five die from malaria annually.

In recent years, WHO and its partners have been reporting a stagnation in progress against the deadly disease.

“For centuries, malaria has stalked sub-Saharan Africa, causing immense personal suffering,” said Dr Matshidiso Moeti, WHO Regional Director for Africa. “We have long hoped for an effective malaria vaccine and now for the first time ever, we have such a vaccine recommended for widespread use. Today’s recommendation offers a glimmer of hope for the continent which shoulders the heaviest burden of the disease and we expect many more African children to be protected from malaria and grow into healthy adults.”

WHO recommendation for the RTS,S malaria vaccine

Based on the advice of two WHO global advisory bodies, one for immunization and the other for malaria, the Organization recommends that:

WHO recommends that in the context of comprehensive malaria control the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine be used for the prevention of P. falciparum malaria in children living in regions with moderate to high transmission as defined by WHO.  RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine should be provided in a schedule of 4 doses in children from 5 months of age for the reduction of malaria disease and burden.

Summary of key findings of the malaria vaccine pilots

Key findings of the pilots informed the recommendation based on data and insights generated from two years of vaccination in child health clinics in the three pilot countries, implemented under the leadership of the Ministries of Health of Ghana, Kenya and Malawi. Findings include:

  • Feasible to deliver: Vaccine introduction is feasible, improves health and saves lives, with good and equitable coverage of RTS,S seen through routine immunization systems. This occurred even in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Reaching the unreached: RTS,S increases equity in access to malaria prevention.
    • Data from the pilot programme showed that more than two-thirds of children in the 3 countries who are not sleeping under a bednet are benefitting from the RTS,S vaccine.
    • Layering the tools results in over 90% of children benefitting from at least one preventive intervention (insecticide treated bednets or the malaria vaccine).
  • Strong safety profile: To date, more than 2.3 million doses of the vaccine have been administered in 3 African countries – the vaccine has a favorable safety profile.
  • No negative impact on uptake of bednets, other childhood vaccinations, or health seeking behavior for febrile illness. In areas where the vaccine has been introduced, there has been no decrease in the use of insecticide-treated nets, uptake of other childhood vaccinations or health seeking behavior for febrile illness.
  • High impact in real-life childhood vaccination settings: Significant reduction (30%) in deadly severe malaria, even when introduced in areas where insecticide-treated nets are widely used and there is good access to diagnosis and treatment.
  • Highly cost-effective: Modelling estimates that the vaccine is cost effective in areas of moderate to high malaria transmission.

Next steps for the WHO-recommended malaria vaccine will include funding decisions from the global health community for broader rollout, and country decision-making on whether to adopt the vaccine as part of national malaria control strategies.

Financial support

Financing for the pilot programme has been mobilized through an unprecedented collaboration among three key global health funding bodies: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance; the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; and Unitaid.

Note to editors:

  • The malaria vaccine, RTS,S, acts against P. falciparum, the most deadly malaria parasite globally, and the most prevalent in Africa.
  • The Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme is generating evidence and experience on the feasibility, impact and safety of the RTS,S malaria vaccine in real-life, routine settings in selected areas of Ghana, Kenya and Malawi.
  • Pilot malaria vaccine introductions are led by the Ministries of Health of Ghana, Kenya and Malawi.
  • The pilot programme will continue in the 3 pilot countries to understand the added value of the 4th vaccine dose, and to measure longer-term impact on child deaths.
  • The Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme is coordinated by WHO and supported by in-country and international partners, including PATH, UNICEF and GSK, which is donating up to 10 million doses of the vaccine for the pilot.
  • The RTS,S malaria vaccine is the result of 30 years of research and development by GSK and through a partnership with PATH, with support from a network of African research centres.
  • The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided catalytic funding for late-stage development of RTS,S between 2001 and 2015.

RTS,S/AS01 (trade name Mosquirix) is a recombinant protein-based malaria vaccine. In October 2021, the vaccine was endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for “broad use” in children, making it the first malaria vaccine candidate, and first vaccine to address parasitic infection, to receive this recommendation.[3][4][5]

The RTS,S vaccine was conceived of and created in the late 1980s by scientists working at SmithKline Beecham Biologicals (now GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Vaccines) laboratories in Belgium.[6] The vaccine was further developed through a collaboration between GSK and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in the U.S. state of Maryland[7] and has been funded in part by the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Its efficacy ranges from 26 to 50% in infants and young children.

Approved for use by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in July 2015,[1] it is the world’s first licensed malaria vaccine and also the first vaccine licensed for use against a human parasitic disease of any kind.[8] On 23 October 2015, WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) and the Malaria Policy Advisory Committee (MPAC) jointly recommended a pilot implementation of the vaccine in Africa.[9] This pilot project for vaccination was launched on 23 April 2019 in Malawi, on 30 April 2019 in Ghana, and on 13 September 2019 in Kenya.[10][11]

Background

Main article: Malaria vaccine

Potential malaria vaccines have been an intense area of research since the 1960s.[12] SPf66 was tested extensively in endemic areas in the 1990s, but clinical trials showed it to be insufficiently effective.[13] Other vaccine candidates, targeting the blood-stage of the malaria parasite’s life cycle, have also been insufficient on their own.[14] Among several potential vaccines under development that target the pre-erythrocytic stage of the disease, RTS,S has shown the most promising results so far.[15]

Approval history

The EMA approved the RTS,S vaccine in July 2015, with a recommendation that it be used in Africa for babies at risk of getting malaria. RTS,S was the world’s first malaria vaccine to get approval for this use.[16][8] Preliminary research suggests that delayed fractional dosing could increase the vaccine’s efficacy up to 86%.[17][18]

On 17 November 2016, WHO announced that the RTS,S vaccine would be rolled out in pilot projects in three countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The pilot program, coordinated by WHO, will assess the extent to which the vaccine’s protective effect shown in advanced clinical trials can be replicated in real-life settings. Specifically, the programme will evaluate the feasibility of delivering the required four doses of the vaccine; the impact of the vaccine on lives saved; and the safety of the vaccine in the context of routine use.[19]

Vaccinations by the ministries of health of Malawi, Ghana, and Kenya began in April and September 2019 and target 360,000 children per year in areas where vaccination would have the highest impact. The results are planned to be used by the World Health Organization to advise about a possible future deployment of the vaccine.[10][11][20] In 2021 it was reported that the vaccine together with other anti-malaria medication when given at the most vulnerable season could reduce deaths and illness from the disease by 70%.[21][22]

Funding

RTS,S has been funded, most recently, by the non-profit PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI) and GlaxoSmithKline with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.[23] The RTS,S-based vaccine formulation had previously been demonstrated to be safe, well tolerated, immunogenic, and to potentially confer partial efficacy in both malaria-naive and malaria-experienced adults as well as children.[24]

Components and mechanism

 

The RTS,S vaccine is based on a protein construct first developed by GlaxoSmithKline in 1986. It was named RTS because it was engineered using genes from the repeat (‘R’) and T-cell epitope (‘T’) of the pre-erythrocytic circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite together with a viral surface antigen (‘S’) of the hepatitis B virus (HBsAg).[7] This protein was then mixed with additional HBsAg to improve purification, hence the extra “S”.[7] Together, these two protein components assemble into soluble virus-like particles similar to the outer shell of a hepatitis B virus.[25]

A chemical adjuvant (AS01, specifically AS01E) was added to increase the immune system response.[26] Infection is prevented by inducing humoral and cellular immunity, with high antibody titers, that block the parasite from infecting the liver.[27]

The T-cell epitope of CSP is O-fucosylated in Plasmodium falciparum[28][29] and Plasmodium vivax,[30] while the RTS,S vaccine produced in yeast is not.

References

  1. Jump up to:a b “Mosquirix H-W-2300”European Medicines Agency (EMA). Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  2. ^ “RTS,S Malaria Vaccine: 2019 Partnership Award Honoree”YouTube. Global Health Technologies Coalition. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  3. ^ Davies L (6 October 2021). “WHO endorses use of world’s first malaria vaccine in Africa”The Guardian. Retrieved 6 October2021.
  4. ^ Drysdale C, Kelleher K. “WHO recommends groundbreaking malaria vaccine for children at risk” (Press release). Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  5. ^ Mandavilli A (6 October 2021). “A ‘Historical Event’: First Malaria Vaccine Approved by W.H.O.” New York Times. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  6. ^ “HYBRID PROTEIN BETWEEN CS FROM PLASMODIUM AND HBsAG”.
  7. Jump up to:a b c Heppner DG, Kester KE, Ockenhouse CF, Tornieporth N, Ofori O, Lyon JA, et al. (March 2005). “Towards an RTS,S-based, multi-stage, multi-antigen vaccine against falciparum malaria: progress at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research”Vaccine23 (17–18): 2243–50. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.142PMID 15755604Archived from the original on 23 July 2018.
  8. Jump up to:a b Walsh F (24 July 2015). “Malaria vaccine gets ‘green light'”BBC NewsArchived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  9. ^ Stewart S (23 October 2015). “Pilot implementation of first malaria vaccine recommended by WHO advisory groups” (Press release). Geneva: World Health OrganizationArchived from the original on 19 September 2021.
  10. Jump up to:a b Alonso P (19 June 2019). “Letter to partners – June 2019”(Press release). Wuxi: World Health Organization. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  11. Jump up to:a b “Malaria vaccine launched in Kenya: Kenya joins Ghana and Malawi to roll out landmark vaccine in pilot introduction” (Press release). Homa Bay: World Health Organization. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  12. ^ Hill AV (October 2011). “Vaccines against malaria”Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences366 (1579): 2806–14. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0091PMC 3146776PMID 21893544.
  13. ^ Graves P, Gelband H (April 2006). Graves PM (ed.). “Vaccines for preventing malaria (SPf66)”The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD005966. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005966PMC 6532709PMID 16625647.
  14. ^ Graves P, Gelband H (October 2006). Graves PM (ed.). “Vaccines for preventing malaria (blood-stage)”The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD006199. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006199PMC 6532641PMID 17054281.
  15. ^ Graves P, Gelband H (October 2006). Graves PM (ed.). “Vaccines for preventing malaria (pre-erythrocytic)”The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD006198. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006198PMC 6532586PMID 17054280.
  16. ^ “First malaria vaccine receives positive scientific opinion from EMA”European Medicines Agency. 24 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  17. ^ Birkett A (16 September 2016). “A vaccine for malaria elimination?”PATH.
  18. ^ Regules JA, Cicatelli SB, Bennett JW, Paolino KM, Twomey PS, Moon JE, et al. (September 2016). “Fractional Third and Fourth Dose of RTS,S/AS01 Malaria Candidate Vaccine: A Phase 2a Controlled Human Malaria Parasite Infection and Immunogenicity Study”The Journal of Infectious Diseases214 (5): 762–71. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiw237PMID 27296848.
  19. ^ “Malaria: The malaria vaccine implementation programme (MVIP)”.
  20. ^ “WHO | MVIP countries: Ghana, Kenya and Malawi”.
  21. ^ Chandramohan D, Zongo I, Sagara I, Cairns M, Yerbanga RS, Diarra M, et al. (September 2021). “Seasonal Malaria Vaccination with or without Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention”The New England Journal of Medicine385 (11): 1005–1017. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2026330PMID 34432975.
  22. ^ Roxby P (26 August 2021). “Trial suggests malaria sickness could be cut by 70%”BBC NewsArchived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  23. ^ Stein R (18 October 2011). “Experimental malaria vaccine protects many children, study shows”Washington Post.
  24. ^ Regules JA, Cummings JF, Ockenhouse CF (May 2011). “The RTS,S vaccine candidate for malaria”Expert Review of Vaccines10 (5): 589–99. doi:10.1586/erv.11.57PMID 21604980S2CID 20443829.
  25. ^ Rutgers T, Gordon D, Gathoye AM, Hollingdale M, Hockmeyer W, Rosenberg M, De Wilde M (September 1988). “Hepatitis B Surface Antigen as Carrier Matrix for the Repetitive Epitope of the Circumsporozoite Protein of Plasmodium Falciparum”Nature Biotechnology6 (9): 1065–1070. doi:10.1038/nbt0988-1065S2CID 39880644.
  26. ^ RTS,S Clinical Trials Partnership (July 2015). “Efficacy and safety of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine with or without a booster dose in infants and children in Africa: final results of a phase 3, individually randomised, controlled trial”Lancet386 (9988): 31–45. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60721-8PMC 5626001PMID 25913272.
  27. ^ Foquet L, Hermsen CC, van Gemert GJ, Van Braeckel E, Weening KE, Sauerwein R, et al. (January 2014). “Vaccine-induced monoclonal antibodies targeting circumsporozoite protein prevent Plasmodium falciparum infection”The Journal of Clinical Investigation124 (1): 140–4. doi:10.1172/JCI70349PMC 3871238PMID 24292709.
  28. ^ Swearingen KE, Lindner SE, Shi L, Shears MJ, Harupa A, Hopp CS, et al. (April 2016). “Interrogating the Plasmodium Sporozoite Surface: Identification of Surface-Exposed Proteins and Demonstration of Glycosylation on CSP and TRAP by Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics”PLOS Pathogens12 (4): e1005606. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005606PMC 4851412PMID 27128092.
  29. ^ Lopaticki S, Yang AS, John A, Scott NE, Lingford JP, O’Neill MT, et al. (September 2017). “Protein O-fucosylation in Plasmodium falciparum ensures efficient infection of mosquito and vertebrate hosts”Nature Communications8 (1): 561. Bibcode:2017NatCo…8..561Ldoi:10.1038/s41467-017-00571-yPMC 5601480PMID 28916755.
  30. ^ Swearingen KE, Lindner SE, Flannery EL, Vaughan AM, Morrison RD, Patrapuvich R, et al. (July 2017). “Proteogenomic analysis of the total and surface-exposed proteomes of Plasmodium vivax salivary gland sporozoites”PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases11 (7): e0005791. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005791PMC 5552340PMID 28759593.

Further reading

  • Wilby KJ, Lau TT, Gilchrist SE, Ensom MH (March 2012). “Mosquirix (RTS,S): a novel vaccine for the prevention of Plasmodium falciparum malaria”. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy46 (3): 384–93. doi:10.1345/aph.1Q634PMID 22408046.
  • Asante KP, Abdulla S, Agnandji S, Lyimo J, Vekemans J, Soulanoudjingar S, et al. (October 2011). “Safety and efficacy of the RTS,S/AS01E candidate malaria vaccine given with expanded-programme-on-immunisation vaccines: 19 month follow-up of a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial”. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases11 (10): 741–9. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70100-1PMID 21782519.

External links

Vaccine description
TargetP. falciparum; to a lesser extent Hepatitis B
Vaccine typeProtein subunit
Clinical data
Trade namesMosquirix
Routes of
administration
intramuscular injection (0.5 mL)[1]
Legal status
Legal statusIn general: ℞ (Prescription only)

A poster advertising trials of the RTS,S vaccine[2]

malaria vaccine is a vaccine that is used to prevent malaria. The only approved vaccine as of 2021, is RTS,S, known by the brand name Mosquirix.[1] It requires four injections.[1]

Research continues with other malaria vaccines. The most effective malaria vaccine is R21/Matrix-M, with a 77% efficacy rate shown in initial trials, and significantly higher antibody levels than with the RTS,S vaccine.[2] It is the first vaccine that meets the World Health Organization‘s (WHO) goal of a malaria vaccine with at least 75% efficacy.[3][2]

Approved vaccines

RTS,S

Main article: RTS,S

RTS,S (developed by PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI) and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) with support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation) is the most recently developed recombinant vaccine. It consists of the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) from the pre-erythrocytic stage. The CSP antigen causes the production of antibodies capable of preventing the invasion of hepatocytes and additionally elicits a cellular response enabling the destruction of infected hepatocytes. The CSP vaccine presented problems in the trial stage, due to its poor immunogenicity. RTS,S attempted to avoid these by fusing the protein with a surface antigen from hepatitis B, hence creating a more potent and immunogenic vaccine. When tested in trials an emulsion of oil in water and the added adjuvants of monophosphoryl A and QS21 (SBAS2), the vaccine gave protective immunity to 7 out of 8 volunteers when challenged with P. falciparum.[4]

RTS,S/AS01 (commercial name Mosquirix),[5] was engineered using genes from the outer protein of P. falciparum malaria parasite and a portion of a hepatitis B virus plus a chemical adjuvant to boost the immune response. Infection is prevented by inducing high antibody titers that block the parasite from infecting the liver.[6] In November 2012, a Phase III trial of RTS,S found that it provided modest protection against both clinical and severe malaria in young infants.[7]

As of October 2013, preliminary results of a Phase III clinical trial indicated that RTS,S/AS01 reduced the number of cases among young children by almost 50 percent and among infants by around 25 percent. The study ended in 2014. The effects of a booster dose were positive, even though overall efficacy seems to wane with time. After four years reductions were 36 percent for children who received three shots and a booster dose. Missing the booster dose reduced the efficacy against severe malaria to a negligible effect. The vaccine was shown to be less effective for infants. Three doses of vaccine plus a booster reduced the risk of clinical episodes by 26 percent over three years, but offered no significant protection against severe malaria.[8]

In a bid to accommodate a larger group and guarantee a sustained availability for the general public, GSK applied for a marketing license with the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in July 2014.[9] GSK treated the project as a non-profit initiative, with most funding coming from the Gates Foundation, a major contributor to malaria eradication.[10]

On 24 July 2015, Mosquirix received a positive opinion from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) on the proposal for the vaccine to be used to vaccinate children aged 6 weeks to 17 months outside the European Union.[11][12][1] A pilot project for vaccination was launched on 23 April 2019, in Malawi, on 30 April 2019, in Ghana, and on 13 September 2019, in Kenya.[13][14]

In October 2021, the vaccine was endorsed by the World Health Organization for “broad use” in children, making it the first malaria vaccine to receive this recommendation.[15][16][17]

Agents under development

A completely effective vaccine is not available for malaria, although several vaccines are under development. Multiple vaccine candidates targeting the blood-stage of the parasite’s life cycle have been insufficient on their own.[18] Several potential vaccines targeting the pre-erythrocytic stage are being developed, with RTS,S the only approved option so far.[19][7]

R21/Matrix-M

The most effective malaria vaccine is R21/Matrix-M, with 77% efficacy shown in initial trials. It is the first vaccine that meets the World Health Organization’s goal of a malaria vaccine with at least 75% efficacy.[3] It was developed through a collaboration involving the University of Oxford, the Kenya Medical Research Institute, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineNovavax, the Serum Institute of India, and the Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé in NanoroBurkina Faso. The R21 vaccine uses a circumsporozoite protein (CSP) antigen, at a higher proportion than the RTS,S vaccine. It includes the Matrix-M adjuvant that is also utilized in the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine.[20]

A Phase II trial was reported in April 2021, with a vaccine efficacy of 77% and antibody levels significantly higher than with the RTS,S vaccine. A Phase III trial is planned with 4,800 children across four African countries. If the vaccine is approved, over 200 million doses can be manufactured annually by the Serum Institute of India.[2]

Nanoparticle enhancement of RTS,S

In 2015, researchers used a repetitive antigen display technology to engineer a nanoparticle that displayed malaria specific B cell and T cell epitopes. The particle exhibited icosahedral symmetry and carried on its surface up to 60 copies of the RTS,S protein. The researchers claimed that the density of the protein was much higher than the 14% of the GSK vaccine.[21][22]

PfSPZ vaccine

Main article: PfSPZ Vaccine

The PfSPZ vaccine is a candidate malaria vaccine developed by Sanaria using radiation-attenuated sporozoites to elicit an immune response. Clinical trials have been promising, with trials taking place in Africa, Europe, and the US protecting over 80% of volunteers.[23] It has been subject to some criticism regarding the ultimate feasibility of large-scale production and delivery in Africa, since it must be stored in liquid nitrogen.

The PfSPZ vaccine candidate was granted fast track designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in September 2016.[24]

In April 2019, a phase 3 trial in Bioko was announced, scheduled to start in early 2020.[25]

saRNA vaccine against PMIF

A patent was published in February 2021 for a Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccine that targets the protein PMIF, which is produced by the plasmodium parasite to inhibit the body’s T-cell response. The vaccine has been tested in mice and is described as, “probably the highest level of protection that has been seen in a mouse model” according to Richard Bucala, co-inventor of the vaccine. There are plans for phase one tests in humans later in 2021.[26]

Other developments

  • SPf66 is a synthetic peptide based vaccine developed by Manuel Elkin Patarroyo team in Colombia, and was tested extensively in endemic areas in the 1990s. Clinical trials showed it to be insufficiently effective, with 28% efficacy in South America and minimal or no efficacy in Africa.[27]
  • The CSP (Circum-Sporozoite Protein) was a vaccine developed that initially appeared promising enough to undergo trials. It is also based on the circumsporozoite protein, but additionally has the recombinant (Asn-Ala-Pro15Asn-Val-Asp-Pro)2-Leu-Arg(R32LR) protein covalently bound to a purified Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin (A9). However at an early stage a complete lack of protective immunity was demonstrated in those inoculated. The study group used in Kenya had an 82% incidence of parasitaemia whilst the control group only had an 89% incidence. The vaccine intended to cause an increased T-lymphocyte response in those exposed, this was also not observed.[citation needed]
  • The NYVAC-Pf7 multi-stage vaccine attempted to use different technology, incorporating seven P.falciparum antigenic genes. These came from a variety of stages during the life cycle. CSP and sporozoite surface protein 2 (called PfSSP2) were derived from the sporozoite phase. The liver stage antigen 1 (LSA1), three from the erythrocytic stage (merozoite surface protein 1, serine repeat antigen and AMA-1) and one sexual stage antigen (the 25-kDa Pfs25) were included. This was first investigated using Rhesus monkeys and produced encouraging results: 4 out of the 7 antigens produced specific antibody responses (CSP, PfSSP2, MSP1 and PFs25). Later trials in humans, despite demonstrating cellular immune responses in over 90% of the subjects, had very poor antibody responses. Despite this following administration of the vaccine some candidates had complete protection when challenged with P.falciparum. This result has warranted ongoing trials.[citation needed]
  • In 1995 a field trial involving [NANP]19-5.1 proved to be very successful. Out of 194 children vaccinated none developed symptomatic malaria in the 12-week follow up period and only 8 failed to have higher levels of antibody present. The vaccine consists of the schizont export protein (5.1) and 19 repeats of the sporozoite surface protein [NANP]. Limitations of the technology exist as it contains only 20% peptide and has low levels of immunogenicity. It also does not contain any immunodominant T-cell epitopes.[28]
  • A chemical compound undergoing trials for treatment of tuberculosis and cancer—the JmJc inhibitor ML324 and the antitubercular clinical candidate SQ109—is potentially a new line of drugs to treat malaria and kill the parasite in its infectious stage. More tests still need to be carried out before the compounds would be approved as a viable treatment.[29]

Considerations

The task of developing a preventive vaccine for malaria is a complex process. There are a number of considerations to be made concerning what strategy a potential vaccine should adopt.

Parasite diversity

P. falciparum has demonstrated the capability, through the development of multiple drug-resistant parasites, for evolutionary change. The Plasmodium species has a very high rate of replication, much higher than that actually needed to ensure transmission in the parasite’s life cycle. This enables pharmaceutical treatments that are effective at reducing the reproduction rate, but not halting it, to exert a high selection pressure, thus favoring the development of resistance. The process of evolutionary change is one of the key considerations necessary when considering potential vaccine candidates. The development of resistance could cause a significant reduction in efficacy of any potential vaccine thus rendering useless a carefully developed and effective treatment.[30]

Choosing to address the symptom or the source

The parasite induces two main response types from the human immune system. These are anti-parasitic immunity and anti-toxic immunity.

  • “Anti-parasitic immunity” addresses the source; it consists of an antibody response (humoral immunity) and a cell-mediated immune response. Ideally a vaccine would enable the development of anti-plasmodial antibodies in addition to generating an elevated cell-mediated response. Potential antigens against which a vaccine could be targeted will be discussed in greater depth later. Antibodies are part of the specific immune response. They exert their effect by activating the complement cascade, stimulating phagocytic cells into endocytosis through adhesion to an external surface of the antigenic substances, thus ‘marking’ it as offensive. Humoral or cell-mediated immunity consists of many interlinking mechanisms that essentially aim to prevent infection entering the body (through external barriers or hostile internal environments) and then kill any micro-organisms or foreign particles that succeed in penetration. The cell-mediated component consists of many white blood cells (such as monocytesneutrophilsmacrophageslymphocytesbasophilsmast cellsnatural killer cells, and eosinophils) that target foreign bodies by a variety of different mechanisms. In the case of malaria both systems would be targeted to attempt to increase the potential response generated, thus ensuring the maximum chance of preventing disease.[citation needed]
  • “Anti-toxic immunity” addresses the symptoms; it refers to the suppression of the immune response associated with the production of factors that either induce symptoms or reduce the effect that any toxic by-products (of micro-organism presence) have on the development of disease. For example, it has been shown that Tumor necrosis factor-alpha has a central role in generating the symptoms experienced in severe P. falciparum malaria. Thus a therapeutic vaccine could target the production of TNF-a, preventing respiratory distress and cerebral symptoms. This approach has serious limitations as it would not reduce the parasitic load; rather it only reduces the associated pathology. As a result, there are substantial difficulties in evaluating efficacy in human trials.

Taking this information into consideration an ideal vaccine candidate would attempt to generate a more substantial cell-mediated and antibody response on parasite presentation. This would have the benefit of increasing the rate of parasite clearance, thus reducing the experienced symptoms and providing a level of consistent future immunity against the parasite.

Potential targets

See also: PfSPZ Vaccine

Parasite stageTarget
SporozoiteHepatocyte invasion; direct anti-sporozite
HepatozoiteDirect anti-hepatozoite.
Asexual erythrocyticAnti-host erythrocyte, antibodies blocking invasion; anti receptor ligand, anti-soluble toxin
GametocytesAnti-gametocyte. Anti-host erythrocyte, antibodies blocking fertilisation, antibodies blocking egress from the mosquito midgut.

By their very nature, protozoa are more complex organisms than bacteria and viruses, with more complicated structures and life cycles. This presents problems in vaccine development but also increases the number of potential targets for a vaccine. These have been summarised into the life cycle stage and the antibodies that could potentially elicit an immune response.

The epidemiology of malaria varies enormously across the globe, and has led to the belief that it may be necessary to adopt very different vaccine development strategies to target the different populations. A Type 1 vaccine is suggested for those exposed mostly to P. falciparum malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, with the primary objective to reduce the number of severe malaria cases and deaths in infants and children exposed to high transmission rates. The Type 2 vaccine could be thought of as a ‘travellers’ vaccine’, aiming to prevent all cases of clinical symptoms in individuals with no previous exposure. This is another major public health problem, with malaria presenting as one of the most substantial threats to travellers’ health. Problems with the available pharmaceutical therapies include costs, availability, adverse effects and contraindications, inconvenience and compliance, many of which would be reduced or eliminated entirely if an effective (greater than 85–90%) vaccine was developed.[citation needed]

The life cycle of the malaria parasite is particularly complex, presenting initial developmental problems. Despite the huge number of vaccines available, there are none that target parasitic infections. The distinct developmental stages involved in the life cycle present numerous opportunities for targeting antigens, thus potentially eliciting an immune response. Theoretically, each developmental stage could have a vaccine developed specifically to target the parasite. Moreover, any vaccine produced would ideally have the ability to be of therapeutic value as well as preventing further transmission and is likely to consist of a combination of antigens from different phases of the parasite’s development. More than 30 of these antigens are being researched[when?] by teams all over the world in the hope of identifying a combination that can elicit immunity in the inoculated individual. Some of the approaches involve surface expression of the antigen, inhibitory effects of specific antibodies on the life cycle and the protective effects through immunization or passive transfer of antibodies between an immune and a non-immune host. The majority of research into malarial vaccines has focused on the Plasmodium falciparum strain due to the high mortality caused by the parasite and the ease of a carrying out in vitro/in vivo studies. The earliest vaccines attempted to use the parasitic circumsporozoite protein (CSP). This is the most dominant surface antigen of the initial pre-erythrocytic phase. However, problems were encountered due to low efficacy, reactogenicity and low immunogenicity.[citation needed]

  • The initial stage in the life cycle, following inoculation, is a relatively short “pre-erythrocytic” or “hepatic” phase. A vaccine at this stage must have the ability to protect against sporozoites invading and possibly inhibiting the development of parasites in the hepatocytes (through inducing cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that can destroy the infected liver cells). However, if any sporozoites evaded the immune system they would then have the potential to be symptomatic and cause the clinical disease.
  • The second phase of the life cycle is the “erythrocytic” or blood phase. A vaccine here could prevent merozoite multiplication or the invasion of red blood cells. This approach is complicated by the lack of MHC molecule expression on the surface of erythrocytes. Instead, malarial antigens are expressed, and it is this towards which the antibodies could potentially be directed. Another approach would be to attempt to block the process of erythrocyte adherence to blood vessel walls. It is thought that this process is accountable for much of the clinical syndrome associated with malarial infection; therefore a vaccine given during this stage would be therapeutic and hence administered during clinical episodes to prevent further deterioration.
  • The last phase of the life cycle that has the potential to be targeted by a vaccine is the “sexual stage”. This would not give any protective benefits to the individual inoculated but would prevent further transmission of the parasite by preventing the gametocytes from producing multiple sporozoites in the gut wall of the mosquito. It therefore would be used as part of a policy directed at eliminating the parasite from areas of low prevalence or to prevent the development and spread of vaccine-resistant parasites. This type of transmission-blocking vaccine is potentially very important. The evolution of resistance in the malaria parasite occurs very quickly, potentially making any vaccine redundant within a few generations. This approach to the prevention of spread is therefore essential.
  • Another approach is to target the protein kinases, which are present during the entire lifecycle of the malaria parasite. Research is underway on this, yet production of an actual vaccine targeting these protein kinases may still take a long time.[31]
  • Report of a vaccine candidate capable to neutralize all tested strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly form of the parasite causing malaria, was published in Nature Communications by a team of scientists from the University of Oxford in 2011.[32] The viral vector vaccine, targeting a full-length P. falciparum reticulocyte-binding protein homologue 5 (PfRH5) was found to induce an antibody response in an animal model. The results of this new vaccine confirmed the utility of a key discovery reported from scientists at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, published in Nature.[33] The earlier publication reported P. falciparum relies on a red blood cell surface receptor, known as ‘basigin’, to invade the cells by binding a protein PfRH5 to the receptor.[33] Unlike other antigens of the malaria parasite which are often genetically diverse, the PfRH5 antigen appears to have little genetic diversity. It was found to induce very low antibody response in people naturally exposed to the parasite.[32] The high susceptibility of PfRH5 to the cross-strain neutralizing vaccine-induced antibody demonstrated a significant promise for preventing malaria in the long and often difficult road of vaccine development. According to Professor Adrian Hill, a Wellcome Trust Senior Investigator at the University of Oxford, the next step would be the safety tests of this vaccine. At the time (2011) it was projected that if these proved successful, the clinical trials in patients could begin within two to three years.[34]
  • PfEMP1, one of the proteins known as variant surface antigens (VSAs) produced by Plasmodium falciparum, was found to be a key target of the immune system’s response against the parasite. Studies of blood samples from 296 mostly Kenyan children by researchers of Burnet Institute and their cooperators showed that antibodies against PfEMP1 provide protective immunity, while antibodies developed against other surface antigens do not. Their results demonstrated that PfEMP1 could be a target to develop an effective vaccine which will reduce risk of developing malaria.[35][36]
  • Plasmodium vivax is the common malaria species found in India, Southeast Asia and South America. It is able to stay dormant in the liver and reemerge years later to elicit new infections. Two key proteins involved in the invasion of the red blood cells (RBC) by P. vivax are potential targets for drug or vaccine development. When the Duffy binding protein (DBP) of P. vivax binds the Duffy antigen (DARC) on the surface of RBC, process for the parasite to enter the RBC is initiated. Structures of the core region of DARC and the receptor binding pocket of DBP have been mapped by scientists at the Washington University in St. Louis. The researchers found that the binding is a two-step process which involves two copies of the parasite protein acting together like a pair of tongs which “clamp” two copies of DARC. Antibodies that interfere with the binding, by either targeting the key region of the DARC or the DBP will prevent the infection.[37][38]
  • Antibodies against the Schizont Egress Antigen-1 (PfSEA-1) were found to disable the parasite ability to rupture from the infected red blood cells (RBCs) thus prevent it from continuing with its life cycle. Researchers from Rhode Island Hospital identified Plasmodium falciparum PfSEA-1, a 244 kd malaria antigen expressed in the schizont-infected RBCs. Mice vaccinated with the recombinant PfSEA-1 produced antibodies which interrupted the schizont rupture from the RBCs and decreased the parasite replication. The vaccine protected the mice from lethal challenge of the parasite. Tanzanian and Kenyan children who have antibodies to PfSEA-1 were found to have fewer parasites in their blood stream and milder case of malaria. By blocking the schizont outlet, the PfSEA-1 vaccine may work synergistically with vaccines targeting the other stages of the malaria life cycle such as hepatocyte and RBC invasion.[39][40]

Mix of antigenic components

Increasing the potential immunity generated against Plasmodia can be achieved by attempting to target multiple phases in the life cycle. This is additionally beneficial in reducing the possibility of resistant parasites developing. The use of multiple-parasite antigens can therefore have a synergistic or additive effect.

One of the most successful vaccine candidates in clinical trials[which?][when?] consists of recombinant antigenic proteins to the circumsporozoite protein.[41] (This is discussed in more detail below.)[where?]

Delivery system

 

The selection of an appropriate system is fundamental in all vaccine development, but especially so in the case of malaria. A vaccine targeting several antigens may require delivery to different areas and by different means in order to elicit an effective response. Some adjuvants can direct the vaccine to the specifically targeted cell type—e.g. the use of Hepatitis B virus in the RTS,S vaccine to target infected hepatocytes—but in other cases, particularly when using combined antigenic vaccines, this approach is very complex. Some methods that have been attempted include the use of two vaccines, one directed at generating a blood response and the other a liver-stage response. These two vaccines could then be injected into two different sites, thus enabling the use of a more specific and potentially efficacious delivery system.

To increase, accelerate or modify the development of an immune response to a vaccine candidate it is often necessary to combine the antigenic substance to be delivered with an adjuvant or specialised delivery system. These terms are often used interchangeably in relation to vaccine development; however in most cases a distinction can be made. An adjuvant is typically thought of as a substance used in combination with the antigen to produce a more substantial and robust immune response than that elicited by the antigen alone. This is achieved through three mechanisms: by affecting the antigen delivery and presentation, by inducing the production of immunomodulatory cytokines, and by affecting the antigen presenting cells (APC). Adjuvants can consist of many different materials, from cell microparticles to other particulated delivery systems (e.g. liposomes).

Adjuvants are crucial in affecting the specificity and isotype of the necessary antibodies. They are thought to be able to potentiate the link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. Due to the diverse nature of substances that can potentially have this effect on the immune system, it is difficult to classify adjuvants into specific groups. In most circumstances they consist of easily identifiable components of micro-organisms that are recognised by the innate immune system cells. The role of delivery systems is primarily to direct the chosen adjuvant and antigen into target cells to attempt to increase the efficacy of the vaccine further, therefore acting synergistically with the adjuvant.

There is increasing concern that the use of very potent adjuvants could precipitate autoimmune responses, making it imperative that the vaccine is focused on the target cells only. Specific delivery systems can reduce this risk by limiting the potential toxicity and systemic distribution of newly developed adjuvants.

Studies into the efficacy of malaria vaccines developed to date[when?] have illustrated that the presence of an adjuvant is key in determining any protection gained against malaria. A large number of natural and synthetic adjuvants have been identified throughout the history of vaccine development. Options identified thus far for use combined with a malaria vaccine include mycobacterial cell walls, liposomes, monophosphoryl lipid A and squalene.

History

Individuals who are exposed to the parasite in endemic countries develop acquired immunity against disease and death. Such immunity does not however prevent malarial infection; immune individuals often harbour asymptomatic parasites in their blood. This does, however, imply that it is possible to create an immune response that protects against the harmful effects of the parasite.

Research shows that if immunoglobulin is taken from immune adults, purified and then given to individuals who have no protective immunity, some protection can be gained.[42]

Irradiated mosquitoes

In 1967, it was reported that a level of immunity to the Plasmodium berghei parasite could be given to mice by exposing them to sporozoites that had been irradiated by x-rays.[43] Subsequent human studies in the 1970s showed that humans could be immunized against Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum by exposing them to the bites of significant numbers of irradiated mosquitos.[44]

From 1989 to 1999, eleven volunteers recruited from the United States Public Health ServiceUnited States Army, and United States Navy were immunized against Plasmodium falciparum by the bites of 1001–2927 mosquitoes that had been irradiated with 15,000 rads of gamma rays from a Co-60 or Cs-137 source.[45] This level of radiation is sufficient to attenuate the malaria parasites so that, while they can still enter hepatic cells, they cannot develop into schizonts nor infect red blood cells.[45] Over a span of 42 weeks, 24 of 26 tests on the volunteers showed that they were protected from malaria.[46]

References

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  28. ^ Ratanji KD, Derrick JP, Dearman RJ, Kimber I (April 2014). “Immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins: influence of aggregation”Journal of Immunotoxicology11 (2): 99–109. doi:10.3109/1547691X.2013.821564PMC 4002659PMID 23919460.
  29. ^ Reuters Staff (15 January 2021). “South African scientists discover new chemicals that kill malaria parasite”Reuters. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  30. ^ Kennedy DA, Read AF (December 2018). “Why the evolution of vaccine resistance is less of a concern than the evolution of drug resistance”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America115 (51): 12878–12886. doi:10.1073/pnas.1717159115PMC 6304978PMID 30559199.
  31. ^ Zhang VM, Chavchich M, Waters NC (March 2012). “Targeting protein kinases in the malaria parasite: update of an antimalarial drug target”Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry12 (5): 456–72. doi:10.2174/156802612799362922PMID 22242850. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 23 March2020.
  32. Jump up to:a b Douglas AD, Williams AR, Illingworth JJ, Kamuyu G, Biswas S, Goodman AL, et al. (December 2011). “The blood-stage malaria antigen PfRH5 is susceptible to vaccine-inducible cross-strain neutralizing antibody”Nature Communications2 (12): 601. Bibcode:2011NatCo…2..601Ddoi:10.1038/ncomms1615PMC 3504505PMID 22186897.
  33. Jump up to:a b Crosnier C, Bustamante LY, Bartholdson SJ, Bei AK, Theron M, Uchikawa M, et al. (November 2011). “Basigin is a receptor essential for erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum”Nature480 (7378): 534–7. Bibcode:2011Natur.480..534Cdoi:10.1038/nature10606PMC 3245779PMID 22080952.
  34. ^ Martino M (21 December 2011). “New candidate vaccine neutralizes all tested strains of malaria parasite”fiercebiotech.com. FierceBiotech. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  35. ^ Parish T (2 August 2012). “Lifting malaria’s deadly veil: Mystery solved in quest for vaccine”. Burnet Institute. Retrieved 14 August2012.
  36. ^ Chan JA, Howell KB, Reiling L, Ataide R, Mackintosh CL, Fowkes FJ, et al. (September 2012). “Targets of antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes in malaria immunity”The Journal of Clinical Investigation122 (9): 3227–38. doi:10.1172/JCI62182PMC 3428085PMID 22850879.
  37. ^ Mullin E (13 January 2014). “Scientists capture key protein structures that could aid malaria vaccine design”. fiercebiotechresearch.com. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  38. ^ Batchelor JD, Malpede BM, Omattage NS, DeKoster GT, Henzler-Wildman KA, Tolia NH (January 2014). “Red blood cell invasion by Plasmodium vivax: structural basis for DBP engagement of DARC”PLOS Pathogens10 (1): e1003869. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003869PMC 3887093PMID 24415938.
  39. ^ Mullin E (27 May 2014). “Antigen Discovery could advance malaria vaccine”. fiercebiotechresearch.com. Retrieved 22 June2014.
  40. ^ Raj DK, Nixon CP, Nixon CE, Dvorin JD, DiPetrillo CG, Pond-Tor S, et al. (May 2014). “Antibodies to PfSEA-1 block parasite egress from RBCs and protect against malaria infection”Science344(6186): 871–7. Bibcode:2014Sci…344..871Rdoi:10.1126/science.1254417PMC 4184151PMID 24855263.
  41. ^ Plassmeyer ML, Reiter K, Shimp RL, Kotova S, Smith PD, Hurt DE, et al. (September 2009). “Structure of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein, a leading malaria vaccine candidate”The Journal of Biological Chemistry284 (39): 26951–63. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.013706PMC 2785382PMID 19633296.
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  43. ^ Nussenzweig RS, Vanderberg J, Most H, Orton C (October 1967). “Protective immunity produced by the injection of x-irradiated sporozoites of plasmodium berghei”. Nature216 (5111): 160–2. Bibcode:1967Natur.216..160Ndoi:10.1038/216160a0PMID 6057225S2CID 4283134.
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Further reading

External links

Screened cup of malaria-infected mosquitoes which will infect a volunteer in a clinical trial
Vaccine description
TargetMalaria
Vaccine typeProtein subunit
Clinical data
Trade namesMosquirix
Routes of
administration
Intramuscular[1]
ATC codeNone
Legal status
Legal statusEU: Rx-only [1]
Identifiers
CAS Number149121-47-1
ChemSpidernone

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MEROPENEM

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Meropenem | C17H25N3O5S - PubChem
Meropenem
Meropenem.svg

Meropenem

CAS number96036-03-2

IUPAC Name(4R,5S,6S)-3-{[(3S,5S)-5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]sulfanyl}-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid

WeightAverage: 383.463
Monoisotopic: 383.151491615

Chemical FormulaC17H25N3O5S

  • Antibiotic SM 7338
  • ICI 194660
  • SM 7338

CAS Registry Number: 96036-03-2 
CAS Name: (4R,5S,6S)-3-[[(3S,5S)-5-[(Dimethylamino)carbonyl]-3-pyrrolidinyl]thio]-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid 
Additional Names: (1R,5S,6S)-2-[(3S,5S)-5-(dimethylaminocarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio]-6-[(R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-methylcarbapen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid 
Molecular Formula: C17H25N3O5S 
Molecular Weight: 383.46 
Percent Composition: C 53.25%, H 6.57%, N 10.96%, O 20.86%, S 8.36% 
Literature References: Carbapenem antibiotic. Prepn: M. Sunagawa et al.,EP126587; M. Sunagawa, US4943569 (1984, 1990 both to Sumitomo). 
Structure-activity study: M. Sunagawa et al.,J. Antibiot.43, 519 (1990).Crystal structure: K. Yanagi et al.,Acta Crystallogr.C48, 1737 (1992).HPLC determn in serum and bronchial secretions: M. Ehrlich et al., J. Chromatogr. B751, 357 (2001). Pharmacokinetics: R. Wise et al.,Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.34, 1515 (1990).Series of articles on antimicrobial activity, metabolism: J. Antimicrob. Chemother.24, Suppl. A, 1-320 (1989); and clinical performance: ibid.36, Suppl. A, 1-223 (1995).Review of clinical experience in intensive care: M. Hurst, H. M. Lamb, Drugs59, 653-680 (2000). 
Derivative Type: Trihydrate 
CAS Registry Number: 119478-56-7 
Manufacturers’ Codes: ICI-194660; SM-7338 
Trademarks: Meronem (AstraZeneca); Meropen (Sumitomo); Merrem (AstraZeneca) 
Properties: White to pale yellow crystalline powder. Sparingly sol in water; very slightly sol in hydrated ethanol. Practically insol in acetone, ether. 
Therap-Cat: Antibacterial. 
Keywords: Antibacterial (Antibiotics); ?Lactams; Carbapenems.

Product Ingredients

INGREDIENTUNIICASINCHI KEY
Meropenem sodiumNot Available211238-34-5UBQRNADYCUXRBD-NACOAMSHSA-N
Meropenem trihydrateFV9J3JU8B1119478-56-7CTUAQTBUVLKNDJ-OBZXMJSBSA-N

International/Other BrandsAronem (ACI) / Aropen (Aristopharma) / Carbanem (Sanofi-Aventis) / Erope (Lincoln) / Fulspec (Acme) / I-penam (Incepta) / Merenz (Admac) / Merofit (FHC) / Meronem (AstraZeneca) / Meronis (Neiss) / Meropen (Swiss Parenterals) / Merotec (Zuventus) / Merrem I.V. (AstraZeneca) / Monan (AstraZeneca) / Ropenem (Drug International) / Zeropenem (Sanofi-Aventis)

Synthesis Reference

Yoon Seok Song, Sung Woo Park, Yeon Jung Yoon, Hee Kyoon Yoon, Seong Cheol Moon, Byung Goo Lee, Soo Jin Choi, Sun Ah Jun, “METHOD FOR PREPARING MEROPENEM USING ZINC POWDER.” U.S. Patent US20120065392, issued March 15, 2012.

US20120065392

SYN

Carbapenem antibiotic. Prepn: M. Sunagawa et al., EP 126587; M. Sunagawa, US 4943569 (1984, 1990 both to Sumitomo). Structure-activity study: M. Sunagawa et al., J. Antibiot. 43, 519 (1990).

File:Meropenem synthesis.svg

SYN

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2012062035A1/enCarbapenem, a type of β-lactam antibiotic, is known for its broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and strong antibacterial activity, such as meropenem (Me r0 p e nem), imine South (Imipenem) and Biabenem, etc., play an important role in the cure of severe infections.

Figure imgf000003_0001

Meropenem Imipenem For the synthetic methods of the Peinan type, the previous studies have mainly synthesized the corresponding Peinan side chain compound and the parent nucleus MAP, respectively, and then condensed and removed the protecting group to obtain the Peinan product. Such as US patentsUSP4933333, starting from 4-acetoxyazetidinone (4AA), obtained a matrix MAP after several steps of reaction. The mother nucleus is then condensed and deprotected from the side chain to obtain meropenem. However, this method is cumbersome, the synthesis step is long, and the total yield is low, and the noble metal catalyst is inevitably used in the synthesis of the compound (9).

Figure imgf000003_0002

MAP (10) Meropenem The Chinese invention patent document CN200810142137.5 has introduced a method for synthesizing meropenem.

Figure imgf000004_0001

 (XII) (I)(TBD S = Si (CH 3 ) 2 C (CH 3) 3; PNB = p-N0 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 2; PNZ = 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 2 OCO N0 p-) This method of Scheme Short, easy to operate, easy to get raw materials, but there are some areas for improvement.

Figure imgf000004_0002

Example 11) (3R, 4S)-3-[(R)-l-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl]-4-[(2,S, 4’R)- 1- (allyl Synthesis of oxycarbonylxiaodimethylaminocarbonylpyrrolidinothio]-2-azetidinone (II) In a 500 ml reaction flask, add 22.6 g (0.075 mol) of (3S,4S)-3-[( R) l-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl]-4-[(R)-1-carbonylethyl]-2-azetidinone (IV), 17.1 g (0.083 mol) Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in 100 ml of acetone and 0.76 g of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 20.3 g (0.078 mol) of (2S, 4R)-2-dimethylamine was added dropwise with stirring. A solution of carbonyl-4-mercapto (i-propoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidine (V) in 125 ml of acetone was reacted at room temperature for 14 hours. Filtration, collecting the filtrate, concentrating, adding 200 ml of toluene thereto, using 200 ml of a 5 % acetic acid solution, 200 ml of a saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate solution and 150 ml of saturation Washed with brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and evaporated to dryness <mjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj 4-[(2,8, 4, ) small (propoxycarbonyl dimethyl dimethylaminocarbonyl)pyrrolidinyl]-2-azetidinone (II), directly without further treatment Invest in the next step.1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDC 13): </ RTI> <RTIgt; m), 2.816-2.849 (lH, s), 2.935-2.953 (3H, m), 3.027-079 (3H, d), 3.378-3.401 (lH, m), 3.792-3.796 (1H, d), 3.807- 3.953 (lH, m), 4.042-4.160 (3H, m), 4.492-4.570 (2H, m), 4.670-4.739 (lH, m), 5.164-5.295 (1H, m), 5.807-5.921 (lH, m ), 6.214(1H, s). Example 22) (31,48)-3-[(1 )-1-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl]-4-[(2,8,4,1 )- 1- (allyl Synthesis of oxycarbonyl-1-dimethylaminocarbonylpyrrolidinothio]-1-(zincpropoxyl)-2-azetidinone (III) In a 1000 ml reaction flask, add 34.8 g (0.064) Mol) (3R, 4S)-3-[(R)-l-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl]-4-[(2,S, 4,R)-1-(allyl Oxycarbonyl-1-pyrimidinylcarbonyl)pyrrolidinylthio]-2-azetidinone (11), 15.0 ml of triethylamine and 350 ml of toluene, control temperature below -10 °C, add 18.9 g (0.128 mol) p-nitrobenzyl chloroacetate (VI), heated to 0 ° C (-20 ° 5 ° C can be) reaction l ~ 3h. Then slowly add 250 ml of ice water and stir for 10 min. The layers were static and the organic phase was washed three times with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, 200 ml each time. Dry over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and evaporated to dryness to give white crystals, 4,7g (0.0622mol, yield 97.3%) (3R, 4S)-3-[(R) small (tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl ]-4-[(2,S, 4,R)-1-(allyloxycarbonyldimethyldimethylaminocarbonyl)pyrrolidinylsulfur]sodium (sweetoxypropanoyl)-2-azetidinone (III), the product was directly put into the next step without further purification.Mp: 33-34 °C1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDC 13):0.819(9H, s), 1.167(3H, d), 1.188(4H, d), 1.693(5H, s), 1.850-1.926(1H, m), 2.631-2.700(1H, m), 2.941-2.960( 3H,d), 3.029-3.080(3H,d), 3.357-3.433(lH, m), 3.506-3.545(2H, m), 3.918-3.968(1H, m), 4.054-4.123 (2H, m), 4.270-4.291(lH, m), 4.391(lH,s), 4.518-4.568(2H, m), 4.588-4.779(3H, m), 5.178-5.416(3H, m), 5.861-5.982(2H,m ). Example 33) (5R,6S,8R,2’S, 4,S)-[(R)-1-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl]-3-[4-(1-allyloxycarbonyl) -1- dimethylaminocarbonylpyrrolidinothio]-6-(1-allyloxycarbonylethoxy)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]-hept-2-en-7-one- Synthesis of 2-carboxylate (W) In a 500 ml reaction flask, 40; 7 g (0.0622 mol) of (3R, 4S)-3-[(R)-l-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy) was added. Ethyl]-4-[(2,S,4,R)-1-(indolyloxycarbonyl-1-dimethylaminocarbonyl)pyrrolidinylsulfate]small (sweetoxypropanoyl)-2-nitrogen Heterocyclic butanone (III) and 150 ml of toluene, 22 ml of trimethyl phosphite (furrowing lg of hydroquinone) were added under nitrogen. After reacting at 60 ° C for 16 hours, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. It was recrystallized by adding 300 ml of ethyl acetate, and the solid was collected, and vacuum-dried at 40 ° C to obtain 32.8 g (0.0528 mol, yield: 85.0%) (5R, 6S, 8R, 2’S, 4,S)-[(R)- 1-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl]-3-[4-(1-allyloxycarbonyl-1-dimethylaminocarbonyl)pyrrolidinyl] -6-(1-ene Propoxycarbonyl ethoxy) small azabicyclo[3.2.0]-hept-2-en-7-one-2-carboxylate (oxime).1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDC 13):0.82(9H, s), 1.24(6H, d), 1.26(3H, s), 1.36(3H, s), 1.94(1H, m), 2.69(1 H, m), 2.97-3.11(6H, m ), 3.15-3.74(4H, m), 4.35(2H,m), 4.37-4.67(5H, m), 5.24-5.28(4H, m), 5.84(1H, m). Example 44) (5R, 6S, 8R, 2, S, 4’S)-[(R)小(hydroxy)ethyl]-3-[4-(1-allyloxycarbonylsuccinylcarbonyl)pyrrolidinyl Synthesis of thio]-6-(1-allyloxycarbonylethoxy)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]-hept-2-en-7-one-2-carboxylate (Vffl) at room temperature , in a 2000ml reaction flask, add 32.8g (0.0528mol) (5R,6S,8R,2’S,4,S)-[(R)-1-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl] 3-[4-(1-allyloxycarbonyl-1-dimethylaminocarbonyl)pyrrolidinyl]-6-(1-indolyloxycarbonylethoxy)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0 -Hept-2-ene-7-one-2-carboxylate (W), 27.4 ml of acetic acid, 41.3 g of fluorohydrogenamine and 1000 ml of dichloromethane, stirred at room temperature for 48 h. After completion of the reaction, 500 ml of a saturated aqueous solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate was added to the reaction mixture, and the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes, and the methylene chloride layer was separated and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate to give a white solid (26.2 g (0.0517 mol, yield 98.0). %) (5R, 6S, 8R, 2’S, 4’S)-[(R)小(hydroxy)ethyl]-3-[4-(1-allyloxycarbonylsuccinylcarbonyl)pyr Rhodium thio] -6-(l-allyloxycarbonylethoxy)-1-azabicyclo[3. 2. 0]-hept-2-en-7-one-2-carboxylate (ring The product was directly charged to the next step without further purification.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDC 13):1.26(3H, s), 1.36(3H, s), 1.94(1H, m), 2.67(1H, m), 2.97-3.11(6H, m), 3.2-3.7(4H, m) ; 4.25(2H, m), 4.47-4.87 (5H, m), 5.15-5.50 (4H, m), 5.94 (2H, m). Example 55) (5R,6S,8R,2,S,4,S)-3-[4-dimethylaminocarbonyl)pyrrolidinyl]-6-(l-hydroxyethyl)-1-aza Synthesis of bicyclo[3.2.0]-hept-2-en-7-one-2-carboxylate (I) To the reaction flask, 26.2 g (0.0517 mol) (5R, 6S, 8R, 2’S, 4’S) was added. – [(R)-l-(hydroxy)ethyl]-3-[4-(1-allyloxycarbonyl-1-dimethylaminocarbonyl)pyrrolidinyl] -6-(1-allyloxy Carbonyl ethoxy)-1-azabicyclo[3. 2. 0]-hept-2-en-7-one-2-carboxylate (VDI), 21.3 g (0.152 mol) dimethylcyclohexane The ketone and 550 ml of ethyl acetate were heated to 30 ° C, and a solution of 1.0 g (0.865 mmol) of tetratriphenylphosphine palladium in 150 ml of dichloromethane was added dropwise thereto, and the mixture was reacted at room temperature for 3 h under nitrogen atmosphere. After adding 300 ml of water to the reaction mixture, the aqueous layer was separated, the aqueous layer was washed with ethyl acetate, and then, 500 ml of tetrahydrofuran was added dropwise with stirring in an ice bath, and the crystals were stirred, and the crystals were collected and dried in vacuo to give pale yellow crystals of 13.4 g (0.0352 md, Yield 68.1%) (5R,6S,8R,2,S,4,S)-3-[4-(2-dimethylaminocarbonyl)pyrrolidinylthio]-6-(1-hydroxyethyl) 1-Azabicyclo[3.2.0]-hept-2-en-7-one-2-carboxylic acid trihydrate (I)-Meropectin.IR max KBr cm- 1 : 1755, 1627, 1393, 1252, 1130NMR (D20, 300Hz): 1.25 (3H, d), 1.81-1.96 (1H, m), 2.96 (3H, s), 3.03 (3H, s), 3.14-3.20 (3H, m), 3.31-3.41 (2H, m), 3.62- 3.72 (1H, m), 3.90-4.00 (1H, m), 4.14-4.26 (2H, m), 4.63 (1H, t). Example 6 6) (5R,6S,8R,2’S,4’S)-3-[4-(2-Dimethylaminocarbonyl)pyrrolidinylthio]-6-(l-hydroxyethyl)-1-azabicyclo[ Synthesis of 3.2.0]-hept-2-en-7-one-2-carboxylate (I)21.3 g (0.152 mol) of dimethylcyclohexanedione in Example 5 was replaced with 45.1 g (0.155 mol) of tributyltin hydride, and 0.125 g (0.108 mmol) of tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium was added dropwise, and the other amount was added. And the same method, the obtained 16.2g (0.0426mol, 82.5%) (5R,6S,8R,2’S,4’S)-3-[4-(2-dimethylaminocarbonyl)pyrrolidinyl Sulfur]-6-(l-hydroxyethyl)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]-hept-2-en-7-one-2-carboxylic acid trihydrate (1) ~ meropenem. Example 7 7) (5R,6S,8R,2,S,4,S)-3-[4-(2-dimethylaminocarbonyl)pyrrolidinyl]-6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1- Synthesis of azabicyclo[3.2.0]-hept-2-en-7-one-2-carboxylate (I) To the reaction flask, 26.2 g (0.0517 mol) of (5R, 6S, 8R, 2, S, 4’S)-[(R)-l-(hydroxy)ethyl]-3-[4-(1-allyl was added) Oxycarbonyl-1-ylaminocarbonylcarbonylpyrrolidinothio]-6-(1-allyloxycarbonylethoxy)azaabicyclo[3. 2.]-hept-2-ene-7- Ketone-2-carboxylate 01), 6.0 g (0.0387 mol) of N, N-dimethylbarbituric acid and 500 ml of dichloromethane, and 6.0 g (5.2 mmol) of tetratriphenylphosphine was added dropwise thereto. A solution of palladium in 100 ml of dichloromethane was reacted at room temperature for 5 h under nitrogen. After adding 300 ml of water to the reaction mixture, the aqueous layer was separated, and the aqueous layer was washed with ethyl acetate. THF was evaporated and evaporated, and the crystals were evaporated, and crystals were collected, and the crystals were dried in vacuo to give 15.7 g (0.0413 mol, yield: 80.1%). 5R, 6S, 8R, 2,S,4,S) – 3-[4-(2-Dimethylaminocarbonyl)pyrrolidinylthio]-6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1-azabicyclo [3. 2. 0] -Hept-2-ene-7-keto-2-carboxylic acid trihydrate (I)-Meropectin. 
ClaimsHide Dependent 

Rights requesta synthetic method of meropenem, characterized in that the specific reaction route of the synthetic method

Figure imgf000011_0001

 The reaction steps are as follows:1) The compound of the formula (IV) and the compound of the formula (V) are dissolved in an organic solvent and then subjected to a condensation reaction to obtain a compound of the formula (Π), the reaction time is 2 to 24 hours, and the reaction temperature is 0 to 40 ° C. ;2) The compound of the formula (Π) and the compound of the formula (VI) are dissolved in toluene, ethyl acetate or tetrahydrofuran and reacted with a base to form a compound of the formula (III), and the reaction time is ! ~ 3 hours, the reaction temperature is -20~5 °C;3) The compound of the formula (III) is dissolved in cyclohexanyl, n-glyoxime, n-octyl, toluene or xylene, and a Wittig ring-closing reaction is carried out under the action of an organophosphorus reagent to obtain a compound of the formula (VD), the organophosphorus reagent Is triphenylphosphine, tri-n-butylphosphine, triethyl phosphite or trimethyl phosphite;4) The compound of the formula (VII) is dissolved in methanol, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, n-pentane, n-hexane, diethyl ether, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, chloroform or ethyl acetate to hydrolyze the silyl ether bond under the action of an acid to obtain a formula (W). a compound; the acid is dilute hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, tetrabutylammonium fluoride, benzyltributylammonium fluoride, hydrofluoric hinge or vinegar The acid, the molar ratio of the acid to the compound of the formula (W) is 5 to 15: 1; the temperature of the hydrolysis reaction is 0 to 40 ° C, and the reaction time is 8 to 24 hours;5) a compound of the formula (W) dissolved in one or more of methanol, ethanol, tert-butanol, isobutanol, isopropanol, tetrahydrofuran, dioxanthene, acetone, dichloromethane, chloroform and water After the solvent is formed, the allylic group is hydrogenated by a palladium catalyst to obtain the target product (1). The molar ratio of the palladium catalyst to the compound of the formula 1) is 0.0001 to 0.5:1; the reaction temperature is 0 to 40 ° C. , the reaction time is 2~24h.2. A method for synthesizing meropenem according to claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of the compound of the formula (IV) to the compound of the formula (V) is 1.05 to 1.0: 1, the condensing agent and The molar ratio of the compound of the formula (IV) is 1.50 to 1.05:1.The method for synthesizing meropenem according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the condensing agent is a carbodiimide reagent or hydrazine, Ν’-carbonyldiimidazole; and the organic solvent is acetone. , acetonitrile, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform or dimethylformamide.The method for synthesizing meropenem according to claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of the compound of the formula (VI) to the compound of the formula (VI) is from 1.5 to 2.5:1, the base and the The molar ratio of the compound of the formula (VI) is from 1.2 to 2:1.The method for synthesizing meropenem according to claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of the organophosphorus reagent to the compound of formula (III) in step 3) is 2-8: 1; The reaction temperature is 25 to 100 £ ^, and the reaction time is 10 to 24 hours.The method for synthesizing meropenem according to claim 3, wherein the carbodiimide reagent is dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, diisopropylcarbodiimide or 1-( 3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide.7. A method for synthesizing meropenem according to claim 1, wherein the base in step 2) is an inorganic base or an organic base; when it is an inorganic base, it is sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate or Sodium bicarbonate; when it is an organic base, it is pyridine, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine or 2,6-lutidine.The method for synthesizing meropenem according to claim 1, wherein the palladium catalyst is palladium acetate, palladium chloride, palladium nitrate, bistriphenylphosphine palladium chloride or tetrakistriphenylphosphine. palladium.9. A method for synthesizing meropenem according to claim 1, wherein the protecting group acceptor in step 5) is morpholine, dimethylcyclohexanedione, tributyltin hydride, N, N-dimethylbarbituric acid, -ethylhexanoic acid or hexanoic acid. 
 SYN 

Reference: Nadenik, Peter; Storm, Ole; Kremminger, Peter. Meropenem intermediate in crystalline form. WO 2005118586. (Assignee Sandoz AG, Switz)

SYN 2

Reference: Nishino, Keita; Koga, Teruyoshi. Improved process for producing carbapenem compound. WO 2007111328. (Assignee Kaneka Corporation, Japan)

SYN 3

Reference: Manca, Antonio; Monguzzi, Riccardo Ambrogio. Process for synthesizing carbapenem using Raney nickel. EP 2141167. (Assignee ACS Dobfar S.p.A., Italy)

SYN 4 

Reference: Tseng, Wei-Hong; Chang, Wen-Hsin; Chang, Chia-Mao; Yeh, Chia-Wei; Kuo, Yuan-Liang. Improved process for the preparation of carbapenem using carbapenem intermediates and recovery of carbapenem. EP 2388261. (Assignee Savior Lifetec Corp., Taiwan)

STR5 

Reference: Gnanaprakasam, Andrew; Ganapathy, Veeramani; Syed Ibrahim, Shahul Hameed; Karthikeyan, Murugesan; Sivasamy, Thangavel; Michael, Sekar Jeyaraj; Arulmoli, Thangavel; Das, Gautam Kumar. Preparation of meropenem trihydrate. WO 2012160576. (Assignee Sequent Anti Biotics Private Limited, India)

SYN 6 

Reference: Gnanprakasam, Andrew; Ganapathy, Veeramani; Syed Ibrahim, Shahul Hameed; Karthikeyan, Murugesan; Sivasamy, Thangavel; Sekar, Jeyaraj; Arulmoli, Thangavel. Preparation of meropenem trihydrate. IN 2011CH01780. (Assignee Sequent Scientific Limited, India)

SYN7 

Reference: Senthikumar, Udayampalayam Palanisamy; Sureshkumar, Kanagaraj; Babu, Kommoju Nagesh; Sudhan, Henry Syril; Kamaraj, Ponraj Pravin; Suresh, Thangaiyan. An improved process for the preparation of carbapenem antibiotic. WO 2013150550. (Assignee Orchid Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Limited, India)

SYN 8 

Reference: Ong, Winston Zapanta; Nowak, Pawel Wojciech; Kim, Jinsoo; Enlow, Elizabeth M.; Bourassa, James; Cu, Yen; Popov, Alexey; Chen, Hongming. Meropenem derivatives and uses thereof. WO 2014144285. (Assignee Kala Pharmaceuticals, Inc., USA)

SYN9 

Reference: Cookson, James; McNair, Robert John; Satoskar, Deepak Vasant. Preparation of a carbapenem antibiotic by hydrogenation in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst. WO 2015145161. (Assignee Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company, UK)

SYN 10 

Reference: Gruenewald, Elena; Weidlich, Stephan; Jantke, Ralf. Process for the deprotection of a carbapenem by heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation with hydrogen in the presence of an organic amine. WO 2018010974. (Assignee Evonik Degussa GmbH, Germany)

SYN 11 

Some improvements in total synthesis of meropenem; Hu, Lai-Xing; Liu, Jun; Jin, Jie; Zhongguo Yiyao Gongye Zazhi; Volume 31; Issue 7; Pages 290-292; Journal; 2000 
synhttps://www.researchgate.net/figure/Synthesis-of-MRPD-starting-from-meropenem_fig9_283306781

Synthesis of MRPD starting from meropenem.

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Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. Meropenem was originally developed by Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals. It is marketed outside Japan by AstraZeneca with the brand names Merrem and Meronem. Other brand names include Zwipen (India, Marketed by Nucleus) Mepem (Taiwan) Meropen (Japan, Korea) and Neopenem (NEOMED India) . It gained FDA approval in July 1996. It penetrates well into many tissues and body fluids including the cerebrospinal fluid, bile, heart valves, lung, and peritoneal fluid.

Meropenem, sold under the brandname Merrem among others, is an intravenous β-lactam antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.[1] Some of these include meningitisintra-abdominal infectionpneumoniasepsis, and anthrax.[1]

Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, constipation, headache, rash, and pain at the site of injection.[1] Serious side effects include Clostridium difficile infectionseizures, and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis.[1] Those who are allergic to other β-lactam antibiotics are more likely to be allergic to meropenem as well.[1] Use in pregnancy appears to be safe.[1] It is in the carbapenem family of medications.[1] Meropenem usually results in bacterial death through blocking their ability to make a cell wall.[1] It is more resistant to breakdown by β-lactamase producing bacteria.[1]

Meropenem was patented in 1983.[2] It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1996.[1] It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines.[3] The World Health Organization classifies meropenem as critically important for human medicine.[4]

Medical uses

The spectrum of action includes many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (including Pseudomonas) and anaerobic bacteria. The overall spectrum is similar to that of imipenem, although meropenem is more active against Enterobacteriaceae and less active against Gram-positive bacteria. It works against extended-spectrum β-lactamases, but may be more susceptible to metallo-β-lactamases.[5] Meropenem is frequently given in the treatment of febrile neutropenia. This condition frequently occurs in patients with hematological malignancies and cancer patients receiving anticancer drugs that suppress bone marrow formation. It is approved for complicated skin and skin structure infections, complicated intra-abdominal infections and bacterial meningitis.

In 2017 the FDA granted approval for the combination of meropenem and vaborbactam to treat adults with complicated urinary tract infections.[6]

Administration

Meropenem is administered intravenously as a white crystalline powder to be dissolved in 5% monobasic potassium phosphate solution. Dosing must be adjusted for altered kidney function and for haemofiltration.[7]

As with other ß-lactams antibiotics, the effectiveness of treatment depends on the amount of time during the dosing interval that the meropenem concentration is above the minimum inhibitory concentration for the bacteria causing the infection.[8] For ß-lactams, including meropenem, prolonged intravenous administration is associated with lower mortality than bolus intravenous infusion in persons with whose infections are severe, or caused by bacteria that are less sensitive to meropenem, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[8][9]

Side effects

The most common adverse effects are diarrhea (4.8%), nausea and vomiting (3.6%), injection-site inflammation (2.4%), headache (2.3%), rash (1.9%) and thrombophlebitis (0.9%).[10] Many of these adverse effects were observed in severely ill individuals already taking many medications including vancomycin.[11][12] Meropenem has a reduced potential for seizures in comparison with imipenem. Several cases of severe hypokalemia have been reported.[13][14] Meropenem, like other carbapenems, is a potent inducer of multidrug resistance in bacteria.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Meropenem is bactericidal except against Listeria monocytogenes, where it is bacteriostatic. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis like other β-lactam antibiotics. In contrast to other beta-lactams, it is highly resistant to degradation by β-lactamases or cephalosporinases. In general, resistance arises due to mutations in penicillin-binding proteins, production of metallo-β-lactamases, or resistance to diffusion across the bacterial outer membrane.[10] Unlike imipenem, it is stable to dehydropeptidase-1, so can be given without cilastatin.

In 2016, a synthetic peptide-conjugated PMO (PPMO) was found to inhibit the expression of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase, an enzyme that many drug-resistant bacteria use to destroy carbapenems.[15][16]

Society and culture

Meropenem vial

Trade names

CountryNameMaker
IndiaInzapenumDream India
  Aurobindo Pharma
 PenmerBiocon
 MeronirNirlife
 MerowinStrides Acrolab
 AktimerAktimas Biopharmaceuticals
 NeopenemNeomed
 MexopenSamarth life sciences
 MeropeniaSYZA Health Sciences LLP
 IvpenemMedicorp Pharmaceuticals
 Merofit 
 LykapiperLyka Labs
 WinmeroParabolic Drugs
Bangladesh
 MerojectEskayef Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
 MeroconBeacon Pharmaceuticals
IndonesiaMerofenKalbe
BrazilZylpenAspen Pharma
Japan, KoreaMeropen 
AustraliaMerem 
TaiwanMepem 
GermanyMeronem 
NigeriaZironemLyn-Edge Pharmaceuticals
USMeronemAstraZeneca
MerosanSanbe Farma
 MerobatInterbat
 Zwipen 
 Carbonem 
 RonemOpsonin Pharma, BD
 Neopenem 
 MeroconContinental
 CarnemLaderly Biotech
 PenroBosch
 MerozaGerman Remedies
 MerotrolLupin)
 MeromerOrchid Chemicals
 MepenoxBioChimico
 MeromaxEurofarma
 RopenMacter
 mirageadwic
 MeropexApex Pharma Ltd.
 MerostarkylHefny Pharma Group[17]

References

  1. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j “Meropenem”. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
  2. ^ Fischer, Janos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 497. ISBN 9783527607495.
  3. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  4. ^ World Health Organization (2019). Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine (6th revision ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/312266ISBN 9789241515528.
  5. ^ AHFS Drug Information (2006 ed.). American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2006.
  6. ^ Commissioner, Office of the (24 March 2020). “Press Announcements – FDA approves new antibacterial drug”http://www.fda.gov.
  7. ^ Bilgrami, I; Roberts, JA; Wallis, SC; Thomas, J; Davis, J; Fowler, S; Goldrick, PB; Lipman, J (July 2010). “Meropenem dosing in critically ill patients with sepsis receiving high-volume continuous venovenous hemofiltration” (PDF). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy54 (7): 2974–8. doi:10.1128/AAC.01582-09PMC 2897321PMID 20479205.
  8. Jump up to:a b Yu Z, Pang X, Wu X, Shan C, Jiang S (2018). “Clinical outcomes of prolonged infusion (extended infusion or continuous infusion) versus intermittent bolus of meropenem in severe infection: A meta-analysis”PLOS ONE13 (7): e0201667. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1301667Ydoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201667PMC 6066326PMID 30059536.
  9. ^ Vardakas KZ, Voulgaris GL, Maliaros A, Samonis G, Falagas ME (January 2018). “Prolonged versus short-term intravenous infusion of antipseudomonal β-lactams for patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials”. Lancet Infect Dis18 (1): 108–120. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30615-1PMID 29102324.
  10. Jump up to:a b Mosby’s Drug Consult 2006 (16 ed.). Mosby, Inc. 2006.
  11. ^ Erden, M; Gulcan, E; Bilen, A; Bilen, Y; Uyanik, A; Keles, M (7 March 2013). “Pancytopenýa and Sepsýs due to Meropenem: A Case Report” (PDF). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research12 (1). doi:10.4314/tjpr.v12i1.21.
  12. ^ “Meropenem side effects – from FDA reports”. eHealthMe.
  13. ^ Margolin, L (2004). “Impaired rehabilitation secondary to muscle weakness induced by meropenem”. Clinical Drug Investigation24(1): 61–2. doi:10.2165/00044011-200424010-00008PMID 17516692S2CID 44484294.
  14. ^ Bharti, R; Gombar, S; Khanna, AK (2010). “Meropenem in critical care – uncovering the truths behind weaning failure”Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology26 (1): 99–101.
  15. ^ “New molecule knocks out superbugs’ immunity to antibiotics”newatlas.com. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-01-25.
  16. ^ K., Sully, Erin; L., Geller, Bruce; Lixin, Li; M., Moody, Christina; M., Bailey, Stacey; L., Moore, Amy; Michael, Wong; Patrice, Nordmann; M., Daly, Seth (2016). “Peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PPMO) restores carbapenem susceptibility to NDM-1-positive pathogens in vitro and in vivo”Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy72 (3): 782–790. doi:10.1093/jac/dkw476PMC 5890718PMID 27999041.
  17. ^ “Hefny Pharma Group”hefnypharmagroup.info. Retrieved 2018-05-22.

External links

  • “Meropenem”Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Clinical data
Trade namesMerrem, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
Pregnancy
category
AU: B2
Routes of
administration
Intravenous
ATC codeJ01DH02 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal statusAU: S4 (Prescription only)UK: POM (Prescription only)US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability100%
Protein bindingApproximately 2%
Elimination half-life1 hour
ExcretionRenal
Identifiers
showIUPAC name
CAS Number119478-56-7 
PubChem CID441130
DrugBankDB00760 
ChemSpider389924 
UNIIFV9J3JU8B1
KEGGD02222 
ChEBICHEBI:43968 
ChEMBLChEMBL127 
PDB ligandMEM (PDBeRCSB PDB)
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID7045526 
ECHA InfoCard100.169.299 
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC17H25N3O5S
Molar mass383.46 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
showSMILES
showInChI
  (verify)

Patent

Publication numberPriority datePublication dateAssigneeTitleUS4888344A *1986-07-301989-12-19Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Company, LimitedCarbapenem compound in crystalline form, and its production and useCN101348486A *2008-08-292009-01-21深圳市海滨制药有限公司Preparation of meropenemCN101962383A *2010-11-122011-02-02上海巴迪生物医药科技有限公司Synthesis method of meropenemFamily To Family CitationsJPS6475488A *1987-09-171989-03-22Sumitomo PharmaProduction of beta-lactam compound* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party

 

Publication numberPriority datePublication dateAssigneeTitleFamily To Family CitationsCN101962383A *2010-11-122011-02-02上海巴迪生物医药科技有限公司Synthesis method of meropenemCN102250096B *2011-09-052016-04-06江西华邦药业有限公司A kind of preparation method of meropenemCN104072523B *2014-07-142017-10-24上海上药新亚药业有限公司The preparation method of BiapenemCN108191869A *2018-01-222018-06-22重庆天地药业有限责任公司The purification process of Meropenem 
PublicationPublication DateTitleEP0007973B11984-02-01Process for the preparation of thienamycin and intermediatesUS4631150A1986-12-23Process for the preparation of penemsWO2012062035A12012-05-18Synthesis method for meropenemWO2010022590A12010-03-04Method for preparation of meropenemUS4443373A1984-04-17Process for the production of antibiotic penemsWO2008035153A22008-03-27Process for the preparation of beta-lactam antibioticEP0167154B11990-01-03Process for preparing 4-acetoxy-3-hydroxyethylazetizin-2-one derivativesKR101059339B12011-08-24Method for preparing carbapenem compound for oral administrationKR100886347B12009-03-03Process for stereoselective preparation of 4-BMA using a chiral auxiliaryUS4841043A1989-06-20Stereoselective synthesis of 1-β-alkyl carbapenem antibiotic intermediatesUS4772683A1988-09-20High percentage beta-yield synthesis of carbapenem intermediatesJP2000344774A2000-12-12Production of carbapenem compoundAU745980B22002-04-11Titanium catalyzed preparation of carbapenem intermediatesUS5700930A1997-12-234-substituted azetidinones as precursors to 2-substituted-3-carboxy carbapenem antibiotics and a method of producing themJP2002338572A2002-11-27Method for producing carbapenemsJP3684339B22005-08-17Method for producing carbapenem compoundsEP0066301B11986-01-22Intermediates for the preparation of thienamycin and process for preparing the sameWO2001053305A12001-07-26Processes for the preparation of carbapenem derivativesAU737502B22001-08-23Preparation of beta-methyl carbapenem intermediatesJP3213734B22001-10-02New β-lactam compoundsJP2004107289A2004-04-08Method for producing vinyl sulfide compoundJPH085853B21996-01-24Lactam compound and its manufacturing methodJPH0827168A1996-01-30Carbapenem intermediate fieldEP0204440A11986-12-10Azetidine derivatives productionWO1994021638A11994-09-29Process for the preparation of condensed carbapeneme derivatives

 

ApplicationPriority dateFiling dateTitleCN 2010105416652010-11-122010-11-12Synthesis method of meropenemCN201010541665.52010-11-12
Nmrhttps://www.researchgate.net/figure/1HNMR-spectra-of-meropenem-hydrolysis-catalyzed-by-NDM-1-Ecoli-cells-Only-1H-signals-of_fig3_272515470

1H NMR spectra of meropenem hydrolysis catalyzed by NDM-1 E. coli cells. Only 1H signals of methyl groups are shown. Signals from meropenem and the hydrolyzed product are colored in green and red, respectively.
NMR spectra monitoring meropenem hydrolysis catalyzed by NDM-1. a¹H NMR spectrum of hydrolyzed meropenem recorded before and 6 or 20 min after NDM-1 addition to the reaction system. b Part of a ROESY spectrum of the hydrolysis product. Diagonal and cross peaks are shown in blue and red, respectively. Proton signal assignments are labeled beside the peaks. The chemical shifts of H2, H1, H5, and H10 are highlighted by dashed lines

NMRNMR spectra monitoring meropenem hydrolysis catalyzed by NDM-1. a¹H NMR spectrum of hydrolyzed meropenem recorded before and 6 or 20 min after NDM-1 addition to the reaction system. b Part of a ROESY spectrum of the hydrolysis product. Diagonal and cross peaks are shown in blue and red, respectively. Proton signal assignments are labeled beside the peaks. The chemical shifts of H2, H1, H5, and H10 are highlighted by dashed linesSEEhttps://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/11/2738/htm

Molecules 23 02738 g001 550

Figure 1. FT-IR spectra of unirradiated and irradiated (25 kGy) meropenem.

Molecules 23 02738 g002 550

Figure 2. Raman spectra of unirradiated and irradiated (A-25 kGy) meropenem.

Molecules 23 02738 g006 550

Figure 6. XRPD diffractograms of unirradiated and irradiated (25 kGy) meropenem.

Molecules 23 02738 g007 550

Figure 7. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves of non-irradiated and irradiated (A-25 kGy, B-400 kGy) meropenem. The arrows indicate the changes in the DSC spectrum after irradiation.

Molecules 23 02738 g009 550

Figure 9. FT-IR spectra of unirradiated and irradiated (400 kGy) meropenem. The arrows indicate the changes in the FT-IR spectrum after irradiation.

Molecules 23 02738 g010 550

Figure 10. Raman spectra of unirradiated and irradiated (400 kGy) meropenem. The arrow indicates the change in the Raman spectrum after irradiation.

//////////////MeropenemMerrem,  intravenous β-lactam antibiotic, bacterial infections,  meningitisintra-abdominal infectionpneumoniasepsis,  anthrax, Antibiotic SM 7338, ICI 194660, SM 7338, ANTIBACTERIALS

[H][C@]1([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N2C(C(O)=O)=C(S[C@@H]3CN[C@@H](C3)C(=O)N(C)C)[C@H](C)[C@]12[H]

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PIRACETAM

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Piracetam.svg

Piracetam

  • ATC:N06BX03
  • MW:142.16 g/mol
  • CAS-RN:7491-74-9
  • InChI Key:GMZVRMREEHBGGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • InChI:InChI=1S/C6H10N2O2/c7-5(9)4-8-3-1-2-6(8)10/h1-4H2,(H2,7,9)
  • EINECS:231-312-7
  • LD50:9200 mg/kg (M, i.v.); 2 g/kg (M, p.o.)

CAS Registry Number: 7491-74-9 
CAS Name: 2-Oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide 
Additional Names: 2-pyrrolidoneacetamide; 2-pyrrolidinoneacetamide; 2-ketopyrrolidine-1-ylacetamide; 1-acetamido-2-pyrrolidinone 
Manufacturers’ Codes: UCB-6215 
Trademarks: Avigilen (Riemser); Axonyl (Pfizer); Cerebroforte (Azupharma); Encetrop (Alpharma); Gabacet (Sanofi-Synthelabo); Geram (UCB); Nootrop (UCB); Nootropil (UCB); Nootropyl (UCB); Norzetam (UCB); Normabraïn (UCB); Piracebral (Hexal); Piracetrop (Holsten); Sinapsan (Rodleben)Molecular Formula: C6H10N2O2 
Molecular Weight: 142.16 
Percent Composition: C 50.69%, H 7.09%, N 19.71%, O 22.51% 
Literature References: Prepn: H. Morren, NL6509994eidem,US3459738 (1966, 1969 both to U.C.B.). Pharmacology: Giurgea et al.,Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther.166, 238 (1967); Giurgea, Moyersoons, ibid.188, 401 (1970); Giurgea et al.,Psychopharmacologia20, 160 (1971). Metabolism and biochemical studies: Gobert, J. Pharm. Belg.27, 281 (1972). Clinical studies: W. J. Oosterveld, Arzneim.-Forsch.30, 1947 (1980); G. Chouinard et al.,Psychopharmacol. Bull.17, 129 (1981); in dyslexia: M. Di Ianni et al.,J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.5, 272 (1985).Properties: Crystals from isopropanol, mp 151.5-152.5°. 
Melting point: mp 151.5-152.5° 
Therap-Cat: Nootropic. 
Keywords: Nootropic.

Piracetam is in the racetams group, with chemical name 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide. It is a derivative of the neurotransmitter GABA[5] and shares the same 2-oxo-pyrrolidone base structure with pyroglutamic acid. Piracetam is a cyclic derivative of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). Related drugs include the anticonvulsants levetiracetam and brivaracetam, and the putative nootropics aniracetam and phenylpiracetam.Piracetam is a drug marketed as a treatment for myoclonus[3] and a cognitive enhancer.[4] Evidence to support its use is unclear, with some studies showing modest benefits in specific populations and others showing minimal or no benefit.[5][6] Piracetam is sold as a medication in many European countries. Sale of piracetam is not illegal in the United States, although it is not regulated nor approved by the FDA so it must be marketed as a dietary supplement.[4]

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Efficacy

Dementia

A 2001 Cochrane review concluded that there was not enough evidence to support piracetam for dementia or cognitive problems.[6] A 2005 review found some evidence of benefit in older subjects with cognitive impairment.[5] In 2008, a working group of the British Academy of Medical Sciences noted that many of the trials of piracetam for dementia were flawed.[7]

There is no good evidence that piracetam is of benefit in treating vascular dementia.[8]

Depression and anxiety

Some sources suggest that piracetam’s overall effect on lowering depression and anxiety is higher than on improving memory.[9] However, depression is reported to be an occasional adverse effect of piracetam.[10]

Other

Piracetam may facilitate the deformability of erythrocytes in capillary which is useful for cardiovascular disease.[5][3]

Peripheral vascular effects of piracetam have suggested its use potential for vertigodyslexiaRaynaud’s phenomenon and sickle cell anemia.[5][3] There is no evidence to support piracetam’s use in sickle cell crisis prevention[11] or for fetal distress during childbirth.[12] There is no evidence for benefit of piracetam with acute ischemic stroke,[13] though there is debate as to its utility during stroke rehabilitation.[14][15]

Anti-vasospasm

Piracetam has been found to diminish erythrocyte adhesion to vascular wall endothelium, making any vasospasm in the capillary less severe. This contributes to its efficacy in promoting microcirculation, including to the brain and kidneys.[5][3]

Side effects

Symptoms of general excitability, including anxietyinsomniairritabilityheadacheagitationnervousnesstremor, and hyperkinesia, are occasionally reported.[10][16][17] Other reported side effects include somnolenceweight gainclinical depressionweakness, increased libido, and hypersexuality.[10]

According to a 2005 review, piracetam has been observed to have the following side effects: hyperkinesia, weight gain, nervousness, somnolence, depression and asthenia.[5]

Piracetam reduces platelet aggregation as well as fibrinogen concentration, and thus is contraindicated to patients suffering from cerebral hemorrhage.[5][3]

Toxicity

Piracetam does not appear to be acutely toxic at the doses used in human studies.[6][18][19]

The LD50 for oral consumption in humans has not been determined.[20] The LD50 is 5.6 g/kg for rats and 20 g/kg for mice, indicating extremely low acute toxicity.[21] For comparison, in rats the LD50 of vitamin C is 12 g/kg and the LD50 of table salt is 3 g/kg.

Mechanisms of action

Piracetam’s mechanism of action, as with racetams in general, is not fully understood. The drug influences neuronal and vascular functions and influences cognitive function without acting as a sedative or stimulant.[5] Piracetam is a positive allosteric modulator of the AMPA receptor, although this action is very weak and its clinical effects may not necessarily be mediated by this action.[22] It is hypothesized to act on ion channels or ion carriers, thus leading to increased neuron excitability.[20] GABA brain metabolism and GABA receptors are not affected by piracetam[23]

Piracetam improves the function of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine via muscarinic cholinergic (ACh) receptors[citation needed], which are implicated in memory processes.[24] Furthermore, piracetam may have an effect on NMDA glutamate receptors, which are involved with learning and memory processes. Piracetam is thought to increase cell membrane permeability.[24][25] Piracetam may exert its global effect on brain neurotransmission via modulation of ion channels (i.e., Na+, K+).[20] It has been found to increase oxygen consumption in the brain, apparently in connection to ATP metabolism, and increases the activity of adenylate kinase in rat brains.[26][27] Piracetam, while in the brain, appears to increase the synthesis of cytochrome b5,[28] which is a part of the electron transport mechanism in mitochondria. But in the brain, it also increases the permeability of some intermediates of the Krebs cycle through the mitochondrial outer membrane.[26]

Piracetam inhibits N-type calcium channels. The concentration of piracetam achieved in central nervous system after a typical dose of 1200 mg (about 100 μM)[29] is much higher than the concentration necessary to inhibit N-type calcium channels (IC50 of piracetam in rat neurons was 3 μM).[30]

History

Piracetam was first made some time between the 1950s and 1964 by Corneliu E. Giurgea.[31] There are reports of it being used for epilepsy in the 1950s.[32]

Society and culture

In 2009 piracetam was reportedly popular as a cognitive enhancement drug among students.[33]

Legal status

Piracetam is an uncontrolled substance in the United States meaning it is legal to possess without a license or prescription.[34]

Regulatory status

In the United States, piracetam is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration.[1] Piracetam is not permitted in compounded drugs or dietary supplements in the United States.[35] Nevertheless, it is available in a number of dietary supplements.[4]

In the United Kingdom, piracetam is approved as a prescription drug Prescription Only Medicine (POM) number is PL 20636/2524[36] for adult with myoclonus of cortical origin, irrespective of cause, and should be used in combination with other anti-myoclonic therapies.[37]

In Japan piracetam is approved as a prescription drug.[38]

Piracetam has no DIN in Canada, and thus cannot be sold but can be imported for personal use in Canada.[39]

In Hungary, piracetam was a prescription-only medication, but as of 2020, no prescription is required and piracetam is available as an over-the-counter drug under the name Memoril Mite, and is available in 600 mg pills.

According to the literature reports, the synthetic route of piracetam can be divided into four synthetic methods: α-pyrrolidone method, glycine method, succinic anhydride method and one-step synthesis method:[0009] I. α-pyrrolidone method, 2-pyrrolidone is a lactam, which can react with a strong base (sodium hydride or potassium hydride, sodium methoxide) to generate pyrrolidone metal salt, which can be further combined with halogenated ester or halogen Substitute amide reaction to generate N-alkylated product.[0010] In 1966, a method for preparing piracetam by reacting pyrrolidone and chloroacetamide in 1,4-dioxane with sodium hydrogen as a strong base was reported. The specific synthetic route is shown in Scheme 1:[0011]

Figure CN104478779AD00032

[0012] In this process, due to the high price of dioxane, industrial production is still difficult. On the basis of the above process, Xu Yungen used dimethyl sulfoxide as the solvent and sodium methoxide as the acid binding agent to synthesize piracetam in the presence of the phase transfer catalyst benzyltriethylammonium chloride. Due to the difficulty of solvent recovery, the cost of this route is relatively high.[0013] In 1981, Zhou Renxing et al. used sodium methoxide as a strong base to extract methanol in toluene by fractional distillation to convert pyrrolidone into the corresponding sodium salt, and then react with ethyl chloroacetate. The resulting ethyl pyrrolidone ethyl acetate was subjected to ammonolysis. Piracetam can be produced. The specific synthetic route is shown in Scheme 2.[00141

Figure CN104478779AD00041

[0015] Because the ammonolysis is carried out in a methanol solution of ammonia, the calculated amount of ethanol generated during the ammonolysis contaminates the methanol solution of ammonia used, which affects the recycling of the methanol solution of ammonia, and is therefore not conducive to process production.[0016] 2. Glycine method, glycine and its derivatives can be used as starting materials for the synthesis of pyroacetamide. Glycine can be prepared by γ-chlorination butylation, amination and cyclization.[0017] According to a British patent report in 1979, glycine trimethylsilyl ester was first condensed with γ-chlorobutyryl chloride, and the corresponding acid chloride was subjected to ammonolysis, and finally cyclized to produce piracetam. The specific synthesis method is as Scheme 3 Shown[0018]

Figure CN104478779AD00042

[0019] In this type of synthesis route, some raw materials are not easily available, which restricts industrial production.[0020] 3. Succinic acid method, succinic acid is heated and dehydrated to generate succinic anhydride, succinic anhydride then reacts with glycine to generate an aminolysis product, and the aminolysis product is reduced by sodium tetrafluoroborate, and piracetam can be synthesized by aminolysis , The specific synthetic route is shown in SCheme4. [0021]

Figure CN104478779AD00043

[0022] Because sodium tetrafluoroborate is used as a reducing agent, it is expensive, and it is difficult to expand the scale of industrial production. Succinimide generates sodium salt under the action of metal sodium, and its sodium salt reacts with chloroacetamide to generate N-alkylated product. The alkylated product can be electrolytically reduced to obtain piracetam. Since electrolytic reduction is still in the research stage in our country, the production cost of this method is relatively high.[0023] 4. One-step synthesis method, using ethyl 4-chloro-n-butyrate in the presence of sodium bicarbonate, using anhydrous ethanol as a solvent, and glycinamide hydrochloride under heating and refluxing to obtain piracetam in one step, The specific synthetic route is shown in S Cheme5.[0024]

Figure CN104478779AD00044

[0025] In this route, glycinamide hydrochloride is very easy to absorb moisture and agglomerate to affect the reaction rate, and the reaction is not easy to control, so it is difficult to achieve industrial production.

SYN

File:Piracetam synthesis02.svg - Wikimedia Commons
File:Piracetam synthesis01.svg

SYN

http://www.cjph.com.cn/EN/abstract/abstract373.shtml

With absolute ethanol as the solvent, ethyl 4-chloro-n-butanoate and glycinamide hydrochloride were refluxed for 20 h in the presence of sodium bicarbonate to obtain central stimulant piracetam. After recrystallization from isopropanol, the yield was about 58% with a purity of 99.6%.

CN104478779A - 促智药吡拉西坦的合成新方法 - Google Patents

SYN

CAS-RNFormulaChemical NameCAS Index Name
79-07-2C2H4ClNO2-chloroacetamideAcetamide, 2-chloro-
105-39-5C4H7ClO2ethyl chloroacetateAcetic acid, chloro-, ethyl ester
61516-73-2C8H13NO3ethyl 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetate1-Pyrrolidineacetic acid, 2-oxo-, ethyl ester
616-45-5C4H7NO2-pyrrolidone2-Pyrrolidinone

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/CN104478779A/zh

Figure CN104478779AD00051

Example 1[0036] A method for synthesizing piracetam, which includes the following steps:[0037] Preparation of α-pyrrolidone sodium salt: A 1000 mL three-necked flask was equipped with mechanical stirring, a constant pressure dropping funnel and a thorn-shaped fractionating column. The upper end of the fractionation column is connected with a thermometer, a condenser and a 500mL receiving flask. Under mechanical stirring, 46 mL (0.60 mol) of α-pyrrolidone and 250 mL of toluene were sequentially added to the three-necked flask. When the temperature of the reaction system reached 70°C, a methanol solution of sodium methoxide (28.4% (w/w); 114.0 g; 0.60 mol) was added dropwise under reduced pressure, and the distillate was collected. After the dropwise addition is completed, the temperature is increased, and the normal pressure is distilled until the distillate is completely distilled out, and the reaction is completed.[0038] Preparation of α-pyrrolidone methyl acetate: remove the fractionation device, connect a thermometer and a condenser, and connect a dropping funnel above the condenser. When the temperature of the reaction system drops to 60°C, a toluene solution of 58 mL (0.66 mol) of methyl chloroacetate is slowly added dropwise, and the reaction temperature is controlled to 80-100°C. Oh。 After the addition is complete, the insulation reaction is 5. Oh. Cool to room temperature, filter with suction, and distill the filtrate under reduced pressure. Collect the fraction (18mmHg) at 100~105°C to obtain α-pyrrolidone methyl acetate, and measure its content by HPLC (area normalization method). [C18 column (4.6mmX 200mm, 5 μm) was used for purity determination; acetonitrile-dipotassium hydrogen phosphate/phosphate buffer solution (10:90) was used as the mobile phase (the pH value of phosphoric acid was adjusted to 6.0); the flow rate was 1 . OmL/min; detection wavelength is 205nm; injection volume is 20yL][0039] Preparation of Piracetam: Put about 130 mL of methanol in a 500 mL three-necked flask, and vent ammonia to saturation. The obtained ammonia/methanol solution was mixed with 100. Og α-pyrrolidone methyl acetate and placed in a reaction kettle, reacted at 50~65°C for 10 h, allowed to cool, filtered with suction, and the filter cake was dried.[0040] The purification of piracetam: 25.50g crude piracetam and 100mL isopropanol were sequentially added in a 500mL three-necked flask, heated to reflux for 40min, activated carbon was added, reflux stirring, hot filtration, and the resulting properties were all white As a powdery solid, the filter cake was dried overnight at 50°C in a vacuum drying oven to obtain 20.85 g of a white solid with a yield of 81.76% (calculated as α-pyrrolidone, the same below).Example 2[0042] Preparation of α-pyrrolidone sodium salt: A 1000 mL three-necked flask was equipped with mechanical stirring, a constant pressure dropping funnel and a thorn-shaped fractionating column. The upper end of the fractionation column is connected with a thermometer, a condenser and a 500mL receiving flask. Under mechanical stirring, 46 mL (0.60 mol) of α-pyrrolidone and 250 mL of toluene were sequentially added to the three-necked flask. When the temperature of the reaction system reached 100°C, a methanol solution of sodium methoxide (28.4% (w/w)); 114. Og; 0.60 mol) was added dropwise under reduced pressure, and the distillate was collected. After the addition is complete, add toluene, increase the temperature, and distill at normal pressure until the distillate is completely distilled out, and the reaction is complete.[0043] Preparation of α-pyrrolidone methyl acetate: remove the fractionation device, connect a thermometer and a condenser, and connect a dropping funnel above the condenser. When the temperature of the reaction system drops to 60°C, a mixed solution of 63 mL (0.72 mol) of methyl chloroacetate and 30 mL of toluene is slowly added dropwise, and the reaction temperature is controlled to 80-100°C. Oh。 After the addition is complete, the insulation reaction is 5. Oh. Cool to room temperature, filter with suction, and distill the filtrate under reduced pressure. Collect the fraction (18mmHg) at 100~105°C to obtain methyl α-pyrrolidone acetate, and measure its content by HPLC (area normalization method). [C18 column (4.6mmX 200mm, 5 μm) was used for purity determination; acetonitrile-dipotassium hydrogen phosphate/phosphate buffer solution (10:90) was used as the mobile phase (the pH value of phosphoric acid was adjusted to 6.0); the flow rate was 1 .OmL/ min; detection wavelength is 205nm; injection volume is 20 μL][0044] Preparation of Piracetam: Put about 130 mL of methanol in a 250 mL three-necked flask, and ventilate ammonia to saturation. The obtained ammonia/methanol solution was mixed with 50.0 g of α-pyrrolidone methyl acetate and placed in a reaction kettle, reacted at 50~65°C for 12 hours, allowed to cool, filtered with suction, and the filter cake was dried.[0045] Purification of piracetam: 25.50g crude piracetam and 75mL methanol were sequentially added to a 500mL three-necked flask, heated to reflux for 40min, added activated carbon 0.5g, refluxed for 1h, hot filtered, magnetically stirred Under the conditions, the activated carbon was filtered out, and the properties were all white powdery solids, and the filter cake was dried overnight at 50°C in a vacuum drying oven to obtain 21.02g of white solids with a yield of 82.42%.Embodiment 3[0047] Preparation of α-pyrrolidone sodium salt: A 1000 mL three-necked flask was equipped with mechanical stirring, a constant pressure dropping funnel and a thorn-shaped fractionating column. The upper end of the fractionating column is connected with a thermometer, a condenser and a 1000 mL receiving bottle. Under mechanical stirring, 46 mL (0.60 mol) of α-pyrrolidone and 250 mL of toluene were sequentially added to the three-necked flask. When the temperature of the reaction system reached 70°C, a methanol solution of sodium methoxide (28.4% (w/w)); 114. Og; 0.60 mol) was added dropwise under reduced pressure, and the distillate was collected. After the dropwise addition is completed, the temperature is increased, and the normal pressure is distilled until the distillate is completely distilled out, and the reaction is completed.[0048] Preparation of α-pyrrolidone methyl acetate: remove the fractionation device, connect a thermometer and a condenser, and connect a dropping funnel above the condenser. A mixed solution of 79 mL (0.90 mol) of methyl chloroacetate and 50 mL of toluene was slowly added dropwise, and the reaction temperature was controlled to 70-90°C. Oh。 After the addition is complete, the insulation reaction is 5. Oh. Cool to room temperature, filter with suction, and distill the filtrate under reduced pressure. Collect the fraction (18mmHg) at 100~105°C to obtain methyl α-pyrrolidone acetate, and measure its content by HPLC (area normalization method). [C 18 column (4.6mmX 200mm, 5 μm) was used for purity determination; acetonitrile-dipotassium hydrogen phosphate/phosphate buffer solution (10:90) was used as the mobile phase (the pH value of phosphoric acid was adjusted to 6.0); the flow rate was 1.0mL/min; The detection wavelength is 205nm; The injection volume is 20 μL)[0049] Preparation of Piracetam: Put about 130 mL of methanol in a 250 mL three-necked flask, and vent ammonia to saturation. The obtained ammonia/methanol solution was mixed with 100. Og α-pyrrolidone methyl acetate and placed in a reaction kettle, reacted at 50~65°C for 14h, allowed to cool, filtered with suction, and the filter cake was dried.[0050] Purification of piracetam: 25.50g crude piracetam and 125mL ethanol were sequentially added in a 500mL three-necked flask, heated to reflux for 40min, added activated carbon 0.5g, refluxed for 1h, hot filtered, magnetically stirred Activated carbon was filtered off under conditions to obtain white powdery solids in all properties, and the filter cake was dried overnight at 50°C in a vacuum drying oven to obtain 20.24 g of white solids with a yield of 79.37%.Example 4[0052] Preparation of α-pyrrolidone sodium salt: A 1000 mL three-necked flask was equipped with mechanical stirring, a constant pressure dropping funnel and a thorn-shaped fractionating column. The upper end of the fractionation column is connected with a thermometer, a condenser and a 500mL receiving flask. Under mechanical stirring, 46 mL (0.60 mol) of α-pyrrolidone and 250 mL of toluene were sequentially added to the three-necked flask. When the temperature of the reaction system reached 60°C, a methanol solution of sodium methoxide (28.4% (w/w); 114.0 g; 0.60 mol) was added dropwise under reduced pressure, and the distillate was collected. After the dropwise addition is completed, the temperature is increased, and the normal pressure is distilled until the distillate is completely distilled out, and the reaction is completed.[0053] Preparation of α-pyrrolidone methyl acetate: remove the fractionation device, connect a thermometer and a condenser, and connect a dropping funnel above the condenser. A mixed solution of 105 mL (1.20 mol) of methyl chloroacetate and 70 mL of toluene was slowly added dropwise, and the reaction temperature was controlled to be 60~70°C. Oh。 After the addition is complete, the insulation reaction is 5. Oh. Cool to room temperature, filter with suction, and distill the filtrate under reduced pressure. Collect the fraction (18mmHg) at 100~105°C to obtain methyl α-pyrrolidone acetate, and measure its content by HPLC (area normalization method). [C 18 column (4.6mmX 200mm, 5 μm) was used for purity determination; acetonitrile-dipotassium hydrogen phosphate/phosphate buffer solution (10:90) was used as the mobile phase (the pH value of phosphoric acid was adjusted to 6.0); the flow rate was 1.0mL/min; The detection wavelength is 205nm; The injection volume is 20 μL)[0054] Preparation of Piracetam: Put about 130 mL of methanol in a 500 mL three-necked flask, and ventilate ammonia to saturation. The obtained ammonia/methanol solution was mixed with 100. Og α-pyrrolidone methyl acetate and placed in a reaction kettle, reacted at 50~65°C for 16h, allowed to cool, filtered with suction, and the filter cake was dried.[0055] The purification of piracetam: 25.50g crude piracetam and 100mL methanol were sequentially added into a 500mL three-necked flask, heated to reflux for 40min, added activated carbon, refluxed for dissolution, hot filtered, and the properties were all white powders The solid, the filter cake was dried overnight at 50°C in a vacuum drying oven to obtain 20.69 g of a white solid, with a yield of 81. 13%.[0056] Chemical analysis of the white crystals synthesized in each of the foregoing examples, and the obtained physical property values are as follows, thereby confirming that the synthesized product is piracetam.[0057] Melting point: 151.6-152. (TC[0058] ESI-MS m / z: 165. 06 [M + Na] +[0059] 1H-NMR (400MHz, DMS〇-d6, ppm) δ : 7. 38 (s, 1H), 7. 09 (s, 1H), 3. 74 (s, 2H), 3. 36 (t, J =7. 08Hz, 2H), 2. 23 (t, J = 7. 84Hz, 2H), I. 93 (m, 2H).[0060] 13C-NMR(100MHz, DMS0-d6, ppm) δ : 17. 80, 30. 42, 45. 28, 47. 74, 170. 21,174. 90. 
PATENTCN110903230A *2019-12-042020-03-24Beijing Yuekang Kechuang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd.An industrialized preparation method of Pramiracetam sulfate 
PATENTCN104478779A2015-04-01New synthetic method of nootropic drug Piracetam

References

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  12. ^ Hofmeyr, GJ; Kulier, R (13 June 2012). “Piracetam for fetal distress in labour”The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (6): CD001064. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001064.pub2PMC 7048034PMID 22696322.
  13. ^ Ricci S, Celani MG, Cantisani TA, Righetti E (September 2012). “Piracetam for acute ischaemic stroke”The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9): CD000419. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000419.pub3PMC 7034527PMID 22972044.
  14. ^ Zhang J, Wei R, Chen Z, Luo B (July 2016). “Piracetam for Aphasia in Post-stroke Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials”. CNS Drugs30 (7): 575–87. doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0348-1PMID 27236454S2CID 22955205.
  15. ^ Yeo SH, Lim ZI, Mao J, Yau WP (October 2017). “Effects of Central Nervous System Drugs on Recovery After Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials”. Clinical Drug Investigation37 (10): 901–928. doi:10.1007/s40261-017-0558-4PMID 28756557S2CID 6520934.
  16. ^ Chouinard G, Annable L, Ross-Chouinard A, Olivier M, Fontaine F (1983). “Piracetam in elderly psychiatric patients with mild diffuse cerebral impairment”. Psychopharmacology81 (2): 100–106. doi:10.1007/BF00429000PMID 6415738S2CID 32702769.
  17. ^ Hakkarainen H, Hakamies L (1978). “Piracetam in the treatment of post-concussional syndrome. A double-blind study”. European Neurology17 (1): 50–55. doi:10.1159/000114922PMID 342247.
  18. ^ Koskiniemi M, Van Vleymen B, Hakamies L, Lamusuo S, Taalas J (March 1998). “Piracetam relieves symptoms in progressive myoclonus epilepsy: a multicentre, randomised, double blind, crossover study comparing the efficacy and safety of three dosages of oral piracetam with placebo”Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry64 (3): 344–348. doi:10.1136/jnnp.64.3.344PMC 2169975PMID 9527146.
  19. ^ Fedi M, Reutens D, Dubeau F, Andermann E, D’Agostino D, Andermann F (May 2001). “Long-term efficacy and safety of piracetam in the treatment of progressive myoclonus epilepsy”Archives of Neurology58 (5): 781–786. doi:10.1001/archneur.58.5.781PMID 11346373.
  20. Jump up to:a b c Gouliaev AH, Senning A (May 1994). “Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics”. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews19 (2): 180–222. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(94)90011-6PMID 8061686S2CID 18122566.
  21. ^ “Piracetam Material Safety Sheet” (PDF). Spectrum.
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  23. ^ Giurgea CE (January 1982). “The nootropic concept and its prospective implications”. Drug Development Research2 (5): 441–446. doi:10.1002/ddr.430020505ISSN 1098-2299S2CID 145059666.
  24. Jump up to:a b Winnicka K, Tomasiak M, Bielawska A (2005). “Piracetam–an old drug with novel properties?”. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica62(5): 405–9. PMID 16459490.
  25. ^ Müller WE, Eckert GP, Eckert A (March 1999). “Piracetam: novelty in a unique mode of action”. Pharmacopsychiatry32 (Suppl 1): 2–9. doi:10.1055/s-2007-979230PMID 10338102.
  26. Jump up to:a b Grau M, Montero JL, Balasch J (1987). “Effect of Piracetam on electrocorticogram and local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat”. General Pharmacology18 (2): 205–11. doi:10.1016/0306-3623(87)90252-7PMID 3569848.
  27. ^ Nickolson VJ, Wolthuis OL (October 1976). “Effect of the acquisition-enhancing drug piracetam on rat cerebral energy metabolism. Comparison with naftidrofuryl and methamphetamine”. Biochemical Pharmacology25 (20): 2241–4. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(76)90004-6PMID 985556.
  28. ^ Tacconi MT, Wurtman RJ (1986). “Piracetam: physiological disposition and mechanism of action”. Advances in Neurology43: 675–85. PMID 3946121.
  29. ^ Yeh HH, Yang YH, Ko JY, Chen SH (July 2006). “Rapid determination of piracetam in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with sample direct injection”. J Chromatogr A1120 (1–2): 27–34. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.071PMID 16343512.
  30. ^ Bravo-Martínez J, Arenas I, Vivas O, Rebolledo-Antúnez S, Vázquez-García M, Larrazolo A, García DE (October 2012). “A novel CaV2.2 channel inhibition by piracetam in peripheral and central neurons”. Exp Biol Med (Maywood)237 (10): 1209–18. doi:10.1258/ebm.2012.012128PMID 23045722.
  31. ^ Li JJ, Corey EJ (2013). Drug Discovery: Practices, Processes, and Perspectives. John Wiley & Sons. p. 276. ISBN 9781118354469.
  32. ^ Schmidt D, Shorvon S (2016). The End of Epilepsy?: A History of the Modern Era of Epilepsy Research 1860-2010. Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780198725909.
  33. ^ Medew J (1 October 2009). “Call for testing on ‘smart drugs'”. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  34. ^ “Erowid Piracetam Vault: Legal Status”.
  35. ^ Jann Bellamy (26 September 2019). “FDA proposes ban on curcumin and other naturopathic favorites in compounded drugs”Science-Based Medicine.
  36. ^http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/spcpil/documents/spcpil/con1547788739542.pdf
  37. ^ “Nootropil Tablets 800 mg”(emc).
  38. ^ “UCB’s piracetam approved in Japan”The Pharma Letter. 25 November 1999.
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External links

Gouliaev AH, Senning A (May 1994). “Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics”. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews19 (2): 180–222. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(94)90011-6PMID 8061686S2CID 18122566.

Clinical data
Trade namesBreinox, Dinagen, Lucetam, Nootropil, Nootropyl, Oikamid, Piracetam and many others
AHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug Names
Routes of
administration
By mouth, parenteral, or vaporized
ATC codeN06BX03 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal statusAU: S4 (Prescription only)CA: UnscheduledUK: POM (Prescription only)US: Unscheduled (Not permitted as drug or supplement[1])
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability~100%
Onset of actionSwiftly following administration. Food delays time to peak concentration by 1.5 h approximately to 2–3 h since dosing.[2]
Elimination half-life4–5 h
ExcretionUrinary
Identifiers
showIUPAC name
CAS Number7491-74-9 
PubChem CID4843
IUPHAR/BPS4288
DrugBankDB09210
ChemSpider4677 
UNIIZH516LNZ10
KEGGD01914 
ChEMBLChEMBL36715 
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID5044491 
ECHA InfoCard100.028.466 
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC6H10N2O2
Molar mass142.158 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
Melting point152 °C (306 °F)
showSMILES
showInChI
  (verify)

///////////UCB 6215, Nootropic, PIRACETAM

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PIROXICAM

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Skeletal formula of piroxicam
ChemSpider 2D Image | Piroxicam | C15H13N3O4S

PIROXICAM

  • Molecular FormulaC15H13N3O4S
  • Average mass331.346 Da

1,1-Dioxyde de 4-hydroxy-2-méthyl-N-(2-pyridinyl)-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide

13T4O6VMAM

252-974-3[EINECS]

2H-1,2-Benzothiazine-3-carboxamide, 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridinyl-, 1,1-dioxide

36322-90-4[RN]37134

-Hydroxy-2-methyl-3-(pyrid-2-yl-carbamoyl)-2H-1,2-benzothiazine 1,1-dioxide

Piroxicam 
CAS Registry Number: 36322-90-4 
CAS Name: 4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridinyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide 
Additional Names: 3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-4-oxo-N-2-pyridyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide 
Manufacturers’ Codes: CP-16171 
Trademarks: Artroxicam (Coli); Baxo (Toyama); Bruxicam (Bruschettini); Caliment (Apotex); Erazon (Krka); Feldene (Pfizer); Flogobene (Farge); Geldene (Pfizer); Improntal (Kabi); Larapam (Lagap); Pirkam (DAK); Piroflex (Lagap); Reudene (ABC); Riacen (Chiesi); Roxicam (Gramon); Roxiden (Pulitzer); Sasulen (Andreu); Solocalm (Microsules); Zunden (Luitpold)Molecular Formula: C15H13N3O4S 
Molecular Weight: 331.35 
Percent Composition: C 54.37%, H 3.95%, N 12.68%, O 19.31%, S 9.68% 
Literature References: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory with long half-life. Prepn (keto form): J. Lombardino, DE1943265idem,US3591584 (1970, 1971 to Pfizer).Synthesis and biological properties: J. Lombardino, E. Wiseman, J. Med. Chem.15, 848 (1972); J. Lombardino et al.,ibid.16, 493 (1973). Pharmacology: E. Wiseman et al.,Arzneim.-Forsch.26, 1300 (1976). Evaluation of ulcerogenic effects: G. Palacios et al.,Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol.9, 353 (1987). Clinical pharmacology: L. Martinez et al.,ibid.10, 729 (1988). Review:eidem, in Pharmacological and Biochemical Properties of Drug Substancesvol. 3, M. E. Goldberg, Ed. (Am. Pharm. Assoc., Washington, DC, 1981) pp 324-346. Review of pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy: R. N. Brogden et al.,Drugs22, 165-187 (1981); eidem,ibid.28, 292-323 (1984). Symposium on clinical efficacy and safety: Am. J. Med.81, Suppl. 5B, 1-55 (1986). Comprehensive description: M. Mihalic et al.,Anal. Profiles Drug Subs.15, 509-531 (1986). 
Properties: Crystals from methanol, mp 198-200°. pKa 6.3 (2:1 dioxane-water). LD50 orally in mice: 360 mg/kg (Wiseman). 
Melting point: mp 198-200° 
pKa: pKa 6.3 (2:1 dioxane-water) 
Toxicity data: LD50 orally in mice: 360 mg/kg (Wiseman) 
Derivative Type: Cinnamic acid ester 
CAS Registry Number: 87234-24-0 
Additional Names: Piroxicam cinnamate; cinnoxicam 
Manufacturers’ Codes: SPA-S-510 
Trademarks: Sinartrol (SPA); Zelis (Proter); Zen (Prophin) 
Molecular Formula: C24H19N3O5S 
Molecular Weight: 461.49 
Percent Composition: C 62.46%, H 4.15%, N 9.11%, O 17.33%, S 6.95% 
Derivative Type: Compd with b-cyclodextrinCAS Registry Number: 121696-62-6 
Trademarks: Brexin (Chiesi); Cicladol (Master); Cycladol (Promedica) 
Molecular Formula: C57H83N3O39S 
Molecular Weight: 1466.33 
Percent Composition: C 46.69%, H 5.71%, N 2.87%, O 42.55%, S 2.19% 
Therap-Cat: Anti-inflammatory. 
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory (Nonsteroidal); Thiazinecarboxamides.

  • EINECS:252-974-3
  • LD50:250 mg/kg (M, p.o.);
    216 mg/kg (R, p.o.);
    108 mg/kg (dog, p.o.)

Piroxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the oxicam class used to relieve the symptoms of painful inflammatory conditions like arthritis.[3][4] Piroxicam works by preventing the production of endogenous prostaglandins] which are involved in the mediation of pain, stiffness, tenderness and swelling.[3] The medicine is available as capsulestablets and (not in all countries) as a prescription-free gel 0.5%.[5] It is also available in a betadex formulation, which allows a more rapid absorption of piroxicam from the digestive tract.[3] Piroxicam is one of the few NSAIDs that can be given parenteral routes.

It was patented in 1968 by Pfizer and approved for medical use in 1979.[6] It became generic in 1992,[7] and is marketed worldwide under many brandnames.[1]

Medical uses

It is used in the treatment of certain inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, primary dysmenorrhoea, postoperative pain; and act as an analgesic, especially where there is an inflammatory component.[3] The European Medicines Agency issued a review of its use in 2007 and recommended that its use be limited to the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions, as it is only in these circumstances that its risk-benefit ratio proves to be favourable.[5][8]

Adverse effects

See also: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

As with other NSAIDs the principal side effects include: digestive complaints like nausea, discomfort, diarrhoea and bleeds or ulceration of the stomach, as well as headache, dizziness, nervousness, depression, drowsiness, insomnia, vertigo, hearing disturbances (such as tinnitus), high blood pressureoedema, light sensitivity, skin reactions (including, albeit rarely, Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis) and rarely, kidney failurepancreatitisliver damage, visual disturbances, pulmonary eosinophilia and alveolitis.[5] Compared to other NSAIDs it is more prone to causing gastrointestinal disturbances and serious skin reactions.[5]

In October 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required the drug label to be updated for all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications to describe the risk of kidney problems in unborn babies that result in low amniotic fluid.[9][10] They recommend avoiding NSAIDs in pregnant women at 20 weeks or later in pregnancy.[9][10]

Mechanism of action

See also: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Piroxicam is an NSAID and, as such, is a non-selective COX inhibitor possessing both analgesic and antipyretic properties.[5]

Chemical properties

Piroxicam exists as alkenol tautomer in organic solvents and as zwitterionic form in water.[11]

History

The project that produced piroxicam began in 1962 at Pfizer; the first clinical trial results were reported in 1977, and the product launched in 1980 under the brand name “Feldene”.[7][12] Major patents expired in 1992[7] and the drug is marketed worldwide under many brandnames.[1]

NMR

piroxicam usp 36322-90-4 wiki
piroxicam usp 36322-90-4 wiki

SYN

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp1084444

Influence of Structure on the Spectroscopic Properties of the Polymorphs of Piroxicam

SYN

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S092420310400058X?via%3

PATENT

CN 101210013

https://patents.google.com/patent/CN101210013A/enIn the glassed steel reaction vessels of 2000L, add first ethyl ester thing 140Kg, dimethylbenzene 1500L, silica gel 10Kg.Be warming up to 100 ℃ of amino pyrrole 52Kg of adding 2-, continue to be warming up to the solvent refluxing temperature, keep refluxing slowly, steam the ethanol of reaction generation and the mixture of dimethylbenzene simultaneously, TLC follows the tracks of reaction, and reaction in 4.5-5 hour finishes.Underpressure distillation, the control temperature in the kettle is no more than 70 ℃, when the system volume be about cumulative volume 1/3 the time stop distillation, be cooled to normal temperature, stir 6-8h and filter, be i.e. crude product.Crude product adds methyl alcohol 1500L and adds the 15Kg gac, refluxes 30 minutes, filters, and is cooled to normal temperature, stirs 6-8h, methyl alcohol drip washing, 60-70 ℃ is dried by the fire 3-5h, measure product 140.5Kg, yield 85%.Press Cp2005 version standard detection, outward appearance; Off-white color, content 〉=99%.Methanol mother liquor reclaims methyl alcohol to overall 1/3 o’clock, and cooling stirring at normal temperature 6-8h filters and collects product, oven dry measure product 10Kg, yield 5.7%, this product meet the Cp2005 version and require to add up to yield.Add up to yield 90.7%.PAPER Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 26(11), 1771-1775; 2005 

SYN

File:Piroxicam synthesis.svg - Wikimedia Commons
CAS-RNFormulaChemical NameCAS Index Name
504-29-0C5H6N22-aminopyridine2-Pyridinamine
79-04-9C2H2Cl2Ochloroacetyl chlorideAcetyl chloride, chloro-
29209-30-1C11H11NO5S3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-4-oxo-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester 1,1-dioxide2H-1,2-Benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid, 3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-4-oxo-, methyl ester, 1,1-dioxide
29209-29-8C10H9NO5S3-methoxycarbonyl-4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2-benzothiazine 1,1-dioxide2H-1,2-Benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid, 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-, methyl ester, 1,1-dioxide
  1. Drebushchak, V. A.; Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 2006, V84(3), P643-649 
  2.  Gehad, G. Mohamed; Vibrational Spectroscopy 2004, V36(1), P97-104 
  3.  Pajula, Katja; Molecular Pharmaceutics 2010, V7(3), P795-804 
  4.  Wassvik, Carola M.; European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006, V29(3-4), P294-305
  5.  Wassvik, Carola M.; Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2008, V51(10), P3035-3039
  6.  Zayed, M. A.; Spectrochimica Acta, Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2004, V60A(12), P2843-2852 
  7.  Zia-ur-Rehman, Muhammad; Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 2005, V26(11), P1771-1775 
  8.  “Drugs – Synonyms and Properties” data were obtained from Ashgate Publishing Co. (US) 
  9.  Stulzer, H. K.; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 2008, V42(4), P215-219 CAPLUS
  10.  Drebushchak, V. A.; Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 2006, V86(2), P303-309 
  11.  Hughes, Laura D.; Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 2008, V48(1), P220-232 
  12.  Laban, Gunter; DD 260398 A3 1988 
  13.  Svoboda, Jiri; Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 1986, V51(5), P1133-9 
  14. (26) Perillo, Isabel A.; Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry 1983, V20(1), P155-60 
  15.  Zak, Bohumil; CS 276217 B6 1992 CAPLUS
  16.  Dalla Croce, Piero; Journal of Chemical Research, Synopses 1986, (4), P150-1
  17.  Vemavarapu, Chandra; Powder Technology 2009, V189(3), P444-453 
  18.  Sanghavi, N. M.; Indian Journal of Technology 1989, V27(2), P93-5 
  19.  “PhysProp” data were obtained from Syracuse Research Corporation of Syracuse, New York (US)
  20. Mohamed, Gehad G.; Spectrochimica Acta, Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2004, V60A(13), P3141-3154 
  21.  Zayed, M. A.; Spectrochimica Acta, Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2006, V64A(1), P216-232 
  22.  Habibi-Yangjeh, Aziz; Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 2008, V29(4), P833-841 
  23. Mahlin, Denny; Molecular Pharmaceutics 2011, V8(2), P498-506 
  24.  Kozjek, Franc; Acta Pharmaceutica Jugoslavica 1985, V35(4), P275-81 
  25.  Laban, Gunter; DD 258532 A3 1988 
  26.  Caira, Mino R.; Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1998, V87(12), P1608-1614 
  27.  Mohamed, Gehad G.; Spectrochimica Acta, Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2005, V62A(4-5), P1165-1171 
  28.  Lin, Yannan; Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2010, V51(4), P979-984 

References

  1. Jump up to:a b c Drugs.com Drugs.com international listings for piroxicamPage accessed July 3, 2015
  2. ^ https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/psusa/piroxicam-list-nationally-authorised-medicinal-products-psusa/00002438/202004_en.pdf
  3. Jump up to:a b c d e f g Brayfield, A, ed. (14 January 2014). “Piroxicam”Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  4. ^ “TGA Approved Terminology for Medicines, Section 1 – Chemical Substances” (PDF). Therapeutic Goods Administration, Department of Health and Ageing, Australian Government. July 1999: 97.
  5. Jump up to:a b c d e Joint Formulary Committee (2013). British National Formulary (BNF) (65 ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. pp. 665, 673–674ISBN 978-0-85711-084-8.
  6. ^ Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 519. ISBN 9783527607495.
  7. Jump up to:a b c Lombardino, JG; Lowe, JA 3rd (2004). “The role of the medicinal chemist in drug discovery–then and now”. Nat Rev Drug Discov3 (10): 853–62. doi:10.1038/nrd1523PMID 15459676S2CID 11225541.. See: [1] Box 1: Discovery of piroxicam (1962–1980)
  8. ^ “COMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR HUMAN USE (CHMP) OPINION FOLLOWING AN ARTICLE 31(2) REFERRAL PIROXICAM CONTAINING MEDICINAL PRODUCTS” (PDF). European Medicines Agency. London, UK: European Medicines Agency. 20 September 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  9. Jump up to:a b “FDA Warns that Using a Type of Pain and Fever Medication in Second Half of Pregnancy Could Lead to Complications”U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 15 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. Jump up to:a b “NSAIDs may cause rare kidney problems in unborn babies”U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 21 July 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ^ Ivanova D, Deneva V, Nedeltcheva D, Kamounah FS, Gergov G, Hansen PE, Kawauchi S, Antonov L (2015). “Tautomeric transformations of piroxicam in solution: a combined experimental and theoretical study”RSC Advances5 (40): 31852–31860. doi:10.1039/c5ra03653d.
  12. ^ Weintraub M, Jacox RF, Angevine CD, Atwater EC (1977). “Piroxicam (CP 16171) in rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled clinical trial with novel assessment techniques”. Journal of Rheumatology4 (4): 393–404. PMID 342691.

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/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Clinical data
Pronunciation/paɪˈrɒksɪˌkæm/
Trade namesFeldene, others[1]
Other namesPiroksikam, piroxikam
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa684045
Pregnancy
category
AU: C
Routes of
administration
By mouth
ATC codeM01AC01 (WHOM02AA07 (WHO), S01BC06 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal statusAU: S4 (Prescription only)CA℞-onlyUK: POM (Prescription only)US: ℞-onlyEU: Rx-only [2]
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding99%[3]
MetabolismLiver-mediated hydroxylation and glucuronidation[3]
Elimination half-life50 hours[3]
ExcretionUrine, faeces
Identifiers
showIUPAC name
CAS Number36322-90-4 
PubChem CID54676228
IUPHAR/BPS7273
DrugBankDB00554 
ChemSpider10442653 
UNII13T4O6VMAM
KEGGD00127 
ChEBICHEBI:8249 
ChEMBLChEMBL527 
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID5021170 
ECHA InfoCard100.048.144 
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC15H13N3O4S
Molar mass331.35 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
showSMILES
showInChI
  (verify)

///////////PIROXICAM

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XL 114, AUR 104 and XL 102, AUR 102 (NO CONCLUSIONS, ONLY PREDICTIONS)

$
0
0

File:Animated-Flag-India.gif - Wikimedia Commons

NO CONCLUSIONS, ONLY PREDICTIONS

FOR BOTH, JUST PREDICTION

 

 

 

 

PREDICTIONS

or

front page image

or

Figure imgf000002_0001

 

Figure imgf000024_0001

 

N[C@@H](CO)c1nc(on1)[C@@H](NC(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)O)C(C)O)CC(N)=O

 

(2S)-2-[[(1S)-3-Amino-1-[3-[(1R)-1-amino-2-hydroxyethyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-oxopropyl]carbamoylamino]-3-hydroxybutanoic acid.png

 

SVG Image

 

(2S)-2-[[(1S)-3-amino-1-[3-[(1R)-1-amino-2-hydroxyethyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-oxopropyl]carbamoylamino]-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

 

CAS 2305027-62-5

 

C12 H20 N6 O7, 360.32Threonine, N-[[[(1S)-3-amino-1-[3-[(1R)-1-amino-2-hydroxyethyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-oxopropyl]amino]carbonyl]-, (2S,3ξ)-N[C@@H](CO)c1nc(on1)[C@@H](NC(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)O)C(C)O)CC(N)=O 

ALSO SEE

 

Figure imgf000003_0002

 

str1

 

(2S,3R)-2-[[(1S)-3-Amino-1-[3-[(1R)-1-amino-2-hydroxyethyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-oxopropyl]carbamoylamino]-3-hydroxybutanoic acid.png

 

1673534-76-3C12 H20 N6 O7, 360.32
L-Threonine, N-[[[(1S)-3-amino-1-[3-[(1R)-1-amino-2-hydroxyethyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-oxopropyl]amino] 
(2S,3R)-2-[[(1S)-3-amino-1-[3-[(1R)-1-amino-2-hydroxyethyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-oxopropyl]carbamoylamino]-3-hydroxybutanoic acidN-[[[(1S)-3-Amino-1-[3-[(1R)-1-amino-2-hydroxyethyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-oxopropyl]amino]carbonyl]-L-threonine

 

CAS 1673534-76-3

 

PD-1-IN-1 free base, EX-A1918, CS-6240NSC-799645CA-170 (AUPM-170)|PDL1 inhibitorHY-101093, PD-1-IN-1

 

N[C@@H](CO)c1nc(on1)[C@@H](NC(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)O)[C@@H](C)O)CC(N)=O

 

XL 114, AUR 104

A novel covalent inhibitor of FABP5 for cancer therapy

XL 102,  AUR 102

A potent, selective and orally bioavailable inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7)

NO CONCLUSIONS, ONLY PREDICTIONS

 

PREDICTIONS MORE

 

(2R,3R)-2-[[(1S)-3-Amino-1-[3-[(1R)-1-amino-2-hydroxyethyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-oxopropyl]carbamoylamino]-3-hydroxybutanoic acid.png

 

SVG Image

 

(2R,3R)-2-[[(1S)-3-amino-1-[3-[(1R)-1-amino-2-hydroxyethyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-oxopropyl]carbamoylamino]-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

 

C12H20N6O7, 360.32

 

(2S,3S)-2-[[(1S)-3-Amino-1-[3-[(1S)-1-amino-2-hydroxyethyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-oxopropyl]carbamoylamino]-3-hydroxybutanoic acid.png

 

SVG Image

 

(2S,3S)-2-[[(1S)-3-amino-1-[3-[(1S)-1-amino-2-hydroxyethyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-oxopropyl]carbamoylamino]-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

XL102, AUR 102

XL102 is a potent, selective and orally bioavailable covalent inhibitor of CDK7, which is an important regulator of the cellular transcriptional and cell cycle machinery. CDK7 helps regulate cell cycle progression, with overexpression observed in multiple cancers, such as breast, prostate and ovarian cancers. In preclinical studies, XL102 revealed potent anti-proliferative activity, induced cell death in a large panel of cancer cell lines and caused tumor growth inhibition and regression in xenograft models, demonstrating its potential as a targeted antitumor agent.

In late 2020, Exelixis exercised its option to in-license XL102 (formerly AUR102) from Aurigene per the companies’ July 2019 collaboration, option and license agreement. Exelixis has assumed responsibility for the future clinical development, manufacturing and commercialization of XL102. Aurigene retains limited development and commercial rights for India and Russia.

 

SYN

 

 

 

 

ABOUT Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs)

Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are involved in binding and storing hydrophobic ligands such as long-chain fatty acids, as well as transporting them to the appropriate compartments in the cell. Epidermal fatty acid-binding protein (FABP5) is an intracellular lipid-binding protein that is abundantly expressed in adipocytes and macrophages. Previous studies have revealed that the FABP5 expression level is closely related to malignancy in various types of cancer. However, its precise functions in the metabolisms of cancer cells remain unclear. Here, we revealed that FABP5 knockdown significantly induced downregulation of the genes expression, such as hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), elongation of long-chain fatty acid member 6 (Elovl6), and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1 (ACSL1), which are involved in altered lipid metabolism, lipolysis, and de novo FA synthesis in highly aggressive prostate and breast cancer cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that FABP5 induced inflammation and cytokine production through the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway activated by reactive oxygen species and protein kinase C in PC-3 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Thus, FABP5 might regulate lipid quality and/or quantity to promote aggressiveness such as cell growth, invasiveness, survival, and inflammation in prostate and breast cancer cells. In the present study, we have revealed for the first time that high expression of FABP5 plays a critical role in alterations of lipid metabolism, leading to cancer development and metastasis in highly aggressive prostate and breast cancer cells.

Fatty acid-binding protein, epidermal is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FABP5 gene

Function

This gene encodes the fatty acid binding protein found in epidermal cells, and was first identified as being upregulated in psoriasis tissue. Fatty acid binding proteins are a family of small, highly conserved, cytoplasmic proteins that bind long-chain fatty acids and other hydrophobic ligands. It is thought that FABPs roles include fatty acid uptake, transport, and metabolism.[6]

The phytocannabinoids (THC and CBD) inhibit endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) uptake by targeting FABP5, and competition for FABPs may in part or wholly explain the increased circulating levels of endocannabinoids reported after consumption of cannabinoids.[7] Results show that cannabinoids inhibit keratinocyte proliferation, and therefore support a potential role for cannabinoids in the treatment of psoriasis.[8]

Interactions

FABP5 has been shown to interact with S100A7.[

ABOUT CD47/SIRPa axis

CD47/SIRPa axis is established as a critical regulator of myeloid cell activation and serves as an immune checkpoint for macrophage mediated phagocytosis. Because of its frequent upregulation in several cancers, CD47 contributes to immune evasion and cancer progression. CD47 regulates phagocytosis primarily through interactions with SIRPla expressed on macrophages. Blockade of SIRPla/CD47 has been shown to dramatically enhance tumor cell phagocytosis and dendritic cells maturation for better antigen presentation leading to substantially improved antitumor responses in preclinical models of cancer (M. P. Chao et al. Curr Opin Immunol. 2012 (2): 225-232). Disruption of CD47-SIRPa interaction is now being evaluated as a therapeutic strategy for cancer with the use of monoclonal antibodies targeting CD47 or SIRPa and engineered receptor decoys.

 

CD47 is expressed on virtually all non-malignant cells, and blocking the CD47 or the loss of CD47 expression or changes in membrane distribution can serve as markers of aged or damaged cells, particularly on red blood cells (RBC). Alternatively, blocking SIRPa also allows engulfment of targets that are not normally phagocytosed, for those cells where pre-phagocytic signals are also present. CD47 is a broadly expressed transmembrane glycoprotein with a single Ig-like domain and five membrane- spanning regions, which functions as a cellular ligand for SIRPa with binding mediated through the NH2-terminal V-like domain of SIRPa. SIRPa is expressed primarily on myeloid cells, including macrophages, granulocytes, myeloid dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells, and their precursors, including hematopoietic stem cells.

 

CD47 is also constitutively upregulated on a number of cancers such as Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL), Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), breast, colon, glioblastoma, glioma, ovarian, bladder and prostate cancers, etc. Overexpression of CD47 by tumor cells, which efficiently helps them to escape immune surveillance and killing by innate immune cells. However, in most of the tumor types, blockade of the CD47-SIRPa interaction as a single agent may not be capable of inducing significant phagocytosis and antitumor immunity, necessitating the need to combine with other therapeutic agents. The concomitant engagement of activating receptors such as Fc-receptors (FcRs) or other prophagocytic receptors (collectively known as “eat-me” signals) may be necessary for exploiting the maximum potential of the CD-47-SIPRa pathway blockade.

 

The role of engagement of prophagocytic receptors is proved by inefficiency to trigger phagocytosis either by anti-CD47 F(ab) fragments, single chain variable fragments of CD-47 or non-Fc portion- containing SIRPa proteins in blocking of the CD47-SIRPa interaction. When activating prophagocytic receptors are engaged, as evident in the case of using Fc portion-containing blocking anti-CD47 antibodies, CD47- SIRPa blockade is able to trigger more efficient phagocytosis. Combining CD47-SIRPa blocking agents with therapeutic antibodies (Fc-containing) targeting tumor antigens stimulate activating Fc receptors (FcRs) leading to efficient phagocytosis. The Fc portion of therapeutic antibody targeting tumor antigen also induces antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which also adds to the therapeutic efficacy. Hence antibodies selected from the group consisting of rituximab, herceptin, trastuzumab, alemtuzumab, bevacizumab, cetuximab and panitumumab, daratumumab due to its tumor targeting nature and ADCC, can trigger more efficient phagocytosis.

 

Earlier approaches to disrupt CD47- SIRPa interaction utilized monoclonal antibodies targeting CD47 or SIRPa and engineered receptor decoys fused to Fc fragment. However, a concern with this approach is that CD47 is highly expressed on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic normal cells. Hence along with tumor cells CD47-SIRPa blocking agents containing Fc-portion may also target many normal cells potentially leading to their elimination by macrophages. The interaction of blocking antibodies with normal cells is considered as a major safety issue resulting in anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. These agents may also affect solid tissues rich in macrophages such as liver, lung, and brain. Hence it may be ideal to block the CD47- SIRPa interaction by agents devoid of Fc portion, such as small

 

molecules, peptides, Fab fragments etc. while activating prophagocytic receptors in tumor cells by appropriate combinations to induce efficient phagocytosis of tumor cells.

 

Apart from Fc Receptors, a number of other prophagocytic receptors are also reported to promote engulfment of tumor cells in response to CD47-SIRPa blockade by triggering the phagocytosis. These include receptors for SLAMF7, Mac-l, calreticulin and possibly yet to identified receptors. B cell tumor lines such as Raji and other diffuse large B cell lymphoma express SLAMF7 and are implicated in triggering prophagocytic signals during CD47-SIRPa blockade.

 

Therapeutic agents known to activate prophagocytic receptors are also therefore ideal partners for use in combination with CD47-SIRPa blocking agents to achieve efficient phagocytosis. These agents include proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib, ixazomib and carfilzomib), Anthracyclines (Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, Daunorubicin, Idarubicin, Mitoxantrone) Oxaliplatin, Cyclophosphamide, Bleomycin, Vorinostat, Paclitaxel, 5-Fluorouracil, Cytarabine, BRAF inhibitory drugs (Dabrafenib, Vemurafenib), PI3K inhibitor, Docetaxel, Mitomycin C, Sorafenib, Tamoxifen and oncolytic viruses.

 

Apart from the specific agents known to have effect on‘eat me’ signals other agents including Abiraterone acetate, Afatinib, Aldesleukin, Aldesleukin, Alemtuzumab, Anastrozole, Axitinib, Belinostat, Bendamustine, Bicalutamide, Blinatumomab, Bosutinib, Brentuximab, Busulfan, Cabazitaxel, Capecitabine, Carboplatin, Carfilzomib, Carmustine, Ceritinib, Clofarabine, Crizotinib, Dacarbazine, Dactinomycin, Dasatinib, Degarelix, Denileukin, Denosumab, Enzalutamide, Eribulin, Erlotinib, Everolimus, Exemestane, Exemestane, Fludarabine, Fulvestrant, Gefitinib, Goserelin, Ibritumomab, Imatinib, Ipilimumab, Irinotecan, Ixabepilone, Lapatinib, Lenalidomide, Letrozole, Leucovorin, Leuprolide, Lomustine, Mechlorethamine, Megestrol, Nelarabine, Nilotinib, Nivolumab, Olaparib, Omacetaxine, Palbociclib, Pamidronate, Panitumumab, Panobinostat, Pazopanib, Pegaspargase, Pembrolizumab, Pemetrexed Disodium, Pertuzumab, Plerixafor, Pomalidomide, Ponatinib, Pralatrexate, Procarbazine, Radium 223, Ramucirumab, Regorafenib, rIFNa-2b, Romidepsin, Sunitinib, Temozolomide, Temsirolimus, Thiotepa, Tositumomab, Trametinib, Vinorelbine, Methotrexate, Ibrutinib, Aflibercept, Toremifene, Vinblastine, Vincristine, Idelalisib, Mercaptopurine and Thalidomide could potentially have effect on‘eat me’ signal pathway on combining with CD-47-SIRPa blocking agents.

 

In addition to the therapeutic agents mentioned above, other treatment modalities that are in use in cancer therapy also activate prophagocytic receptors, and thus can be combined with CD47-SIRPa blocking agents to achieve efficient phagocytosis. These include Hypericin-based photodynamic therapy (Hyp-PDT), radiotherapy, High-hydrostatic pressure, Photofrin-based PDT and Rose Bengal acetate -based PDT.

 

However, there is an unmet need for combining small molecule CD-47-SIRPa pathway inhibitors with agents capable of stimulating activating receptors such as Fc-receptors (FcRs) or other prophagocytic receptors, or combining with other treatment modalities that are in use in cancer therapy to activate prophagocytic receptors for exploiting the maximum potential of the CD-47- SIRPa pathway blockade.

 

CLIP

 

Exelixis In-Licenses Second Anti-Cancer Compound from Aurigene Following FDA Acceptance of Investigational New Drug Application for Phase 1 Clinical Trial in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

 

– Robust preclinical data support Exelixis’ clinical development of XL114, with phase 1 trial in Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma expected to begin in the coming months –

 

– Exelixis will make an option exercise payment of $10 million to Aurigene –

 

https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20211014005549/en/Exelixis-In-Licenses-Second-Anti-Cancer-Compound-from-Aurigene-Following-FDA-Acceptance-of-Investigational-New-Drug-Application-for-Phase-1-Clinical-Trial-in-Non-Hodgkin%E2%80%99s-LymphomaOctober 14, 2021 08:00 AM Eastern Daylight Time

 

ALAMEDA, Calif.–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Exelixis, Inc. (Nasdaq: EXEL) and Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited (Aurigene) today announced that Exelixis has exercised its exclusive option under the companies’ July 2019 agreement to in-license XL114 (formerly AUR104), a novel anti-cancer compound that inhibits the CARD11-BCL10-MALT1 (CBM) signaling pathway, which promotes lymphocyte survival and proliferation. Exelixis has now assumed responsibility for the future clinical development, commercialization and global manufacturing of XL114. Following the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) recent acceptance of its Investigational New Drug (IND) application, Exelixis will soon initiate a phase 1 clinical trial evaluating XL114 monotherapy in patients with Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). At the American Association of Cancer Research Annual Meeting in April of this year, Aurigene presented preclinical data (Abstract 1266) demonstrating that XL114 exhibited potent anti-proliferative activity in a large panel of cancer cell lines ranging from hematological cancers to solid tumors with excellent selectivity over normal cells. In addition, oral dosing of XL114 resulted in significant dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and colon carcinoma models.

 

“We are pleased that our agreement with Aurigene has generated a second promising compound that warrants advancement into clinical development and believe the collaboration will continue to play an important role in expanding our pipeline”

 

XL114 is the second molecule that Exelixis in-licensed from Aurigene under the companies’ July 2019 collaboration, option and license agreement. Exelixis previously exercised its option to in-license XL102, a potent, selective and orally bioavailable inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7), from Aurigene in December 2020 and initiated a phase 1 trial of XL102 as a single agent and in combination with other anti-cancer agents in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors in January 2021.

 

“We are pleased that our agreement with Aurigene has generated a second promising compound that warrants advancement into clinical development and believe the collaboration will continue to play an important role in expanding our pipeline,” said Peter Lamb, Ph.D., Executive Vice President, Scientific Strategy and Chief Scientific Officer, Exelixis. “XL114 has shown potent anti-proliferative activity in lymphoma cell lines that have aberrant activation of the CBM signaling pathway and may have a differentiated profile and potential as a best-in-class molecule that could improve outcomes for patients with Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and other hematologic cancers.”

 

XL114 was identified to have anti-proliferative activity in cell lines with constitutive activation of CBM signaling, including activated B-cell-like DLBCL (ABC-DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma cell lines. Further characterization of XL114 in cell-based assays demonstrated a functional role in B-cell (BCR) signaling pathways. Additionally, XL114 showed dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition in an ABC-DLBCL mouse xenograft tumor model. In preclinical development, XL114 also demonstrated a high degree of selectivity against a broad safety pharmacology panel of enzymes and receptors. While the precise molecular mechanism underlying XL114’s function in repressing BCR signaling and MALT1 activation has yet to be characterized, the fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5) has been identified as a prominent XL114-binding target.

 

“XL114 is the second molecule that Exelixis has opted to in-license under our July 2019 agreement, underscoring the significant potential of our approach to the discovery and preclinical development of innovative cancer therapies that target novel mechanisms of action,” said Murali Ramachandra, Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer, Aurigene. “Exelixis has a track record of success in the clinical development and commercialization of anti-cancer therapies that provide patients with important new treatment options, and we are pleased that the continued advancement of XL114 will be supported by the company’s extensive clinical, regulatory and commercialization infrastructure.”

 

Under the terms of the July 2019 agreement, Exelixis made an upfront payment of $10 million for exclusive options to obtain an exclusive license from Aurigene to three preexisting programs, including the compounds now known as XL102 and XL114. In addition, Exelixis and Aurigene initiated three Aurigene-led drug discovery programs on mutually agreed upon targets, in exchange for an additional upfront payment of $2.5 million per program. The collaboration was expanded in 2021 to include three additional early discovery programs. Exelixis is also contributing research funding to Aurigene to facilitate discovery and preclinical development work on all nine programs. Exelixis may exercise its option for a program at any time up until the first IND for the program becomes effective. Having exercised options on two programs thus far (XL102 and XL114), if and when Exelixis exercises a future option, it will make an option exercise payment to Aurigene and assume responsibility for that program’s future clinical development and commercialization including global manufacturing. To exercise its option for XL114, Exelixis will make an option exercise payment to Aurigene of $10 million. Once Exelixis exercises its option for a program, Aurigene will be eligible for clinical development, regulatory and sales milestones, as well as royalties on future potential sales of the compound. Under the terms of the agreement, Aurigene retains limited development and commercial rights for India and Russia.

 

About Aurigene

 

Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited is a development stage biotech company engaged in discovery and clinical development of novel and best-in-class therapies to treat cancer and inflammatory diseases and a wholly owned subsidiary of Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. (BSE: 500124, NSE: DRREDDY, NYSE: RDY, NSEIFSC: DRREDDY). Aurigene is focused on precision-oncology, oral immune checkpoint inhibitors, and the Th-17 pathway. Aurigene’s programs currently in clinical development include an oral ROR-gamma inhibitor AUR101 for moderate to severe psoriasis in phase 2 under a U.S. FDA IND and a PD-L1/VISTA antagonist CA-170 for non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer in phase 2b/3 in India. Additionally, Aurigene has multiple compounds at different stages of pre-clinical development. Aurigene has also partnered with several large and mid-pharma companies in the U.S. and Europe and has multiple programs in clinical development. For more information, please visit Aurigene’s website at www.aurigene.com.

 

About Exelixis

 

Founded in 1994, Exelixis, Inc. (Nasdaq: EXEL) is a commercially successful, oncology-focused biotechnology company that strives to accelerate the discovery, development and commercialization of new medicines for difficult-to-treat cancers. Following early work in model system genetics, we established a broad drug discovery and development platform that has served as the foundation for our continued efforts to bring new cancer therapies to patients in need. Our discovery efforts have resulted in four commercially available products, CABOMETYX® (cabozantinib), COMETRIQ® (cabozantinib), COTELLIC® (cobimetinib) and MINNEBRO® (esaxerenone), and we have entered into partnerships with leading pharmaceutical companies to bring these important medicines to patients worldwide. Supported by revenues from our marketed products and collaborations, we are committed to prudently reinvesting in our business to maximize the potential of our pipeline. We are supplementing our existing therapeutic assets with targeted business development activities and internal drug discovery – all to deliver the next generation of Exelixis medicines and help patients recover stronger and live longer. Exelixis is a member of the Standard & Poor’s (S&P) MidCap 400 index, which measures the performance of profitable mid-sized companies. In November 2020, the company was named to Fortune’s 100 Fastest-Growing Companies list for the first time, ranking 17th overall and the third-highest biopharmaceutical company. For more information about Exelixis, please visit www.exelixis.com, follow @ExelixisInc on Twitter or like Exelixis, Inc. on Facebook.

 

Dinesh Chikkanna
 

Dinesh Chikkanna

Director, Medicinal Chemistry Aurigene Discovery Technologies
Murali Ramachandra
 

Murali Ramachandra

CEO at Aurigene Discovery Technologies
str1

CLIP

https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/81/13_Supplement/1266

Abstract 1266: Discovery and preclinical evaluation of a novel covalent inhibitor of FABP5 for cancer therapy

Dinesh ChikkannaLeena Khare SatyamSunil Kumar PnaigrahiVinayak KhairnarManoj PothugantiLakshmi Narayan KazaNarasimha Raju KalidindiVijaya Shankar NatarajAditya Kiran GattaNarasimha Rao KrishnamurthySandeep PatilDS SamiullaKiran AithalVijay Kamal AhujaNirbhay Kumar TiwariKB CharamannnaPravin PiseThomas AnthonyKavitha NelloreSanjeev GiriShekar ChelurSusanta Samajdar and Murali Ramachandra
 
 
Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2021; April 10-15, 2021 and May 17-21, 2021; Philadelphia, PA

Abstract

Dysregulated fatty acid metabolism is thought to be a hallmark of cancer, wherein fatty acids function both as an energy source and as signals for enzymatic and transcriptional networks contributing to malignancy. Fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5) is an intracellular protein that facilitates transport of fatty acids and plays a role in regulating the expression of genes associated with cancer progression such as cell growth, survival, and metastasis. Overexpression of FABP5 has been reported to contribute to an aggressive phenotype and a poor survival correlation in several cancers. Therefore, inhibition of FABP5 is considered as a therapeutic approach for cancers. Phenotypic screening of a library of covalent compounds for selective sensitivity of cancer cells followed by medicinal chemistry optimization resulted in the identification of AUR104 with desirable properties. Chemoproteomic-based target deconvolution revealed FABP5 as the cellular target of AUR104. Covalent adduct formation with Cys43 of FABP5 by AUR104 was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Target occupancy studies using a biotin-tagged AUR104 demonstrated potent covalent binding to FABP5 in both cell-free and cellular conditions. Ligand displacement assay with a fluorescent fatty acid probe confirmed the competitive binding mode of AUR104 with fatty acids. Binding at the fatty acid site and covalent bond formation with Cys43 were also demonstrated by crystallography. Furthermore, AUR104 showed a high degree of selectivity against a broad safety pharmacology panel of enzymes and receptors. AUR104 exhibited potent anti-proliferative activity in a large panel of cell lines derived from both hematological and solid cancers with a high degree of selectivity over normal cells. Anti-proliferative activity in lymphoma cell lines correlated with inhibition of MALT1 pathway activity, cleavage of RelB/Bcl10 and secretion of cytokines, IL-10 and IL-6. AUR104 displayed desirable drug-like properties and dose-dependent oral exposure in pharmacokinetic studies. Oral dosing with AUR104 resulted in dose-dependent anti-tumor activity in DLBCL (OCI-LY10) and NSCLC (NCI-H1975) xenograft models. In a repeated dose MTD studies in rodents and non-rodents, AUR104 showed good tolerability with an exposure multiple of >500 over cellular EC50 for up to 8 hours. In summary, we have identified a novel covalent FABP5 inhibitor with optimized properties that showed anti-tumor activity in in vitro and in vivo models with acceptable safety profile. The data presented here strongly support clinical development of AUR104.

Citation Format: Dinesh Chikkanna, Leena Khare Satyam, Sunil Kumar Pnaigrahi, Vinayak Khairnar, Manoj Pothuganti, Lakshmi Narayan Kaza, Narasimha Raju Kalidindi, Vijaya Shankar Nataraj, Aditya Kiran Gatta, Narasimha Rao Krishnamurthy, Sandeep Patil, DS Samiulla, Kiran Aithal, Vijay Kamal Ahuja, Nirbhay Kumar Tiwari, KB Charamannna, Pravin Pise, Thomas Anthony, Kavitha Nellore, Sanjeev Giri, Shekar Chelur, Susanta Samajdar, Murali Ramachandra. Discovery and preclinical evaluation of a novel covalent inhibitor of FABP5 for cancer therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1266.

 

Patent

US20200147054 – COMBINATION OF SMALL MOLECULE CD-47 INHIBITORS WITH OTHER ANTI-CANCER AGENTS

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=US294690878&tab=NATIONALBIBLIO

Muralidhara Ramachandra
Pottayil Govindan Nair Sasikumar
Girish Chandrappa Daginakatte
Kiran Aithal Balkudru

 

PATENT

 

WO 2020095256

 

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2020095256

 

 

Example- 1: The synthetic procedures for the preparation of compounds described in the present invention were described in co-pending Indian provisional patent application 201841001438 dated 12* Jan 2018, which is converted as PCT application

 

PCT/IB2019/050219, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

 

str1

 

PATENT

 

WO 2018178947

 

 

PATENT

 

WO 2019138367

 

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2019138367

 

PATENT

 

WO 2019073399

 

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2019073399A1/en

 

Priority to IN201741036169

 

Example 4 of WO 2015/033299

 

Figure imgf000002_0001

 

Figure imgf000003_0002

 

PATENT

 

https://patents.google.com/patent/BR112020014202A2/en

 

wdt-16

 

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Anthony Melvin Crasto Ph.D – India | LinkedIn

 

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PATENT

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2019142126&_fid=IN306692801

The present invention relates to substituted alkynylene compounds represented by compound of formula (I) pharmaceutically acceptable salts and stereoisomers thereof. The present invention further provides the methods of preparation of compound of formula (I) and therapeutic uses thereof as anti-cancer agents.

Patent

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=US248874724&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION

Example 1

(((S)-4-amino-1-(3-((S)-1,5-diaminopentyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-4-oxobutyl)carbamoyl)-L-proline (Compound 1)

      
 (MOL) (CDX)

Synthesis of Compound 1 b

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      Ethylchloroformate (2.47 mL, 25.9 mmol) and NMM (2.9 mL, 25.9 mmol) were added to a solution of compound 1a (6.0 g, 17.3 mmol) in THF (60 mL) and stirred at −20° C. for 20 min. After 20 minutes 25% of aq.ammonia (24 mL) was added to the active mixed anhydride resulting from the reaction and the reaction mass was stirred at 0-5° C. for 30 min. The completeness of the reaction was confirmed by TLC analysis. The volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure and partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with NaHCO solution followed by citric acid solution and brine solution. The separated organic layer was dried over Na 2SO 4, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure to yield 5.6 g of compound 1 b. LCMS: 346.4 [M+H] +.

Synthesis of Compound 1C

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      Trifluroacetic anhydride (6.85 mL, 48.6 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 1b (5.6 g, 16.2 mmol), pyridine (7.84 mL, 97.2 mmol) in DCM (60 mL) at 0° C. and stirred at room temperature for an hour. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC analysis. The volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure and partitioned between water and CH 2Cl 2. The organic layer was washed with NaHCO solution followed by citric acid and brine solution. The separated organic layer was dried over Na 2SO 4, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure to yield 5.42 g of compound 1c, which was used for next step directly.

Synthesis of Compound 1d

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (3.43 g, 49.5 mmol), water (10 mL) and K 2CO (4.54 g, 32.9 mmol) were added to a solution of compound 1c (5.4 g, 16.5 mmol) in EtOH (60 mL) and stirred at room temperature for overnight. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC analysis. After the completion of reaction, the compound from the water was extracted by using the CH 2Cl followed washing the organic layer with water, brine and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 5.8 g of compound 1d. LCMS: 361.3 [M+H] +.

Synthesis of Compound 1f

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      HOBt (3.24 g, 24.0 mmol) and DIC (3.36 mL, 24.0 mmol) were added to a solution of Fmoc-Gln(Trt)-OH (compound 1e) (9.83 g, 16.1 mmol) in DMF (100 mL) at 0° C. and stirred for 15 min. Compound 1d (5.8 g, 16.1 mmol) was added to the reaction mass at the same temperature and the resulting mixture was stirred for an hour at the same temperature, followed by stirring at room temperature for an additional 2 h. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC analysis. The reaction mixture was quenched with ice water; precipitated white solid was filtered; washed with water (150 mL) and dried under high under reduced pressure to yield 8.62 g of compound 1f. LCMS: 953.7 [M+H] +.

Synthesis of Compound 1g

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      Acetic acid (5 mL) was added to a solution of compound 1f (5.0 g, 5.0 mmol) in acetonitrile (50 ml) at room temperature and the reaction mass was refluxed at 85° C. for 12 h. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC analysis. The volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain crude semi solid which was diluted with water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with NaHCO solution followed by citric acid and brine solution. The organic layer was dried over Na 2SO 4; filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain crude solid. Compound was purified using column chromatography to yield 4.3 g of title compound. LCMS: 935.6 [M+H] +.

Synthesis of Compound 1h

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      Compound 1g (4.3 g, 4.5 mmol) was added to a solution of 20% piperidine in DMF (20 mL) at 0° C. and the reaction mass was stirred at same temperature for an hour. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC analysis. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with ice-cold water and the resulting white precipitate was filtered and dried under vacuum. The crude product obtained was diluted with hexane, stirred and filtered to yield 3.0 g of compound 1h. LCMS: 713.4 [M+H] +.

Synthesis of Compound 1i

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      Pyridine (0.33 mL, 4.2 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 1h (1.5 g, 2.1 mmol) in CH 2Cl (15 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (0.84 g, 4.2 mmol) in CH 2Cl (15 mL) was added to the above mixture and the resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature for an hour. After completion of reaction (confirmed by TLC), it was diluted with CH 2Cl (50 mL) and washed with water (100 mL×2), 1N HCl (100 mL×2), water followed by brine solution (100 mL×2). The organic layer was dried over Na 2SO 4; filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure to yield 0.72 g compound 1i, which was taken to the next step without any further purification. LCMS: 878.9 [M-100].

Synthesis of compound 1j

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      TEA (0.34 mL, 2.46 mm) was added to a solution of H-Pro-O tBu.HCl (0.21 g, 1.23 mmol) and compound 1i (0.72 g, 0.82 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 12 h. The volatiles were evaporated and portioned between ethyl acetate and water. The reaction mixture was diluted with ice cold water and extracted with EtOAc. The Organic layer was separated and dried over Na 2SO and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude compound obtained was purified by column chromatography and compound elutes in 50% of ethyl acetate in hexane. Yield: 0.5 g of compound 1j. LCMS: 910.6 [M+H] +.

Synthesis of Compound 1

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      Compound 1j (0.5 g, 0.55 mmol) was added to a cocktail mixture (10 m L) of TFA:TIPS:H 2O (95:2.5:2.5) and was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The resulting reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure, diluted with diethyl ether and filtered to yield 0.2 g of crude compound 1. The crude solid material was purified by preparative HPLC method described under experimental conditions. LCMS: 412.2 [M+H] +. HPLC t (min): 9.6.

 

Example 2

(S)-4-(3-((S)-1-amino-4-guanidinobutyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-4-(3-((S)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl) ureido)butanoic acid (Compound 7)

      
 (MOL) (CDX)

Synthesis of Compound 2b

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      Ethylchloroformate (1.75 mL, 18.23 mmol) and NMM (2.0 mL, 18.23 mmol) were added into a solution of compound 2a (8.0 g, 15.18 mmol) in THF (45 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 20 min. After 20 minutes 25% of aqueous ammonia (25 mL) was added to the active mixed anhydride generated and stirred at 0-5° C. for 30 min. The completeness of the reaction was confirmed by TLC analysis. The volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure and partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with NaHCO solution followed by citric acid solution and brine solution. The separated organic layer was dried over Na 2SO 4, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure to yield 7.1 g of compound 2b. LCMS: 526.3 [M+H] +.

Synthesis of Compound 2c

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      Trifluroacetic anhydride (TFAA) (2.83 mL, 20.26 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 2b (7.1 g, 13.51 mmol) in pyridine (7.08 g, 87.80 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC analysis. The volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure and partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with citric acid and brine solution. The separated organic layer was dried over Na 2SO 4, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude solid was purified via column chromatography (60-120 silicagel) to yield 5.8 g of compound 2c. LCMS: 508.3 [M+H] +.

Synthesis of Compound 2d

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.56 g, 22.50 mmol), water (30 mL) and potassium carbonate (3.11 g, 11.25 mmol) were added to a solution of compound 2c (5.8 g, 11.25 mmol) in EtOH (60 mL) and stirred at 90° C. for 3 h. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC analysis. The volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure and partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine solution, dried over Na 2SO then filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure, the solid obtained was washed with 20% ethyl acetate to yield 6.1 g of compound 2d. LCMS: 541.3 [M+H] +.

Synthesis of Compound 2f

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      HOBt (2.28 g, 16.9 mmol) and DIC (2.62 mL, 16.9 mmol) were added to a solution of Fmoc-Glu(O tBu)-OH (compound 2e) (4.0 g, 9.02 mmol) in DMF (60 mL) at 0° C. and the resulting mixture was stirred for 15 min. Then compound 2d (6.1 g, 11.28 mmol) was added to the above mixture at the same temperature and the reaction mixture was continued stirring for an hour and then at room temperature for 2 h. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC analysis. The reaction mixture was quenched with ice cold water, the precipitated white solid was filtered, washed with water (150 mL) and dried under high under reduced pressure. The solid was taken into 10% MeOH in DCM and washed the organic layer with 10% NaHCO 3, water and brine solution. The organic layer was dried over Na 2SO and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 8.0 g of compound 2f. LCMS: 948.7 [M+H] +.

Synthesis of Compound 2g

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      Acetic acid (7 mL) was added to a solution of compound 2f (7.0 g, 7.38 mmol) in THF (70 ml) at room temperature and the resulting mixture was refluxed at 70° C. for 12 h. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC analysis. The volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain crude semi solid which was diluted with water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with NaHCO solution followed by brine solution. The organic layer was dried over Na 2SO 4, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure to get crude solid. The compound was purified by column chromatography (60-120 silicagel) to yield 5.4 g of compound 2g. LCMS: 930.5 [M+H] +.

Synthesis of Compound 2h

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      Compound 2g (5.4 g, 5.80 mmol) was added to a solution of 50% piperidine in DMF (20 mL) at 0° C. and stirred at same temperature for 2 h. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC analysis. The reaction mass was quenched with water (100 mL), the resulted precipitate was filtered. The solid obtained was dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed the organic layer with 10% NaHCO 3, water and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na 2SO and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product obtained was diluted with hexane and the resulted precipitate was filtered followed by washing with hexane to obtain 3.0 g of compound 2h. LCMS 708.6 [M+H] +.

Synthesis of Compound 2i

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      Pyridine (0.75 mL, 9.3 mmol) was added to a solution of H-Phe-O tBu.HCl (2.0 g, 7.75 mmol) in CH 2Cl (20 mL) was added pyridine and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. To this reaction mixture a solution of 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (1.87 g, 9.30 mmol) in CH 2Cl (20 mL) was added and the resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. After completion of reaction (confirmed by TLC) it was diluted with CH 2Cl (50 mL) and washed with water (100 mL×2), 10% citric acid (100 mL×2), water (100 mL), followed by brine solution (100 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na 2SO 4, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure to yield 1.7 g compound 2i, which was taken to the next step without any further purification.

Synthesis of Compound 2j

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      TEA (0.29 mL, 2.1 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 2h (1.0 g, 1.41 mmol) and compound 2i (0.54 g, 1.41 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 3 h. The volatiles were evaporated and portioned between EtOAc and water. The reaction mixture was diluted with ice cold water and extracted with EtOAc followed by washing with 10% K 2CO (100 mL×4), water and brine solution. Organic layer separated and dried over Na 2SO and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product obtained was diluted with hexane and the resulted precipitate was filtered followed by washing with hexane yielded 0.98 g of compound 2j. LCMS: 955.6 [M+H] +.

Synthesis of Compound 7

      
 (MOL) (CDX)
      Compound 2j (0.5 g, 5.2 mmol) was added to cocktail mixture (5 m L) of trifluoroacetic: TIPS: water (95:2.5:2.5). The cleavage solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The resulting reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure, diluted with diethyl ether and filtered to yield 0.34 g of crude compound 2. The crude solid material was purified by preparative HPLC method as described under experimental conditions. LCMS: 491.1 [M+H] +. HPLC t R: (min): 11.1

PATENT

 

WO 2015/033299

 

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2015033299A1/en?oq=WO+2015%2f033299

 

Pottayil Govindan Nair SasikumarMuralidhara RamachandraSeetharamaiah Setty Sudarshan Naremaddepalli

 

Figure imgf000024_0001

 

Example 1: Synthesis of Compound 1

 

Figure imgf000019_0001

 

Step la:

 

Figure imgf000019_0002

 

Ethylchloroformate (1.5 g, 13.78 mniol) and N-Methylmorpholine ( 1.4 g, 13.78 mmol) were added to a solution of compound la (3 g, 11.48 mmol) in THE (30 mL) arid stirred at -20 °C. After 20 min. Liquid ammonia (0.77 g, 45.92 mmol) was added to the active mixed anhydride formed in- situ and stirred at 0-5 °C for 20 min. The completeness of the reaction was confirmed by TLC analysis. The reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure and partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. Organic layer was washed with NaHCOs, citric acid, brine solution, dried over Na2S04 and evaporated under reduced pressure to get 2.9 g of compound lb (Yield: 96.3%). LCMS: 261.0 ( Vi+H ; .

 

Step lb:

 

Figure imgf000020_0001

 

1 b 1cTrifluroacetic anhydride (9.7 g, 46.0 mmol) was added to a solution of compound lb (8 g, 30.7 mmol) in pyridine (24.3 g, 307.0 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The completeness of the reaction was confirmed by TLC analysis. The reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure and partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. Organic layer was washed with NaHCO?,, citric acid, brine solution, dried over Na2-S04 and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford 7 g of compound lc (Yield: 94.0%). LCMS: 187.2 (M-¾u )+.

 

Step lc:

 

Figure imgf000020_0002

 

1 c 1dHydroxylamine hydrochloride (3 g, 43.37 mmol) and potassium carbonate (6 g, 43.37 mmol) were added to a solution of compound lc (7 g, 28.91 mmol) in EtOH (70 m L) and stirred at 90 °C for 2 h. The completeness of the reaction was confirmed by TLC analysis. The reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure and partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. Organic layer was washed with brine solution, dried over Na2S04 and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude compound was purified by silica gel column chromatography (Eluent: 0-5% ethyl acetate in hexane) to get 4.2 g of compound Id (Yield: 52.8%). LCMS: 276.4 (M+H)+.Step Id:

 

Figure imgf000021_0001

 

Deoxo-Fluor® (1.83 g, 8.3 mmol) was added to a solution of Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OH (4.5 g, 7.5 mmol) in CH2Q2 (50 mL) and stirred at 0 °C for 3 h. Then CH2CI2 was evaporated and triturated with hexane, decanted and evaporated under vacuum to get the corresponding acid fluoride. NMM (1.17 g, 1 1.6 mmol) and compound Id (1.6 g, 5.8 mmol) in THF were added to the acid fluoride and stirred at room temperature for 12 h. Then THF was evaporated and sodium acetate (0.72 g, 8.7 mmol) was added followed by EtOH (50 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 90 °C for 2 h. The completeness of the reaction was confirmed by TLC analysis. The reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure and partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. Organic layer was washed with NaHCOa, citric acid, brine solution, dried over Na2S04 and evaporated under reduced pressure, which was further purified by silica gel column chromatography (Eluent: 0-5% ethyl acetate in hexane) to afford 2.8 g of compound le (Yield: 44.4%). LCMS: 836.4 (M+Hf .Step le:

 

Ph3

 

Figure imgf000021_0002

 

To compound le (2.3 g, 2.7 mmol) in CH2CI2 (10 mL) diethyiarnine (10 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The resulting solution was concentrated in vacuum to get gummy residue. The crude compound was purified by neutral alumina column chromatography (Eluent: 0-50% ethyl acetate in hexane then 0-5% methanol in chloroform) to get 1.4 g of If (Yield: 90 %). LCMS: 636.5 (M+Na)+.

 

Figure imgf000022_0001

 

1f 1To a solution of compound If (0.45 g) in CH2CI2 (5 mL), trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL) and catalytic amount of triisopropylsilane were added and stirred for 3 h at room temperature to remove the acid sensitive protecting groups. The resulting solution was concentrated in vacuum to afford 0.29 g of crude compound 1 which was purified using prep-HPLC method described under experimental conditions. \H NMR (DMSQ-d6, 400 MHz): δ 2.58 (m, 2H), 3.53 (m, 3H), 3.91 (t, 1H), 4.36 (t, 1H), 6.91 (s, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H); 1 C NMR (DMSO-de, 400 MHz): δ 20.85, 45.71 , 50.23, 65.55, 171.03, 171 .41, 181.66. LCMS: 216.2 (Μ+ΗΓ; HPLC: tR = 13.1 min.Example 2: Synthesis of Co

 

Figure imgf000022_0002

 

Step 2a:

 

Figure imgf000022_0003

 

1f2a

 

The urea linkage was carried out by the coupling compound If (2.7 g, 4.39 mmoi) in THF (30 mL) at room temperature with compound 2b (1.67 g, 4.39 mmoi). The coupling was initiated by the addition of TEA (0.9 g, 8.78 mmoi) in THF (10 m L) and the resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature. After completion of 20 h, THF was evaporated from the reaction mass, and partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. Organic layer was washed with water, brine, dried over Na2S04 and evaporated under reduced pressure to get compound 2a, which was further purified by silica gel column chromatography (Fluent: 0-50% ethyl acetate in hexane) to afford 3.46 g of compound 2a (Yield: 92.10%). LCMS 857.4 (M+H)+.

 

Figure imgf000023_0001

 

2aTo a solution of compound 2a (0.22 g, 0.25 mmol) in 0¾ί¾ (5 m L), trifluoroaeetic acid (5 mL) and catalytic amount of triisopropyisilane were added and stirred for 3h at room, temperature. The resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain 0.35 g of crude compound. The crude solid material was purified using preparative- HPLC method described under experimental conditions. LCMS: 347.1 (M+H)+; HPLC: tR = 12.9 min.

 

Synthesis of

 

Figure imgf000023_0002

 

2bTo the compound H-Ser(tBu)-OiBu (2 g, 9.2 mmol) in C I I■(.{■ (20 mL), triethylamine (1.39 g, 13.8 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 5-10 min. To this mixture, solution of 4-Nitrophenyl chioro formate (2.22 g, 11.04 mmol) in CH2CI2 was added and the resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC analysis. After completion of reaction, reaction mixture was diluted with CH2CI2 and washed with water and 5.0 M citric acid solution, dried over Na2SC>4 and evaporated under reduced pressure to get crude compound 2b, which was further purified by silica gel column chromatography (Eiuent: 0-20% ethyl acetate in hexane) to yield 2.1 g (58.9%) of 2b.Example 3: Synthesis of Compound 3

 

Figure imgf000023_0003

 

The compound was synthesised using similar procedure as depicted in Example 1 (compound 1) and D-amino acids are linked up in reverse order. Boc-D-Thr(‘Bu)-OH was used in place of Boc-Ser(‘Bu)-OH (compound la, Example 1) and Fmoc-D- Asn(trt)-OH in place of Fmoc-Asn(trt)-OH to yield 0.15 g crude material of the title compound 3. LCMS: 230.1 (M+H)+.Example 4: Synthesis of Co

 

Figure imgf000024_0001

 

The compound was synthesised using similar procedure as depicted in Example 2 for synthesising compound 2 using

 

Figure imgf000024_0002

 

instead of H-Ser(‘Bu)-0’Bu (in synthesis of compound 2b) to yield 0.35 g crude material of the title compound. The crude solid material was purified using preparative HPLC described under experimental conditions. LCMS: 361.2 (M+H)+, HPLC: tR = 12.19 min.Example 5: Synthesis of

 

Figure imgf000024_0003

 

The compound was synthesised using similar procedure as depicted in Example 4 (compound 4) using D-amino acids are linked up in reverse order. Boc-D-Thr(‘Bu)-OH was used in place of Boc-Ser(‘Bu)-OH, Fmoc-D-Asn(trt)-OH in place of Fmoc-Asn(trt)- OH and H-D-Ser(‘Bu)-0’Bu was used in place of H-Thr^Bu^O’Bu to yield 0.3 g crude material of the title compound. The cmde solid material was purified using preparative HPLC described under experimental conditions. LCMS: 361.3 (M+H)+. HPLC: tR = 13.58 min.Example 6: Synthesis of Compound 6

 

Figure imgf000024_0004

 

The compound was synthesised using similar procedure as depicted in Example 2 by using H-Thr(‘Bu)-OMe instead of H-Ser(‘Bu)-0’Bu (in synthesis of compound 2b) to yield 0.2 g crude material of the title compound. The crude solid material was purified using preparative HPLC described under experimental conditions. LCMS: 375.1 (M+H)+, HPLC: tR = 1.84 min.Example 7: Synthesis of Compound 7

 

Figure imgf000025_0001

 

Step 7a:

 

Figure imgf000025_0002

 

1f7aThe compound 7a was synthesised using similar procedure as for compound 2a (Example 2, step 2a) using H-Thr(‘Bu)-OMe instead of H-Ser(‘Bu)-OtBu to get crude material which was further purified by silica gel column chromatography (Eluent: 0-50% ethyl acetate in he ane) to get 2.0 g of compound 7a (Yield: 74 %). LCMS: 829.2 (M+H)+.Step 7b:

 

Figure imgf000025_0003

 

7a 7bTo a solution of compound 7a (0.35 g, 4.0 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added lithium hydroxide (0.026 g, 0.63 mmol) at 0 °C and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC analysis. THF was evaporated from the reaction mass, and partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. Organic layer was washed with citric acid, brine solution, dried over Na2S04 and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford 7b, which was further purified by silica gel column chromatography (Eluent: 0-5% methanol in DCM) to get 0.3 g of product 7b (Yield: 86.7%). LCMS 815.2 (M+H)+.

 

Step 7c:

 

Figure imgf000026_0001

 

7b 7Compound 7b (0.295 g, 0.39 mmol) was anchored to Rink amide resin (0.7 g, 0.55 mmol/g) using HOBT (0.072 g, 0.54 mmol) and DIC (0.068 g, 0.54 mmol) method in DMF (10 mL). The resin was stirred for 12 h at room temperature. The resin was washed with DCM, DMF and DCM and dried. The target compound was cleaved from the rink amide resin using TFA (5 mL) and catalytic amount of TIPS. The resin was allowed to remain at room temperature for 2 h with occasional stirring. After 2 h, TFA and TIPS were evaporated under nitrogen atmosphere and the resulting residue was washed with diethyl ether to yield 0.1 g crude material of the title compound 7. The crude solid material was purified using preparative HPLC described under experimental conditions. LCMS: 360.0 (M+H)+, HPLC: tR = 13.88 min.Example 8: Synthesis of

 

Figure imgf000026_0002

 

The compound was synthesised using similar procedure as depicted in Example 2 (compound 2) using Fmoc-Glu(0’Bu)-OH instead of Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OH to get 0.4 g crude material of the title compound. The crude solid material was purified using preparative HPLC described under experimental conditions. LCMS: 362.1 (M+H)+. HPLC: tR = 13.27 min. 

PATENThttps://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2019061324&tab=FULLTEXT

 

 

Patenthttps://patents.google.com/patent/WO2019067678A1/enPATENThttps://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2019061324

 

 

PATENThttps://patents.google.com/patent/WO2018073754A1/en
PATENThttps://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2019087087
PAPERSScientific Reports (2019), 9(1), 1-19. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-48826-6

 

figure1

 

 

 

Chemical structures of PD-L1 inhibitors developed by Aurigene (Aurigene-1) and Bristol-Meyers Squibb (BMSpep-57, BMS-103, and BMS-142). Chemical structures were generated using ChemDraw Professional 15. PATENT
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2019087087

 

L-threonine’ mentioned in compound of formula (I) thereof can be represented by any one of the following formulae:

 

 

Publication Number  Title Priority Date  Grant Date
US-2020289477-A1 Conjoint therapies for immunomodulation 2017-11-06  
WO-2019073399-A1 CRYSTALLINE FORMS OF 1,2,4-OXADIAZOLE SUBSTITUTED IN POSITION 3 2017-10-11  
AU-2018341583-A1 Crystal forms of immunomodulators 2017-09-29  
WO-2019061324-A1 CRYSTALLINE FORMS OF IMMUNOMODULATORS 2017-09-29  
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Publication Number  Title Priority Date  Grant Date
US-2020247766-A1 Crystal forms of immunomodulators 2017-09-29  
US-2020061030-A1 Dual inhibitors of vista and pd-1 pathways 2016-10-20  
WO-2018073754-A1 Dual inhibitors of vista and pd-1 pathways 2016-10-20  
US-2020361880-A1 1,2,4-Oxadiazole and Thiadiazole Compounds as Immunomodulators 2015-03-10  
EP-3041827-B1 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives as immunomodulators 2013-09-06 2018-04-18

 

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EP-3363790-B1 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives as immunomodulators 2013-09-06 2020-02-19
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US-10590093-B2 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives as immunomodulators 2013-09-06 2020-03-17
US-2015073024-A1 1,2,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives as Immunomodulators 2013-09-06  
US-2017101386-A1 1,2,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives as Immunomodulators 2013-09-06

 

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US-2020199086-A1 1,2,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives as Immunomodulators 2013-09-06  
US-9771338-B2 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives as immunomodulators 2013-09-06 2017-09-26
WO-2015033299-A1 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives as immunomodulators 2013-09-06

 

////////////Investigational New Drug Application,  Phase 1,  Clinical Trial, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, XL 114, AUR 104, aurigene, Exelixis 

 

N[C@@H](CO)c1nc(on1)[C@@H](NC(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)O)C(C)O)CC(N)=O

 

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JNJ-A07

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JNJ-A07

S + FORM

CAS 2135640-93-4 ROT (+)S

Butanoic acid, 4-[3-[[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[2,3-dihydro-6-(trifluoromethoxy)-1H-indol-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-5-methoxyphenoxy]-, (+)-

(+)-4-[3-[[1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-[2,3-dihydro-6-(trifluoromethoxy)-1H-indol-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-5-methoxyphenoxy]butanoic acid

(+)-4-[3-([(1S)-1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-2-[6-(trifluoromethoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl]ethyl]amino)-5-methoxyphenoxy]butanoic acidMolecular FormulaC28 H26 Cl F3 N2 O6Molecular Weight578.964

REF

Kaptein, S.J.F., Goethals, O., Kiemel, D. et al. A pan-serotype dengue virus inhibitor targeting the NS3–NS4B interaction. Nature (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03990-6

09938-scicon2-jnj.jpg

JNJ-018

CAS 2135640-91-2 +/-, R,S

CAS 2135640-92-3 ROT (-)R

Butanoic acid, 4-[3-[[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[2,3-dihydro-6-(trifluoromethoxy)-1H-indol-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-5-methoxyphenoxy]-, (-)-

(-)-4-[3-[[1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-[2,3-dihydro-6-(trifluoromethoxy)-1H-indol-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-5-methoxyphenoxy]butanoic acid

  • Janssen (Originator)
  • Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Originator)
  • NS4B Protease (Dengue Virus) Inhibitors
  • Serine Protease NS3/Non-Structural Protein NS4B Protease (Dengue Virus) Interaction Inhibitors

A pan-serotype dengue virus inhibitor targeting the NS3–NS4B interaction

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03990-6

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03990-6#citeas

Abstract

Dengue virus causes approximately 96 million symptomatic infections annually, manifesting as dengue fever or occasionally as severe dengue1,2. There are no antiviral agents available to prevent or treat dengue. Here, we describe a highly potent dengue virus inhibitor (JNJ-A07) that exerts nanomolar to picomolar activity against a panel of 21 clinical isolates that represent the natural genetic diversity of known genotypes and serotypes. The molecule has a high barrier to resistance and prevents the formation of the viral replication complex by blocking the interaction between two viral proteins (NS3 and NS4B), thus revealing a previously undescribed mechanism of antiviral action. JNJ-A07 has a favourable pharmacokinetic profile that results in outstanding efficacy against dengue virus infection in mouse infection models. Delaying start of treatment until peak viraemia results in a rapid and significant reduction in viral load. An analogue is currently in further development.

2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)indolin-1-yl)-ethanone (1)

127 A mixture of 6-(trifluoromethoxy)indoline ([CAS 959235-95-1], 2 g, 9.84 mmol), 2-(4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid 128 ([CAS 1878-66-6], 1.85 g, 10.8 mmol), HATU (5.6 g, 14.8 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (4.9 mL, 29.5

129 mmol) in DMF (40 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. Water was added and the precipitate was

130 filtered off. The residue was taken up with EtOAc. The organic solution was washed with a 10 % aqueous

131 solution of K2CO3, brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. 132 The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (15-40 pm, 80 g, heptane/EtOAc gradient 90/10 to 133 60/40). The pure fractions were combined and the solvent was concentrated under reduced pressure to give 2-(4-

134 chlorophenyl)-1-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)indolin-1-yl)-ethanone 1 (3 g, yield: 86 %).

135 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d ppm 7.99 (s, 1 H), 7.37 – 7.41 (m, 2 H), 7.29 – 7.34 (m, 3 H), 6.97 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.25 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.88 (s, 2 H), 3.18 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H); 13

136 C NMR (101 MHz, 137 CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 168.91, 148.65, 148.63, 144.05, 133.16, 132.26, 130.63, 129.54, 128.93, 124.87, 120.50 (q, J=257.2 Hz), 116.38, 110.83, 77.26, 48.86, 42.52, 27.59; LC-MS: [M+H]+

138 728; purity 99 % (method LCMS2); Melting Point: 116-131 °C (DSC peak: 120.2 °C); HRMS (ESI+) m/z: [M]+ 139 calcd for C17H13ClF3NO2,

140 356.0660; found, 356.0657

141 2-Bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1- (6-(trifluoromethoxy)indolin-1-yl)ethanone (2)

142 At -78 °C, under nitrogen flow, LiHMDS (1.5 M in THF, 11.2 mL, 16.9 mmol) was added dropwise to a mixture 143 of 1 (3 g, 8.43 mmol) in THF (50 mL). The mixture was stirred for 15 min at -78 °C and a solution of N

144 bromosuccinimide (1.65 g, 9.3 mmol) in THF (30 mL) was added dropwise. After stirring for 2 h at -78 °C, the 145 reaction was quenched with a saturated aqueous solution of NH4Cl. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The 146 organic layer was separated, dried over MgSO4, filtered, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure

147 to give 2-bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1- (6-(trifluoromethoxy)indolin-1-yl)ethanone 2 (3.6 g, yield: 98 %) as an 148 oil. The compound was used without further purification in the next step.

149 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 8.19 (s), 7.52 – 7.57 (m), 7.34 – 7.39 (m), 7.17 (d, J=8.2 Hz), 6.92 (dd, J=8.2, 1.1 Hz), 5.56 (s), 4.37 (td, J=10.1, 6.5 Hz), 4.09 (td, J=10.1, 6.7 Hz), 3.12 – 3.31 (m); 13

150 C NMR

151 (101 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 164.90 (s), 148.68 (d, J=2.2 Hz), 143.75 (s), 135.46 (s), 133.99 (s), 152 130.52 (s), 129.79 (s), 129.10 (s), 125.01 (s), 117.20 (s), 120.47 (q, J=257.2 Hz), 111.36 (s), 48.88 (s), 46.61 (s), 27.65 (s); LC-MS: [M+H]+ 436; purity 100 % (method LCMS2); HRMS (ESI+) m/z: [M]+ 153 calcd for

154 C17H13O2NBrClF3, 433.9765; found, 433.9764

155 tert-Butyl 4-(3-amino-5-methoxyphenoxy)butanoate (3) 156 To a mechanically stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-bromobutanoate ([CAS 110661- 5 91-1], 42.3 g, 0.19 mol) in

157 DMF (600 mL) was added in portions a solid mixture of 3-amino-5-methoxyphenol ([CAS 162155-27-3], 26.4 158 g, 0.19 mol) and Cs2CO3 (123.6 g, 0.379 mol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 65 h, and allowed to

159 reach room temperature. The mixture was poured out into water (2.5 L). The product was extracted with Et2O (2 160 x). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and filtered. The solvent was

161 evaporated under reduced pressure, and then co-evaporated with toluene. The residue was purified by normal 162 phase HPLC (Stationary phase: silica gel 60A 25-40 pm (Merck), Mobile phase: gradient EtOAc/heptane 20/80 163 to 60/40), yielding tert-butyl 4-(3-amino-5-methoxyphenoxy)butanoate 3 as an oil (27 g, yield: 50 %).

164 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 5.89 – 5.92 (m), 5.86 (d, J=2.2 Hz), 3.92 (t, J=6.2 Hz), 3.73 (s), 3.66 (br s), 2.40 (t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.98 – 2.08 (m), 1.45 (s); 13

165 C NMR (101 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 172.61 166 (s), 161.69 (s), 161.02 (s), 148.35 (s), 94.33 (s), 93.89 (s), 91.52 (s), 80.35 (s), 66.74 (s), 55.17 (s), 32.07 (s), 28.13 (s), 24.78 (s); LC-MS: [M+H]+ 282; purity 94 % (method LCMS2); HRMS (ESI+) m/z: [M]+

167 calcd for 168 C15H24O4N, 282.1700; found, 282.1695

169 tert-Butyl 4-(3-((1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-2-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)indolin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)-5-

170 methoxyphenoxy)butanoate (4)

171 A mixture of 2 (3.6 g, 8.3 mmol), 3 (2.3 g, 8.3 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (1.7 ml, 9.94 mmol) in CH3CN 172 (80 mL) was stirred at 70 °C for 4 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, diluted with EtOAc,

173 and washed with 1 N aqueous HCl and water. The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4, filtered, and 174 the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The compound was purified by flash chromatography on 175 silica gel (15-40 pm, 120 g, heptane/EtOAc 80/20). The pure fractions were combined and evaporated to dryness

176 to give, after crystallization from diisopropyl ether, tert-butyl 4-(3-((1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-2-(6-

177 (trifluoromethoxy)indolin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)-5-methoxyphenoxy)butanoate 4 (2.6 g, yield: 49 %).

178 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d ppm 8.03 (s, 1 H), 7.55 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.43 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.33 (d, 179 J = 8.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.01 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.44 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.94 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 2 H), 5.75 (t, J = 180 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.55 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.51 (td, J = 10.3, 6.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.04 (td, J = 10.3, 7.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.84 (t, J 6 181 = 6.3 Hz, 2 H), 3.62 (s, 3 H), 3.09 – 3.23 (m, 2 H), 2.31 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 H), 1.86 (quin, J = 6.8 Hz, 2 H), 1.39 (s, 9 H); 13

182 C NMR (101 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 172.57, 168.84, 161.66, 161.02, 148.65, 148.63, 147.68,

183 143.79, 135.66, 134.48, 129.58, 129.42, 129.38, 124.99, 116.92, 120.50 (q, J=257.2 Hz), 111.13, 93.02, 92.72, 91.06, 80.38, 77.25, 66.79, 59.74, 55.17, 48.31, 32.09, 28.15, 27.64, 24.77; LC-MS: [M+H]+

184 635; purity: 98 % (method LCMS3); Melting Point: 109-125 °C (DSC peak: 116.1 °C); HRMS (ESI+) m/z: [M]+ 185 calcd for 186 C32H34ClF3N2O6, 635.2130; found, 635.2127 187 (+)-4-(3-((1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-oxo2-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)indolin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)-5-

188 methoxyphenoxy)butanoic acid (JNJ-A07) 189 A solution of 4 (2.4 g, 3.8 mmol) in 4 M HCl in dioxane (24 mL) was stirred at 5 °C for 3 h and at room 190 temperature for 3 h. The precipitate was filtered off and dried to afford 4-(3-((1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo2-(6- 191 (trifluoromethoxy)indolin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)-5-methoxyphenoxy)butanoic acid as an HCl salt (racemic JNJ192 A07, 2 g, 0.8 eq. HCl, 0.07 eq. H2O). This salt was neutralized prior to chiral separation by dissolving it in 193 EtOAc and treating this solution with 1 N aqueous NaOH and evaporation of the organic layer under reduced 194 pressure.

The enantiomers were separated via preparative chiral SFC (Stationary phase: Chiralcel® OD-H 5 pm 195 250 x 30 mm, Mobile phase: 50 % CO2, 50 % iPrOH (+ 0.3 % iPrNH2)) and further purified via preparative 196 achiral SFC (Stationary phase: Cyano® 6 pm 150 x 21.2 mm, Mobile phase: 80 % CO2, 20 % MeOH (+ 0.3 % 197 iPrNH2)). The product fractions were combined and evaporated under reduced pressure. Each enantiomer was 198 taken up with EtOAc and washed with 1 N aqueous HCl. The organic layers were separated, dried over MgSO4, 199 filtered, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The first eluted enantiomer was solidified from 200 diethyl ether/diisopropyl ether to give the epimer of JNJ-A07 (616 mg, yield: 28 %).

The second eluted

201 enantiomer was solidified from diethyl ether/diisopropyl ether to give JNJ-A07 (715 mg, yield: 32 %).

202 203 Epimer of JNJ-A07:

204 1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 12.12 (br s, 1 H), 8.04 (br s, 1 H), 7.55 (br d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.44 (br d, 205 J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.34 (br d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.01 (br d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.45 (br s, 1 H), 5.95 (br d, J = 10.1 206 Hz, 2 H), 5.76 (s, 1 H), 5.57 (br s, 1 H), 4.47 – 4.57 (m, 1 H), 3.99 – 4.11 (m, 1 H), 3.85 (br t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2 H), 3.62 (s, 3 H), 3.08 – 3.27 (m, 2 H), 2.34 (br t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 H), 1.87 (quin, J = 6.7 Hz, 2 H); 13

207 C NMR (101 MHz, 208 DMSO-d6) δ ppm 174.56, 169.79, 161.46, 160.71, 149.08, 147.64, 144.48, 137.28, 132.91, 131.95, 130.56, 209 128.89, 126.34, 120.58 (d, J=256.0 Hz), 116.69, 109.52, 93.08, 92.80, 90.23, 66.65, 58.69, 55.20, 48.65, 30.57, 27.48, 24.72; LC-MS: [M+H]+ 579; purity: 100 % (method LCMS1);

Chiral SFC: [M+H]+ 210 579; chiral purity 100 % (method SFC1); [a]D20 211 : -48.5° (589 nm, c 0.27 w/v %, DMF, 20 °C); Melting Point: 62-80 °C (DSC peak: 70.6 °C); HRMS (ESI+) m/z: [M]+ 212 calcd for C28H27O6N2ClF3, 579.1504; found, 579.1501 213 214

JNJ-A07: 215 1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 12.12 (brs, 1 H), 8.04 (br s, 1 H), 7.55 (br d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.44 (br d, 216 J = 8.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.34 (br d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.01 (br d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.45 (br s, 1 H), 5.95 (br d, J = 10.1 217 Hz, 2 H), 5.76 (br s, 1 H), 5.57 (s, 1 H), 4.46 – 4.59 (m, 1 H), 3.99 – 4.10 (m, 1 H), 3.85 (br t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2 H), 3.62 (s, 3 H), 3.09 – 3.27 (m, 2 H), 2.34 (br t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 H), 1.87 (br t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2 H); 13

218 C NMR (101 MHz,

219 DMSO-d6) δ ppm 174.53 (C28), 169.79 (C10), 161.47 (C20), 160.72 (C22), 149.08 (C18), 147.65 (C6), 144.48 220 (C8), 137.29 (C12), 132.92 (C15), 131.95 (C3), 130.56 (C13, C17), 128.89 (C14, C16), 126.34 (C4), 120.58 (q, 221 J = 255.1 Hz, C9), 116.67 (C5), 109.51 (C7), 93.11 (C23), 92.81 (C21), 90.26 (C19), 66.66 (C25), 58.70 (C11), 55.21 (C24), 48.67 (C1), 30.57 (C27), 27.49 (C2), 24.72 (C26); LC/MS: [M+H]+

222 579; purity 100 % (method LCMS1); Chiral SFC: [M+H]+ 579; chiral purity 100 % (method SFC1); [a]D20

223 : +42.9° (589 nm, c 0.28 w/v %, 224 DMF, 20 °C); Melting point: 62-78 °C (DSC peak: 71.3 °C) ; HRMS (ESI+) m/z calcd for C28H27O6N2ClF3 [M]+ 225 , 579.1504, found 579.1500; Elemental analysis requires C, 58.09 %; H, 4.53 %; N, 4.84 % found C, 226 58.60 %; H, 4.59 %; N, 4.80 %

CLIP

https://www.bioworld.com/articles/512333-potent-selective-pan-serotype-dengue-inhibitor-developed

Blocking the interaction between two dengue virus (DENV) nonstructural proteins, NS3 and NS4B, with a newly developed small-molecule inhibitor resulted in potent antiviral activity in mouse models, according to an international collaborative study led by scientists at the University of Leuven (KU Leuven), CD3 the Centre for Drug Design and Discovery in Leuven, and Janssen Pharmaceutica in Beerse, Belgium.

This protein interaction represents a promising new target for the development of pan-serotype DENV inhibitors with a high barrier to resistance, with the potency of the inhibition warranting further development of these compounds, the authors reported in the October 6, 2021, edition of Nature.

“This is the first study to show that blocking the NS3/NS4B interaction has potent antiviral activity in mice warranting the further development of such inhibitors,” said study co-leader Johan Neyts, professor of virology at KU Leuven.

Dengue is currently among the leading threats to global public health, with an estimated 96 million individuals developing dengue disease, which is probably an underestimation.

In addition, the incidence of dengue has increased approximately 30-fold over the past 50 years. DENV is now endemic in the subtropical regions of 128 countries, with an estimated 4 billion people at risk of infection, predicted to increase to 6 billion by 2080.

This dengue upsurge is driven by various factors, most notably rapid urbanization and the spread of the Aedes mosquito vectors due to climate change.

The DENV has four serotypes that are further classified into genotypes, which are increasingly co-circulating in endemic regions. Antibodies to infection with one serotype can lead to a more severe second infection with a different serotype increases the risk of potentially life-threatening severe dengue.

The DENV vaccine Dengvaxia (Sanofi-Pasteur), which has been approved in several countries for individuals aged at least 9 years, is only recommended for those with previous DENV exposure.

Moreover, there are currently no available antiviral agents for dengue prevention or treatment, while development of pan-serotype DENV inhibitors has proven challenging.

“The major developmental challenge has been to obtain ultrapotent antivirals that also have equipotent activity against the four DENV serotypes,” Neyts told BioWorld Science.

Such drugs should lower viral loads during an ongoing infection, thereby reducing dengue-associated morbidity and mortality, as well as transmission.

In their new Nature study, researchers co-led by Neyts, Patrick Chaltin, managing director of CD3 the Centre for Drug Design and Discovery, and Marnix Van Loock, R&D Lead Emerging Pathogens, Janssen Global Public Health at Janssen Pharmaceutica, identified potential new DENV inhibitors using large-scale cell-based anti-DENV-2 screening.

“We screened tens of thousands of molecules and interesting hits were further optimized to eventually obtain JNJ-A07 and other ultrapotent and selective analogues, with roughly 2,000 analogues being synthesized and tested,” said Neyts.

Notably, the promising small molecule JNJ-A07 was demonstrated to have nanomolar to picomolar activity against a panel of 21 clinical isolates representing the natural genetic diversity of known DENV genotypes and serotypes.

The molecule was then shown to have a high barrier to resistance “by months of culturing the dengue virus in suboptimal concentrations of the inhibitor,” Neyts said.

JNJ-A07 was then shown to prevent formation of the viral replication complex by blocking the interaction between the nonstructural proteins NS3 and NS4B, thereby revealing a previously undescribed mechanism of antiviral action.

JNJ-A07 was further demonstrated to have a favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) profile resulting in outstanding efficacy against DENV infection in mouse models.

“JNJ-A07’s favorable PK profile resulted from optimization of the ADME [absorption, distribution metabolism and excretion] properties of the analogues within this chemical series,” Janssen’s Van Loock told BioWorld Science.

“This enabled us to administer the compound [twice daily] in mice and assess its efficacy, which resulted in a significantly reduced viral load and protected against mortality in a mouse lethal challenge model.”

However, “additional research will be required in preclinical models, to understand how these findings reflect those in humans, as currently no translational models are available to assess the potential effect in humans,” noted Van Loock.

Delaying treatment commencement until peak viremia had developed was shown to result in a rapid and significant reduction in viral load in the mouse models of infection.

This is an important finding, as “one wants an antiviral effect that is independent of how much [viral] replication is ongoing,” Van Loock said.

“In these mice, the reduction in viral load was also very pronounced if the treatment was initiated on the day of peak viral load, when the effect was quantified 24 hours later.”

On safety, said Neyts, as JNJ-A07 and its analogues “target specific viral proteins that have no homologues in eukaryotic cells, we expect a considerable safety window, with these agents being very well tolerated.” The safety and potency of DENV inhibition established in this study justifies the further development of these novel antivirals, with an analogue being currently in further development.

Further development will include “using our know-how to also develop drugs against the other member of the flavivirus family to which DENV belongs, including Japanese encephalitis, Zika, yellow fever, West Nile virus, et cetera,” said Neyts.

Meanwhile, “Janssen has moved the compound into clinical development and continues to work closely in this regard with teams at KU Leuven and elsewhere,” said Van Loock.

“We will be sharing information about progress of the compound’s clinical development during the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene meeting this November.”

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/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////PatentWO2017167951https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2017167951

  • IN201827040889
  • US2020299235
  • US2019112266
  • US10689340

Due to the presence of said chiral carbon atom, a “compound of formula (I)” can be the (R)-enantiomer, the (S)-enantiomer, the racemic form, or any possible combination of the two individual enantiomers in any ratio. When the absolute (R)-or (S)-configuration of an enantiomer is not known, this enantiomer can also be identified by indicating whether the enantiomer is dextrorotatory (+)- or levorotatory (-)- after measuring the specific optical rotation of said particular enantiomer.

In an aspect the present invention relates to a first group of compound of formula (I) wherein the compounds of formula (I) have the (+) specific rotation.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a second ground of compounds of formula (I) wherein the compounds of formula (I) have the (-) specific rotation.

Example 4: synthesis of 4-(3-((1 -(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-2-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)-indolin-1 -yl)ethyl)amino)-5-methoxyphenoxy)butanoic acid (Compound 4) and chiral separation into Enantiomers 4A and 4B.

Synthesis of intermediate 4a:

A mixture of 6-(trifluoromethoxy)indoline [CAS 959235-95-1] (2 g, 9.84 mmol), 2-(4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid [CAS 1878-66-6] (1 .85 g, 10.8 mmol), HATU (5.6 g, 14.8 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (4.9 ml_, 29.5 mmol) in DMF (40 ml_) was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. Water was added and the precipitate was filtered off. The residue was taken up with EtOAc. The organic solution was washed with a 10% aqueous solution of K2CO3, brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (15-40 μιτι, 80 g, heptane/EtOAc gradient 90/10 to 60/40). The pure fractions were combined and the solvent was concentrated under reduced pressure to give 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1 -(6-(trifluoromethoxy)indolin-1 -yl)-ethanone 4a (3 g).

Synthesis of intermediate 4b:

At -78°C, under N2 flow, LiHMDS 1 .5 M in THF (1 1 .2 ml_, 16.9 mmol) was added dropwise to a mixture of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1 -(6-(trifluoromethoxy)indolin-1 -yl)-ethanone 4a (3 g, 8.43 mmol) in THF (50 ml_). The mixture was stirred for 15 min at -78°C and a solution of /V-bromosuccinimide (1 .65 g, 9.3 mmol) in THF (30 ml_) was added dropwise. After stirring for 2 h at -78°C, the reaction was quenched with a saturated solution of NH CI. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, dried over MgSO4, filtered and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to give 2-bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1 -(6-(trifluoromethoxy)indolin-1 -yl)ethanone 4b (3.6 g). The compound was used as such in the next step.

Synthesis of intermediate 4c:

A mixture of 2-bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1 -(6-(trifluoromethoxy)indolin-1 -yl)-ethanone 4b (3.6 g, 8.3 mmol), terf-butyl 4-(3-amino-5-methoxyphenoxy)-butanoate 1a (2.3 g, 8.3 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (1 .7 mL, 9.94 mmol) in CH3CN (80 mL) was stirred at 70°C for 4 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, diluted with EtOAc, and washed with 1 N HCI and water. The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4, filtered and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The compound was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (15-40 μιτι, 120 g, heptane/EtOAc 80/20). The pure fractions were combined and evaporated to dryness to give, after crystallization from diisopropyl ether, te/t-butyl 4-(3-((1 -(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-2-(6-(trifluoro-methoxy)indolin-1 -yl)ethyl)amino)-5-methoxyphenoxy)butanoate 4c (2.6 g).

Synthesis of Compound 4 and chiral separation into Enantiomers 4A and 4B: A solution of terf-butyl 4-(3-((1 -(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-2-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)-indolin-1 -yl)ethyl)amino)-5-methoxyphenoxy)butanoate 4c (2.4 g, 3.8 mmol) in 4M HCI in dioxane (24 mL) was stirred at 5°C for 3 h and at room temperature for 3h. The precipitate was filtered off and dried to afford 4-(3-((1 -(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-2-(6-(trifluoromethoxy)indolin-1 -yl)ethyl)amino)-5-methoxyphenoxy)butanoic acid as an HCI salt (Compound 4, 2 g, 0.8 equiv. HCI, 0.07 equiv. H2O). Compound 4 (2 g, HCI salt) was neutralized prior to chiral separation by treatment of a solution of Compound 4 (HCI salt) in ethylacetate with 1 N NaOH and evaporation of the organic layer under reduced pressure. The enantiomers were separated via Preparative Chiral SFC (Stationary phase: Chiralcel® OD-H 5 μηη 250 x 30 mm, Mobile phase: 50% CO2, 50% iPrOH (+ 0.3% iPrNH2)) and further purified via Preparative achiral SFC (Stationary phase: Cyano® 6 μιτι 150×21 .2mm, Mobile phase: 80% CO2, 20% MeOH (+ 0.3% iPrNH2)). The product fractions were combined and evaporated under reduced pressure. The two enantiomers were taken up with EtOAc and washed with 1 N HCI. The organic layers were separated, dried over MgSO4, filtered and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The first eluted enantiomer was solidified from ether/diisopropyl ether to give Enantiomer 4A (616 mg). The second eluted enantiomer was solidified from ether/diisopropyl ether to give Enantiomer 4B (715 mg).

It is also possible to separate the enantiomers starting from the HCI salt of the racemate using the same conditions for chiral separation.

Compound 4:

1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-c/6) δ ppm 1 .87 (quin, J=6.9 Hz, 2 H) 2.34 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2 H) 3.07 – 3.28 (m, 2 H) 3.62 (s, 3 H) 3.85 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2 H) 4.04 (td, J=10.5, 7.1 Hz, 1 H) 4.52 (td, J=10.3, 6.5 Hz, 1 H) 5.57 (s, 1 H) 5.76 (t, J=2.2 Hz, 1 H) 5.90 – 6.00 (m, 2 H) 7.01 (dd, J=8.2, 1 .6 Hz, 1 H) 7.33 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1 H) 7.41 – 7.48 (m, 2 H) 7.55 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2 H) 8.03 (s, 1 H)

LC/MS (method LC-B): Rt 2.70 min, MH+ 579

Melting point: 150°C

Enantiomer 4A:

1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-c/6) δ ppm 1 .87 (quin, J=6.7 Hz, 2 H) 2.34 (br t, J=7.3 Hz, 2 H) 3.08 – 3.27 (m, 2 H) 3.62 (s, 3 H) 3.85 (br t, J=6.3 Hz, 2 H) 3.99 -4.1 1 (m, 1 H) 4.47 – 4.57 (m, 1 H) 5.57 (br s, 1 H) 5.76 (s, 1 H) 5.95 (br d, J=10.1 Hz, 2 H) 6.45 (br s, 1 H) 7.01 (br d, J=7.6 Hz, 1 H) 7.34 (br d, J=7.9 Hz, 1 H) 7.44 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 2 H) 7.55 (br d, J=8.2 Hz, 2 H) 8.04 (br s, 1 H) 12.12 (br s, 1 H) LC/MS (method LC-A): Rt 2.95 min, MH+ 579

[a]D20: -48.5° (c 0.27, DMF)

Chiral SFC (method SFC-A): Rt 1 .13 min, MH+ 579, chiral purity 100%.

Enantiomer 4B:

1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-c/6) δ ppm 1 .87 (br t, J=6.8 Hz, 2 H) 2.34 (br t, J=7.3 Hz, 2 H) 3.09 – 3.27 (m, 2 H) 3.62 (s, 3 H) 3.85 (br t, J=6.1 Hz, 2 H) 3.99 -4.10 (m, 1 H) 4.46 – 4.59 (m, 1 H) 5.57 (s, 1 H) 5.76 (br s, 1 H) 5.95 (br d, J=10.1 Hz, 2 H) 6.45 (br s, 1 H) 7.01 (br d, J=7.9 Hz, 1 H) 7.34 (br d, J=7.9 Hz, 1 H) 7.44 (br d, J=8.2 Hz, 2 H) 7.55 (br d, J=8.2 Hz, 2 H) 8.04 (br s, 1 H) 12.12 (br s, 1 H) LC/MS (method LC-A): Rt 2.94 min, MH+ 579

[a]D20: +42.9° (c 0.28, DMF)

Chiral SFC (method SFC-A): Rt 2.13 min, MH+ 579, chiral purity 100%.

Patent

WO2021094563

The compounds of formula I according to the present invention may be synthesized according to methods described in the art, as disclosed in WO 2016/180696. The compounds of formula II according to the present invention may be prepared according to methods described in the art, as disclosed in WO2017/167951.

Compound (b) of the present invention was tested in AG129 mouse viremia model. The synthesis of compound (b) is described in WO 2017/167951, under Example 4.


compound (b)

PATENT

WO 2018215316

The compounds of formula (I) of the present invention all have at least one asymmetric carbon atom as indicated in the figure below by the carbon atom labelled with * :

Ref

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03990-6

https://medicaldialogues.in/medicine/news/researchers-identify-first-drug-that-is-effective-against-dengue-infection-83187

////////////////////JNJ-A07, DENGUE, VIRUS, PRECLINICAL

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