VILDAGLIPTIN

• Molecular FormulaC₁₇H₂₅N₃O₂
• Average mass303.399 Da
• (2S)-1-{2-[(3-hydroxyadamantan-1-yl)amino]acetyl}pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile

(2S)-1-[N-(3-Hydroxyadamantan-1-yl)glycyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile(2S)-1-[N-(3-hydroxytricyclo[3.3.1.1^3,7]dec-1-yl)glycyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile274901-16-5[RN]2-Pyrrolidinecarbonitrile, 1-[2-[(3-hydroxytricyclo[3.3.1.1^3,7]dec-1-yl)amino]acetyl]-, (2S)-(-)-(2S)-1-[[(3-Hydroxytricyclo[3.3.1.1[3,7]]dec-1-yl)amino]acetyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile
(2S)-1-[N-(3-Hydroxyadamantan-1-yl)glycyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarbonitrile

Vildagliptin was approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) on Sep 26, 2007, and approved by Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency of Japan (PMDA) on Jan 20, 2010, following by China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) on Aug 15, 2011. It was developed and marketed as Galvus^® by Novartis in EU.

Vildagliptin is a potent selective inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) that improves glycaemic control by increasing islet α-cell and β-cell responsiveness to glucose. It is used to reduce hyperglycemia in type 2 diabete.

Galvus^®is available as film-coated tablet for oral use, containing 50 mg free Vildagliptin. The recommended dose of vildagliptin is 100 mg, administered as one dose of 50 mg in the morning and one dose of 50 mg in the evening.Drug Name：VildagliptinResearch Code：LAF-237; DSP-7238; NVP-LAF-237Trade Name：Galvus^® / Jalra^® / Xiliarx^® / Equa^®MOA：Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitorIndication：Type 2 diabetesStatus：ApprovedCompany：Novartis (Originator)Sales：$1,140 Million (Y2015); 
$1,224 Million (Y2014);
$1,200 Million (Y2013);
$910 Million (Y2012);
$677 Million (Y2011);ATC Code：A10BH02

Approved Countries or AreaUpdate Date：2015-07-29

• EU
• JP
• CN

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Vildagliptin, previously identified as LAF237, is a new oral anti-hyperglycemic agent (anti-diabetic drug) of the new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class of drugs. Vidagliptin subsequently acts by inhibiting the inactivation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) by DPP-4. This inhibitory activity ultimately results in a two-fold action where GLP-1 and GIP are present to potentiate the secretion of insulin by beta cells and suppress glucagon secretion by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. It is currently in clinical trials in the U.S. and has been shown to reduce hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. While the drug is still not approved for use in the US, it was approved in Feb 2008 by European Medicines Agency for use within the EU and is listed on the Australian PBS with certain restrictions.

Vildagliptin, sold under the brand name Galvus among others, is an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent (anti-diabetic drug) of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class of drugs. Vildagliptin inhibits the inactivation of GLP-1^[2][3] and GIP^[3] by DPP-4, allowing GLP-1 and GIP to potentiate the secretion of insulin in the beta cells and suppress glucagon release by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.

Vildagliptin has been shown to reduce hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus.^[2]

Combination with metformin

The European Medicines Agency has also approved a combination of vildagliptin and metformin, vildagliptin/metformin (Eucreas by Novartis) as an oral treatment for type-2 diabetes.^[4]

Adverse effects

Adverse effects observed in clinical trials include nausea, hypoglycemia, tremor, headache and dizziness. Rare cases of hepatoxicity have been reported.^[5]

There have been case reports of pancreatitis associated with DPP-4 inhibitors. A group at UCLA reported increased pre-cancerous pancreatic changes in rats and in human organ donors who had been treated with DPP-4 inhibitors.^[6][7] In response to these reports, the United States FDA and the European Medicines Agency each undertook independent reviews of all clinical and preclinical data related to the possible association of DPP-4 inhibitors with pancreatic cancer. In a joint letter to the New England Journal of Medicines, the agencies stated that “Both agencies agree that assertions concerning a causal association between incretin-based drugs and pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer, as expressed recently in the scientific literature and in the media, are inconsistent with the current data. The FDA and the EMA have not reached a final conclusion at this time regarding such a causal relationship. Although the totality of the data that have been reviewed provides reassurance, pancreatitis will continue to be considered a risk associated with these drugs until more data are available; both agencies continue to investigate this safety signal.”^[8]

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/US20080167479A1/en

• Vildagliptin is an active pharmaceutical substance with an empirical formula of C₁₇H₂₅N₃O₂ and a molecular weight of 303.40 g/mol. Vildagliptin is the international common accepted name for (2S)-1-[[(3-hydroxytricyclo[3.3.1.1^3,7]dec-1-yl)amino]acetyl]-2-pyrrolidine carbonitrile and has the structure of formula (I).
• [0003]Vildagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor and is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,063 (“the ‘063 patent”), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The ‘063 patent discloses a synthesis of vildagliptin using the synthetic process represented in Scheme 1.
• [0004]Vildagliptin can exist as the (2S) and (2R) enantiomers. The stereoisomer with the desired biological activity is the (2S) enantiomer. Accordingly, it is desirable to synthesize (2S)-vildagliptin with high stereochemical purity. A process that yields vildagliptin with a high enantiomeric purity is disclosed in International Patent Publication WO 2004/092127, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. This reference discloses compositions containing from 95% to 99.99% of (2S)-vildagliptin.

• [0069]This example illustrates the synthesis of the compound of formula (I) in accordance with embodiments of the invention.
• [0070]Into a 100 mL rounded reaction vessel were charged 3 g (17.37 mmol) of 1-chloroacetyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine, 3.22 g (19.82 mmol) of 1-amino-3-adamantanol, 2.78 g (20.1 mmol) of potassium carbonate, and 30 mL isopropyl acetate. The mixture was refluxed for 4 h, cooled to room temperature, and the salts were filtered and washed with acetonitrile. The mother liquors were evaporated to dryness to obtain an oil which was aged in MEK from which a white solid crystallizes at 0-5° C. The solid was filtered washing the cake with MEK and dried at 40° C. in a vacuum oven until constant weight.
• [0071]Yield: 36%. Assay: 99.21%. HPLC purity: 97.55% of vildagliptin (measured according to Example 2). HPLC chiral purity: more than 99.99% of vildagliptin (measured according to Example 7).
• [0072]These results demonstrate that a compound of formula (I) comprising less than 0.01% of (2R)-1-[N-(3-hydroxytricyclo[3.3.1.1^3,7]dec-1-yl)glycyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarbonitrile (i.e., (2R)-vildagliptin).

Patent

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2015145467A1/en

Vildagliptin is chemically known as (S)-l-[2-(3-Hydroxyadamantan-l-ylamino) acetyl] pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile and exist as (2S) and (2R) enantiomers. The stereoisomer with the desired biological activity is the (2S) enantiomer, represented by the following structure:

U.S. Patent No. 6,166,063 (“the Ό63 patent”) discloses new class of Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors such as vildagliptin. The ‘063 patent further discloses a process for the preparation of vildagliptin by acylation of L-prolinamide with chloroacetyl chloride in the presence of a base in dichloromethane or tetrahydrofuran as solvent, filtration and subsequent dehydration with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) to provide (S) -1- (2- chloroacetyl) pyrrolidin-2-carbonitrile. The carbonitrile intermediate is isolated by distilling out the solvent, co-distillation with ethyl acetate, partitioning between water and ethyl acetate, extraction of the resulting aqueous layer with ethyl acetate followed by aqueous washings of the organic layer and concentrating to obtain carbonitrile intermediate as yellow solid. This is later reacted with about 2 moles of l-aminoadamantane-3-ol in the presence of about 4 moles of potassium carbonate in dichloromethane (DCM) or tetrahydrofuran (THF) for 6 days. Finally, the obtained crude vildagliptin is subjected to chromatography employing SIMS/Biotage Flash chromatography system providing vildagliptin with melting point of 138°C-140°C. The disclosed process is schematically represented as follows:

Amide Carbonitrile

A similar process is described in J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 2774-2789, where acylation of L-prolinamide with chloroacetyl chloride is carried out in the presence of potassium carbonate in tetrahydrofuran as solvent and subsequent dehydration with TFAA to provide (S) -1- (2-chloroacetyl) pyrrolidin-2 -carbonitrile. The carbonitrile intermediate was isolated by adding ethyl acetate, distillation of the solvent, partitioning between water and aqueous sodium bicarbonate, extraction of the resulting aqueous layer with ethyl acetate followed by aqueous washings of the organic layer and concentrating to obtain carbonitrile intermediate as yellow- white solid which was reacted with about 2-3 moles of 1- aminoadamantane-3-ol in the presence of about 3 moles of potassium carbonate in DCM or THF for 1-3 days followed by purification from a mixture of ethyl acetate and isopropanol provided Vildagliptin as a white solid.

U.S. Patent No. 6,011,155 discloses a process for the preparation of (S) -1- (2- bromooacetyl) pyrrolidin-2-carbonitrile by acylation of L-prolinamide with bromoacetyl bromide in the presence of triethyl amine and catalytic amount of DMAP in DCM as solvent wherein the resulting (S)-l -(2 -bromoacetyl) pyrrolidin-2-carboxamide is isolated and subsequently dehydrated with TFAA to obtain the carbonitrile intermediate as dark yellow solid.

U.S. Patent application No. 2008/0167479 discloses preparation of Vildagliptin with high chemical and enantiomeric purities wherein (S) -1- (2-chloroacetyl) pyrrolidin-2- carbonitrile is prepared in one step process by acylation of prolinamide with chloroacetyl chloride in a mixture of isopropyl acetate and DMF followed by dehydration with cyanuric chloride to obtain the carbonitrile intermediate as an oil which was crystallized from isopropanol. The resulting carbonitrile intermediate is reacted with l-aminoadamantane-3- ol in the presence of alkali metal carbonates such as potassium carbonate and an optional additive such as I in a solvent comprising at least an ester or ether or nitrile solvent and purification of vildagliptin from methyl ethyl ketone or from a mixture of isopropanol and methyl t-butyl ether.

PCT Publication No. 2010/022690 discloses a process for the preparation of vildagliptin wherein (S)-l -(2-chloroacetyl) pyrrolidin-2-carboxamide intermediate is isolated as a trialkylamine hydrohalide salt in two fractions and. dehydrated with TFAA to obtain (S)-l- (2-chloroacetyl) pyrrolidin-2-carbonitrile as light yellow powder after crystallization from heptane. The resulting carbonitrile intermediate is then reacted with 3-amino-l- adamantanol in the presence of alkali metal carbonate base and an alkali metal iodide as a catalyst in a mixture of organic ketones, ester and polar aprotic solvents. The crude product was subjected to multiple crystallizations in order to achieve high chemical purity of vildagliptin. This publication also disclosed final crystallization of vildagliptin from 2- butanone, toluene, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, isopropyl acetate, dimethyl carbonate, isopropanol. This process adds an extra step of isolation of the said carboxamide intermediate, uses mixture of solvents in the preparation of vildagliptin and to multiple crystallizations which makes the process uneconomical on large scale.

PCT Publication No. 2011/101861 discloses a process for the preparation of vildagliptin wherein (S)-l-(2-chloroacetyl) pyrrolidin-2-carboxamide and (S)-l-(2-chloroacetyl) pyrrolidin-2-carbonitrile intermediates are isolated as solids after purification and drying. Further, (S)-l-(2-chloroacetyl) pyrrolidin-2-carbonitrile is then converted to vildagliptin by reacting it with l-aminoadamantane-3-ol in the presence of potassium carbonate and KI in a suitable ether solvent like THF and purifying the obtained vildagliptin from a mixture of ethyl acetate and methanol. This publication also provided an alternate process for the preparation of vildagliptin by reacting 2-(3-hydroxyadamantan-l-yl amino) acid or derivative thereof with pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile and various solvents from which vildagliptin may be crystallized such as ethyl acetate, 2-butanone, or mixture of ethyl acetate-methanol, ethyl acetate-isopropanol, methanol-DCM, ethyl acetate-cyclohexane and 2-butanone-methyl t-butyl ether.

U.S. Patent No. 7,375,238 discloses a one-pot process for the preparation of vildagliptin without isolation of the carboxamide and carbonitrile intermediates and further involves preparation of Vildagliptin by using potassium carbonate and potassium iodide (KI) as catalysts in 2-butanone solvent. Purification of the crude vildagliptin was carried out from a mixture of isopropanol and methyl t-butyl ether in the presence of 1,8- diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) base and final recrystallization from 2-butanone afforded pure vildagliptin. This process suffers from certain draw backs such as use of mixture of solvents for the acylation and condensation reactions; use of base and expensive additive such as KI in the condensation reaction.

PCT Publication No. 2011/012322 discloses a process wherein the (S) -1- (2-chloroacetyl) pyrrolidin-2-carbonitrile intermediate is isolated, purified and reacted with 1- aminoadamantane-3-ol in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst, optionally an inorganic base and a solvent selected from nitrile, ketone, ether, ester and mixtures thereof in a two phase reaction system wherein the first phase consist of a liquid phase and the second phase consists of an inorganic base. The final purification of vildagliptin was carried out in 2- butanone solvent.

PCT Publication No. 2013/179300 discloses preparation of vildagliptin from organic solvents such as aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, ethers, nitrile, dialkyl formamides, dialkylacetamides, dialkyl sulfoxides in the presence of organic or inorganic base. The resulting crude vildagliptin was purified by acid-base treatment and crystallization from a solvent selected from aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, nitrile, ether, cyclic ether and alcohol or mixtures thereof.

PCT Publication No. 2012/022994 involves conversion of racemic vildagliptin to (S)- enantiomer via formation of vildagliptin adducts and final purification from ethyl acetate or mixture of ethyl acetate with 1% water.

U.S. Application No. 2006/0210627 discloses crystalline Form A of vildagliptin and its preparation from 2-butanone, isopropanol, acetone or a mixture of isopropanol-ethyl acetate in the presence of DBU base. This publication also discloses amorphous vildagliptin and its preparation by lyophilization from a water solution.

PCT Publication No. 2014/102815 disclosed a process for the preparation of vildagliptin by isolating the carboxamide and carbonitrile intermediates after crystallization and drying. The resulting carbonitrile intermediate is reacted with l-aminoadamantane-3-ol in the presence of organic base or inorganic base in nitrile, ester or alcohol solvent.

IN 3965 MUM/2013 publication discloses a process for the preparation of vildagliptin by preparing and crystallizing (S) -1- (2-chloroacetyl) pyrrolidin-2-carbonitrile intermediate and reacting it with l-aminoadamantane-3-ol in the presence of a potassium carbonate, optionally in presence of suitable catalyst such as KI in ketone solvent or in mixture of ketone with non polar solvents.

C.N. publication No. 102617434 discloses a one pot process for the preparation of Vildagliptin by reacting salt of pyrrolidine carbonitrile such as TFA salt with haloacetyl halide in the presence of a base followed by insiru reaction with l-aminoadamantane-3-ol in the presence of tertrabutyl ammonium iodide in halogenated hydrocarbon or ether as solvent to get vildagliptin which is further crystallized from ethyl acetate-petroleum ether.

C.N. publication No. 103804267 discloses a process for the preparation of vildagliptin by reacting (S)-l -(2 -haloacetyl) pyrrolidin-2-carbonitrile with l-aminoadamantane-3-ol in a mixed system of an organic solvent and water in the presence of a base and phase transfer catalyst followed by crystallization of the obtained crude vildagliptin.

C.N. publication No. 103787944 disclosed dehydration of-1- (2-chloroacetyl) -2- (S) – pyrrolidine carboxamide in the presence of a dehydrating agent and an acid-binding agent in an organic solvent followed by crystallization from mixture of isopropyl ether and ethyl acetate to provide l-(2-chloroacetyl)-2-(S)-pyrrolidine carbonitrile as white or pale yellow solid powder.

Furthermore, several techniques are known in the art for the purification of vildagliptin such as chromatography (US 6,166,063); or acid-base purification (IN 61 /MUM/2012 publication) or via formation of inorganic salt complexes (WO 2011/042765); or by solvent crystallizations such as mixture of ethyl acetate and isopropanol (J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 2774-2789); isopropanol and MTBE in the presence of DBU base and final recrystallization from 2-butanone (US 7,375,238); methyl ethyl ketone or from a mixture of isopropanol and MTBE (US 2008/0167479); acetone, 2-butanone, cyclohexanone, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate or dimethyl carbonate (IN 61 /MUM/2012 publication); 2- butanone (WO 2011/012322); aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, nitrile, ether, cyclic ether and alcohol or mixtures thereof (WO 2013/179300); or from ethyl acetate or mixture of ethyl acetate with 1% water (WO 2012/022994).

Most of the processes known in the art for synthesizing vildagliptin are associated with one or more of the following disadvantages:

a) use of toxic TFAA for dehydration which is costly and environmentally harmful, b) lengthy and time consuming condensation process,

c) conventional solvents used in the condensation stage are costly, volatile, flammable, toxic, causing adverse health effects, in, addition to this potentially unsafe peroxide forming solvents such as THF were used, which process is more costlier than the process not having such elements,

d) purification of vildagliptin by chromatographic purification or by formation of inorganic salt complexes or by multiple crystallizations which are tedious, labor intensive, uses high amounts of solvents, require precise monitoring and time consuming and hence not viable for commercial scale operations.

Therefore, the present invention fulfills the need in the art and provides simple, industrially feasible and scalable processes for the preparation and purification of vildagliptin that circumvent disadvantages associated with the prior art process, proved to be advantageous from environmental and industrial point of view and also fulfill purity criteria. These processes allow the final product to be produced in a higher yield and purity by minimizing number of processing steps and reducing the number of solvent usage which is very practical for scale-up production, especially in terms of operating efficiency.

The new processes has a further advantage in recovering the expensive 1- aminoadamantane-3-ol from the reaction mixture and recycling in a simple manner that avoids use of inorganic salt complexes, which is economical and applicable on an industrial scale.

EXAMPLE 1: Preparation of (2S)- 1 -(Chloroacetyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarbonitrile.

To a solution of L-Prolinamide (100 gms) dissolved in DCM (1000 mL) was added triethyl amine (88.6 gms) and DMAP (1.07 gms) at 25-30°C under N₂ atmosphere and stirred for 15 min at 25-30°C. This solution was added to a solution of chloroacetyl chloride (98.9 gms) in DCM (500 mL) under N₂ atmosphere at -5 to 0°C over 2-3 hr. Raised the reaction mass temperature to 0-5°C and stirred for lhr. After reaction completion, charged phosphorus oxy chloride (201.5 gms) to the reaction mass at 0-5 °C, heated the reaction mass temperature to reflux and stirred for 6hr at same temperature. After reaction completion, allowed to cool to 10-20°C and added DM water (500 mL). Aqueous layer was separated and the organic layer was washed with DM water. To the organic layer DM water (300 mL) was added at 25-30°C and adjusted the reaction mass pH to 6.5-7.5 with -500 mL of sodium bicarbonate solution (-40 g of NaHC0₃ dissolved in 500 mL of DM Water). Separated the aqueous layer and concentrated the organic layer under vacuum at temperature of 30-40°C to get residual mass. Charged isopropanol (100 mL) and distilled out solvent completely under vacuum at <50°C. The resulting residue was allowed to cool to 30-40°C and charged isopropanol (500 mL). Heated the reaction mass temperature to 40- 45°C, stirred for 30 min at 40-45°C, allowed to cool to 0-5°C, stirred for 2 hr, filtered and washed wet cake with chilled isopropanol (100 mL), dried at 40-45°C for 6 hr to provide 115 gms of (2S)-l-(CMoroace1yl)-2-pyrrolidinecarbonitrile.

HPLC Purity: 99.86%.

Example 2: Preparation of Vildagliptin

To (2S)-l-(Chloroacetyl)-2 -Pyrrolidine carbonitrile (100 gms) dissolved in DM Water (500 mL), charged l-aminoadamantane-3-ol (242.2 g) at 25-35°C. Heated the reaction mass temperature to 40-45°C and stirred for 8-10 hr at 40-45°C. After reaction completion, allowed to cool to 25-30°C and charged DM water (700 mL) and DCM (600 mL). Separated the organic layer and extracted the aqueous layer with DCM. The total organic layer was concentrated under vacuum at temperature 30-40°C to get residual mass. Ethyl acetate (100 mL) was added to the residual mass and distilled completely under vacuum at <50°C. Charged ethyl acetate (500 mL) and refluxed for 1 hr. Allowed to cool to 25-30°C and stirred for 2 hr. Filtered the reaction mass and washed with ethyl acetate (100 mL) then dried at 50-55°C for 6 hr to provide 130 gms of crude vildagliptin.

HPLC Purity: 99.56%.

Dimer impurity content: <0.32%;

R-isomer content (by chiral HPLC): <0.2%;

l-aminoadamantane-3-ol content (by GC): 0.56%.

EXAMPLE 3: Preparation of Vildagliptin (using K₂C0₃ and KI)

To l-aminoadamantane-3-ol (19.4 g) taken in DM Water (50 mL), added potassium carbonate (8.0 gms), potassium iodide (0.1 gm) and stirred for 15 mins at 25-35°C. (2S)-1- (Chloroacetyl)-2-Pyrrolidine carbonitrile (10 gms) was added at 25-35°C and stirred for 15 mins at 25-35°C. Raised the reaction mass temperature to 40-45°C and stirred for 4 hr at 40-45°C. After reaction completion, cooled to 25-30°C and charged DCM (50 mL). Separated the organic layer and extracted the aqueous layer with DCM. The total organic layer was washed with DM water and the resulting organic layer was concentrated under vacuum at temperature <40°C to get residual mass. Charged ethyl acetate (70 mL) to above residual mass and refluxed for 1 hr. Cooled to 25-30°C and stirred for 2 hr. Filtered the reaction mass and wash wet cake with ethyl acetate (10 mL). Suck dried for 30 min, dried initially at 25-35°C for 1 hr and then at 50-55°C for 6 hr to provide 12 gms of crude vildagliptin.

HPLC Purity: 99.11%

Dimer impurity content: 0.50%; R-isomer content (by chiral HPLC): not detected

1- aminoadamantane-3-ol content (by GC): 2.09%.

EXAMPLE 4; Preparation of Vildagliptin (using K₂HP0₄ buffer and KI)

·

To l-aminoadamantane-3-ol (19.4 g) taken in DM Water (100 mL), added K₂HP0₄ (10.1 gms), potassium iodide (0.1 gm) and stirred for 15 rnins at 25-35°C. (2S)-l-(Chloroacetyl)-

2- Pyrrolidine carbonitrile (10 gms) was added at 25-35°C and stirred for 15 mins at 25- 35°C. Raised the reaction mass temperature to 40-45°C and stirred for 8-10 hr at 40-45°C. After reaction completion, cooled to 25-30°C and filtered the reaction mass to remove salts. The resulting filtrate was extracted with DCM, and the resulting organic layer was concentrated initially by atmospheric distillation and later under vacuum at temperature 30- 40°C to get residual mass. Charged ethyl acetate (50 mL) to above residual mass and refluxed for 1 hr. Cooled to 25-30°C and stirred for 2 hr. Filtered the reaction mass and washed the wet cake with ethyl acetate (10 mL). Suck dried for 30 min, dried initially at 25-35°C for 1 hr and then at 50-55°C for 6 hr to provide 12 gms of crude vildagliptin.

HPLC Purity: 96.54%

Dimer impurity content: 2.55%;

R-isomer content (by chiral HPLC): not detected

l-aminoadamantane-3-ol content (by GC): 0.86%.

Example 5: Purification of Vildagliptin.

Vildagliptin crude (100 gms) was dissolved in isopropanol (900 mL) by heating to 50-55°C and stirred for 30 min. Filtered the reaction mass over hyflo bed (10 gms) at 50-55°C and washed the hyflo bed with hot isopropanol (100 mL). Distilled out solvent under vacuum at

35-40°C up to 4 volumes remains and allowed to cool to 20-25°C and stirred for 1 hr at same temperature. Further, allowed to cool to 5-10°C, stirred for 2 hrs, filtered and washed with isopropanol (100 mL). The wet product was dried at 50-55°C under vacuum for 8 hr to provide 80 gms of pure vildagliptin.

HPLC Purity: 99.89%;

Dimer impurity content: <0.1 %;

R-isomer content (by chiral HPLC): not detected

l-aminoadarnantane-3-ol content (by GC): 0.06%.

The purified vildagliptin (I) was analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and is set forth in Figure. 01.

EXAMPLE 6: Preparation of Vildagliptin To a solution of L-Prolinamide (100 gms) dissolved in DCM (1000 mL) was added triethyl amine (88.6 gms) and DMAP (1.07 gms) at 25-30°C under N₂ atmosphere and stirred for 15 min at 25-30°C. This solution was added to a solution of chloroacetyl chloride (118.7 gms) in DCM (500 mL) under N₂ atmosphere at -5 to 0°C over 2-4 hr. Heated the reaction mass temperature to 10-15°C and stirred until reaction completion, charged phosphorus oxychloride (201.5 gms) to the reaction mass at 0-5°C, heated the reaction mass temperature to reflux and stirred for 6hr at same temperature. After reaction completion, allowed to cool to 5-15°C and slowly added DM water (500 mL). Aqueous layer was separated and the organic layer was washed with DM water. To the organic layer, DM water (300 mL) was added at 25-30°C and adjusted the reaction mass pH to 6.5-7.5 with -200 mL of sodium bicarbonate solution (-16 g of NaHC0₃ dissolved in 200 mL of DM Water). Separated the aqueous layer and concentrated the organic layer under vacuum at temperature of 30-40°C to get residual mass. The residual mass was dissolved in DM Water (640 mL), charged l-aminoadamantane-3-ol (310.6 g) at 25-35°C. Heated the reaction mass temperature to 40-45 °C and stirred for 9 hr at the same temperature. After reaction completion, allowed to cool to 25-30°C and charged DM water (900 mL) and DCM (1280 mL). Separated the organic layer and extracted the aqueous layer with DCM. The aqueous layer was separated and kept aside for l-aminoadamantane-3-ol recovery. The total organic layer was treated with P.S. 133 carbon, stirred for 30 rnins at 25-30°C and filtered over hyflo bed. The resulting filtrate was concentrated under, vacuum at temperature 30-40°C to get residual mass. To the residual mass, charged ethyl acetate (128 mL) and distilled completely under vacuum at 30-40°C to get semi solid mass. Charged ethyl acetate (640 mL) to the obtained semi solid and refluxed for 1 hr. The reaction mass was allowed to cool to 25-30°C and stirred for 2 hr. Filtered the reaction mass and washed with ethyl acetate (128 mL) to obtain wet cake. Again charged ethyl acetate (512 mL) to the obtained wet cake and refluxed for 1 hr. The reaction mass was allowed to cool to 25- 30°C and stirred for 2 hr. Filtered the reaction mass and washed with ethyl acetate (128 mL) and then dried at 50-55°C for 6 hr to provide 175 gms of crude vildagliptin.

HPLC Purity: 99.66%.

Dimer impurity content: <0.2%;

R-isomer content (by chiral HPLC) : <0.1 %;

l-aminoadamantane-3-ol content (by GC): <0.7%.

DSC: 150.12°C.

EXAMPLE 7: Purification of Vildagliptin. Vildagliptin crude (100 gms) was dissolved in isopropanol (1100 mL) by heating to 50- 55°C and stirred for 30 min. Filtered the solution over hyflo bed at 50-55°C and wash with hot isopropanol (100 mL). Distilled out solvent under vacuum at <55°C up to 5 volumes remains and allowed to cool to 20-25 °C and stirred for 1 hr at same temperature. Further allowed to cool to 10-15 °C, stirred for 2 hrs, filtered and washed with chilled isopropanol (100 mL). The wet product was dried at 50-55°C under vacuum for 8 hr to provide 80 gms of pure vildagliptin. HPLC Purity: >99.8%;

Dimer impurity content: <0.1%;

R-isomeri content (by chir^‘al HPLC) : <0.1%;

l-aminoadamantane-3-ol content (by GC): <0.1%.

DSC: 151.92°C.

Example 8: Recovery of l-aminoadamantane-3-ol of formula (IV).

To aqueous layer (1700 mL) from example 1, 50% C.S.lye (435 mL) was added to adjust the pH to 13.0-14.0 at 25-35°C and stirred for 15 mins at 25-35°C. Raised the reaction mass temperature to 60-70°C and stirred for 3 hrs. Cooled to 25-35°C and added DCM (1700 mL), stirred for 15 min and separated the organic layer. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM and the total organic layer was distilled out completely under vacuum at <40°C to get semisolid mass. Charged ethyl acetate (150 mL) and distilled out solvent completely under vacuum at <50°C to get semisolid material. Charged ethyl acetate (400 mL), stirred for 30 min at 40-45°C and cooled to 25-35°C. Further allowed to cool to 0- 5°C, stirred for 2hr, filtered the reaction mass at 5-10°C and washed with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The wet product was dried at 50-55°C under vacuum for 8 hr to obtain 140 gms of 1- aminoadamantane-3-ol.

Purity by GC: 99.8 %.PATENTS AND PAPERS

Reference：1. WO2004092127A1.

2. WO0034241A1.

3. J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 2774-2789.

4. WO2010022690A2.

5. WO2011012322A2.

6. WO2011101861A1.

Reference：1. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2008, 4, 20.

Reference：1. WO2011101861A1.

Reference：1. WO2011101861A1.

Reference：1. WO2011101861A1.

Reference：1. WO2012004210A1.

SYN

PAPER

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040403917309176

An original synthesis of vildagliptin ((S)-1-[2-(3-hydroxyadamantan-1-ylamino)acetyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile), a powerful DPP-4 inhibitor, was developed. Vildagliptin was assembled from 3-amino-1-adamantanol, glyoxylic acid and l-prolinamide in a 4-step reaction sequence with the isolation of only two intermediates. The procedure is competitive with existing protocols, leading to vildagliptin in 63% overall yield.

PAPER

A Facile and Economical Method to Synthesize Vildagliptin

Author(s): Yu Deng, Anmin Wang, Zhu Tao, Yingjie Chen, Xinmei Pan, Xiangnan Hu

Journal Name: Letters in Organic Chemistry

Volume 11 , Issue 10 , 2014

DOI : 10.2174/1570178611666140922121805

A mild and economical method to prepare vildagliptin had been reported with a good yield. In this paper, vildagliptin was synthesized from L-proline and 3-amino-1-adamantanol through chloride acetylation, amination, dehydration and substitution. The total yield of the target compound was 59%.

References

1. ^ WHO International Working Group for Drug Statistics Methodology (August 27, 2008). “ATC/DDD Classification (FINAL): New ATC 5th level codes”. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. Archived from the original on May 6, 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
2. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ahrén, B; Landin-Olsson, M; Jansson, PA; Svensson, M; Holmes, D; Schweizer, A (2004). “Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 reduces glycemia, sustains insulin levels, and reduces glucagon levels in type 2 diabetes”. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 89 (5): 2078–84. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031907. PMID 15126524.
3. ^ Jump up to:^a b Mentlein, R; Gallwitz, B; Schmidt, WE (1993). “Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV hydrolyses gastric inhibitory polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide, peptide histidine methionine and is responsible for their degradation in human serum”. European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS. 214 (3): 829–35. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17986.x. PMID 8100523.
4. ^ “EU approves Novartis’s Eucreas diabetes drug”. Reuters. February 25, 2008.
5. ^ “Galvus” (PDF). http://www.ema.europa.eu. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
6. ^ Matveyenko AV, Dry S, Cox HI, et al. (July 2009). “Beneficial endocrine but adverse exocrine effects of sitagliptin in the human islet amyloid polypeptide transgenic rat model of type 2 diabetes: interactions with metformin”. Diabetes. 58 (7): 1604–15. doi:10.2337/db09-0058. PMC 2699878. PMID 19403868.
7. ^ Butler AE, Campbell-Thompson M, Gurlo T, Dawson DW, Atkinson M, Butler PC (July 2013). “Marked expansion of exocrine and endocrine pancreas with incretin therapy in humans with increased exocrine pancreas dysplasia and the potential for glucagon-producing neuroendocrine tumors”. Diabetes. 62 (7): 2595–604. doi:10.2337/db12-1686. PMC 3712065. PMID 23524641.
8. ^ Egan, Amy G.; Blind, Eberhard; Dunder, Kristina; De Graeff, Pieter A.; Hummer, B. Timothy; Bourcier, Todd; Rosebraugh, Curtis (2014). “Pancreatic Safety of Incretin-Based Drugs — FDA and EMA Assessment — NEJM” (PDF). New England Journal of Medicine. 370 (9): 794–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1314078. PMID 24571751.

External links

• “Vildagliptin”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
• Banting and Best Diabetes Centre at UT vildagliptin – Vildagliptin
• Banting and Best Diabetes Centre at UT dpp4 – About DPP-4
• The race to get DPP-4 inhibitors to market – Forbes.com
• Merck’s March Madness – Forbes.com

////////VILDAGLIPTIN, LAF 237,NVP LAF 237, ビルダグリプチン  , GALVUS, EQUA, NOVARTIS, DIABETES

OC12CC3CC(C1)CC(C3)(C2)NCC(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C#N

Reference：

[1].    Japan, PMDA.

[2].   Drug@EMA, EMEA/H/C/000771 Galvus : EPAR – Scientific Discussion.

[3].   Postgrad. Med. J. 2008, 84, 524-531.

[4].   Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2011, 13, 7-18.

[5].   Diabetes Metab. 2012, 38, 89-101.

[6].   Formulary 2008, 43, 122-124, 131-134.

[7].   Br. J. Diabetes Vasc. Dis. 2008, 8, S10-S18.

[8].   Drugs 2011, 71, 1441-1467.

[9].   The relevance of off-target polypharmacology; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012.

[10].   Int. J. Clin. Pract. Suppl. 2008, 62, 8-14.

[11].   Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009, 23, 479-486.

Dofetilide

115256-11-6[RN]

6756

b-((p-Methanesulfonamidophenethyl)methylamino)methanesulfono-p-phenetidide
Methanesulfonamide, N-[4-[2-[methyl[2-[4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenoxy]ethyl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]-

MFCD00869707 [MDL number]

• Molecular FormulaC₁₉H₂₇N₃O₅S₂
• Average mass441.565 Da
• UK68798UNII:R4Z9X1N2NDUNII-R4Z9X1N2NDXelideβ-((p-Methanesulfonamidophenethyl)methylamino)methanesulfono-p-phenetidideдофетилидدوفيتيليد多非利特

N-[4-[2-[methyl[2-[4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenoxy]ethyl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]-methanesulfonamideNCGC00164549-01PB0478000SMR000466333Tikosyn (TN)Research Code：UK-68798Trade Name：Tikosyn^®MOA：Atrial potassium channel blockerIndication：Atrial flutter; Atrial fibrillationStatus：ApprovedCompany：Pfizer (Originator)Sales：ATC Code：C01BD04

INDIA 31/7/2020 APPROVED CDSCO

Dofetilide was first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Oct 1, 1999, then approved by European Medicine Agency (EMA) on Nov 29, 1999. It was developed and marketed as Tikosyn^® by Pfizer.

Dofetilide is a selective blocker of delayed rectifier outward potassium current (IKr). It is indicated for the maintenance of normal sinus rhythm (delay in time to recurrence of atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter [AF/AFl]) in patients with atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter of greater than one week duration who have been converted to normal sinus rhythm.

Tikosyn^® is available capsule for oral use, containing 0.125, 0.25 or 0.5 mg of free Dofetilide. The recommended dose is 500 µg orally twice daily.

Dofetilide is a class III antiarrhythmic agent.^[1] It is marketed under the trade name Tikosyn by Pfizer, and is available in the United States in capsules containing 125, 250, and 500 µg of dofetilide. It is not available in Europe^[2] or Australia.^[3] In the United States it is only available by mail order or through specially trained local pharmacies.^[4]

Medical uses

Dofetilide is used for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in individuals prone to the occurrence of atrial fibrillation and flutter arrhythmias, and for chemical cardioversion to sinus rhythm from atrial fibrillation and flutter.^[5][6]

Based on the results of the Danish Investigations of Arrhythmias and Mortality on Dofetilide (“DIAMOND”) study,^[7] dofetilide does not affect mortality in the treatment of patients post-myocardial infarction with left ventricular dysfunction, however it was shown to decrease all-cause readmissions as well as CHF-related readmissions.^[8] Because of the results of the DIAMOND study, some physicians use dofetilide in the suppression of atrial fibrillation in individuals with LV dysfunction, however use appears limited: After initially receiving marketing approval in Europe in 1999, Pfizer voluntarily withdrew this approval in 2004 for commercial reasons^[2] and it is not registered in other first world countries.

It has clinical advantages over other class III antiarrhythmics in chemical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation, and maintenance of sinus rhythm, and does not have the pulmonary or hepatotoxicity of amiodarone, however atrial fibrillation is not generally considered life-threatening, and dofetilide causes an increased rate of potentially life-threatening arrhythmias in comparison to other therapies.^[9]

Contraindications

Prior to administration of the first dose, the corrected QT (QTc) must be determined. If the QTc is greater than 440 msec (or 500 msec in patients with ventricular conduction abnormalities), dofetilide is contraindicated. If heart rate is less than 60 bpm, the uncorrected QT interval should be used. After each subsequent dose of dofetilide, QTc should be determined and dosing should be adjusted. If at any time after the second dose of dofetilide the QTc is greater than 500 msec (550 msec in patients with ventricular conduction abnormalities), dofetilide should be discontinued. ^[4]

Adverse effects

Torsades de pointes is the most serious side effect of dofetilide therapy. The incidence of torsades de pointes is 0.3-10.5% and is dose-related, with increased incidence associated with higher doses. The majority of episodes of torsades de pointes have occurred within the first three days of initial dosing. Patients should be hospitalized and monitored for the first three days after starting dofetilide.^[10]

The risk of inducing torsades de pointes can be decreased by taking precautions when initiating therapy, such as hospitalizing individuals for a minimum of three days for serial creatinine measurement, continuous telemetry monitoring and availability of cardiac resuscitation.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Dofetilide works by selectively blocking the rapid component of the delayed rectifier outward potassium current (I_Kr).^[11]

This causes the refractory period of atrial tissue to increase, hence its effectiveness in the treatment of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter.

Dofetilide does not affect dV/dT_max (the slope of the upstroke of phase 0 depolarization), conduction velocity, or the resting membrane potential.

Dofetilide synthesis

There is a dose-dependent increase in the QT interval and the corrected QT interval (QTc). Because of this, many practitioners will initiate dofetilide therapy only on individuals under telemetry monitoring or if serial EKG measurements of QT and QTc can be performed.

Pharmacokinetics

Peak plasma concentrations are seen two to three hours after oral dosing when fasting. Dofetilide is well absorbed in its oral form, with a bioavailability of >90%. Intravenous administration of dofetilide is not available in the United States. ^[12]

The elimination half-life of dofetilide is roughly 10 hours; however, this varies based on many physiologic factors (most significantly creatinine clearance), and ranges from 4.8 to 13.5 hours. Due to the significant level of renal elimination (80% unchanged, 20% metabolites), the dose of dofetilide must be adjusted to prevent toxicity due to impaired renal function.^[13]

Dofetilide is metabolized predominantly by CYP3A4 enzymes predominantly in the liver and GI tract. This means that it is likely to interact with drugs that inhibit CYP3A4, such as erythromycin, clarithromycin, or ketoconazole, resulting in higher and potentially toxic levels of dofetilide. ^[14]

Metabolism

A steady-state plasma level of dofetilide is achieved in 2–3 days.

80% of dofetilide is excreted by the kidneys, so the dose of dofetilide should be adjusted in individuals with chronic kidney disease, based on creatinine clearance.

In the kidneys, dofetilide is eliminated via cation exchange (secretion). Agents that interfere with the renal cation exchange system, such as verapamil, cimetidine, hydrochlorothiazide, itraconazole, ketoconazole, prochlorperazine, and trimethoprim should not be administered to individuals taking dofetilide.

About 20 percent of dofetilide is metabolized in the liver via the CYP3A4 isoenzyme of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Drugs that interfere with the activity of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme can increase serum dofetilide levels. If the renal cation exchange system is interfered with (as with the medications listed above), a larger percentage of dofetilide is cleared via the CYP3A4 isoenzyme system.

History

After its initial US FDA approval, due to the pro-arrhythmic potential it was only made available to hospitals and prescribers that had received education and undergone specific training in the risks of treatment with dofetilide; however, this restriction was subsequently removed in 2016. ^[15

SYN

REF

Route 1

Reference：1. US5079248A / US4959366A.

2. J. Med. Chem. 1990, 33, 1151-1155.

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

EP 0245997; JP 1987267250; US 4959366; US 5079248

This compound can be prepared by several related ways: 1) The condensation of N-methyl-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethylamine (I) with 4-(2-chloroethoxy)nitrobenzene (II) by means of NaI and K2CO3 in refluxing acetonitrile gives 1-(4-nitrophenoxy)-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-methyl-3-azapentane (III), which is reduced with H2 over Pd/C in ethanol, yielding the corresponding diamino derivative (IV). Finally, this compound is acylated with methanesulfonyl anhydride in dichloromethane. 2) The condensation of (I) with N-[4-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]methanesulfonamide (V) with NaI and K2CO3 as before gives 1-[4-(methanesulfonamide)phenoxy]-3-methyl-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-azapentane (VI), which is reduced with H2 over Pd/C as before, yielding the corresponding amino derivative (VII). Finally, this compound is acylated with methanesulfonyl anhydride as usual. 3) The condensation of (II) with N-[4-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide (VIII) with NaI and K2CO3 as usual gives 1-[4-(methanesulfonamido)phenyl]-3-methyl-5-(4-nitrophenoxy)-3-azapentane (IX), which is reduced with H2 and RaNi to the corresponding amino derivative (X). Finally, this compound is acylated with methanesulfonyl chloride and pyridine. 4) By condensation of N-[4-[2-(methanesulfonyloxy)ethyl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide (XI) with N-[4-[2-(methylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]methanesulfonamide (XII) in refluxing ethanol. 5) By condensation of (V) with (VIII) by means of NaHCO3.

References

1. ^ Lenz TL; Hilleman DE (July 2000). “Dofetilide, a new class III antiarrhythmic agent”. Pharmacotherapy. 20 (7): 776–86. doi:10.1592/phco.20.9.776.35208. PMID 10907968.
2. ^ Jump up to:^a b Wathion, Noel (2004-04-13). “Public Statement on Tikosyn (dofetilide): Voluntary Withdrawal of the Marketing Authorisation in the European Union” (PDF). European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products.
3. ^ Australian Medicines Handbook 2014
4. ^ Jump up to:^a b TIKOSYN® (dofetilide). Pfizer. <http://www.tikosyn.com/>.
5. ^ Banchs JE; Wolbrette DL; Samii SM; et al. (November 2008). “Efficacy and safety of dofetilide in patients with atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter”. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 23(2): 111–5. doi:10.1007/s10840-008-9290-6. PMID 18688699. S2CID 25162347.
6. ^ Lenz TL; Hilleman DE (November 2000). “Dofetilide: A new antiarrhythmic agent approved for conversion and/or maintenance of atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter”. Drugs Today. 36 (11): 759–71. doi:10.1358/dot.2000.36.11.601530. PMID 12845335.
7. ^ Torp-Pedersen C, Møller M, Bloch-Thomsen PE, et al. (September 1999). “Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group”. The New England Journal of Medicine. 341 (12): 857–65. doi:10.1056/NEJM199909163411201. PMID 10486417.
8. ^ Torp-Pedersen C; ller M; Mø Bloch-Thomsen PE; et al. (September 1999). “Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group”. N. Engl. J. Med. 341 (12): 857–65. doi:10.1056/NEJM199909163411201. PMID 10486417.
9. ^ Micromedex Drugdex drug evaluations micromedex.com
10. ^ Torp-Pedersen C, Møller M, Bloch-Thomsen PE, et al. Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:857.
11. ^ Roukoz H; Saliba W (January 2007). “Dofetilide: a new class III antiarrhythmic agent”. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 5 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1586/14779072.5.1.9. PMID 17187453. S2CID 11255636.
12. ^ 1Rasmussen HS, Allen MJ, Blackburn KJ, et al. Dofetilide, a novel class III antiarrhythmic agent. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992; 20 Suppl 2:S96.
13. ^ “Dofetilide.” Lexicomp. Wulters Kluwer Health, n.d. Web. <online.lexi.com>.
14. ^ Walker DK, Alabaster CT, Congrave GS, et al. Significance of metabolism in the disposition and action of the antidysrhythmic drug, dofetilide. In vitro studies and correlation with in vivo data. Drug Metab Dispos 1996; 24:447.
15. ^ “Information for Tikosyn (dofetilide)”. US Food and Drug Administration. 2016-03-09.

DofetilideCAS Registry Number: 115256-11-6CAS Name:N-[4-[2-[Methyl[2-[4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenoxy]ethyl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]methanesulfonamideAdditional Names: 1-(4-methanesulfonamidophenoxy)-2-[N-(4-methanesulfonamidophenethyl)-N-methylamino]ethaneManufacturers’ Codes: UK-68798Trademarks: Tikosyn (Pfizer)Molecular Formula: C19H27N3O5S2Molecular Weight: 441.56Percent Composition: C 51.68%, H 6.16%, N 9.52%, O 18.12%, S 14.52%Literature References: Potassium channel blocker. Prepn: J. E. Arrowsmith et al.,EP245997; P. E. Cross et al.,US4959366 (1987, 1990 both to Pfizer); idemet al.,J. Med. Chem.33, 1151 (1990). HPLC determn in urine: D. K. Walker et al.,J. Chromatogr.568, 475 (1991). Mechanism of action study: D. Carmeliet, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.262, 809 (1992). Review of pharmacology and pharmacokinetics: H. S. Rasmussen et al.,ibid.20, Suppl. 2, S96-S105 (1992). Clinical trial in atrial fibrillation and flutter: B. L. Norgaard et al.,Am. Heart J.137, 1062 (1999); in congestive heart failure: C. Torp-Pedersen et al.,N. Engl. J. Med.341, 857 (1999).Properties: Crystals from ethyl acetate/methanol (10:1), mp 147-149° (Cross); from hexane/ethyl acetate, mp 151-152° (Arrowsmith). Also reported as white crystalline solid, mp 161° (Rasmussen). pKa 7.0, 9.0, 9.6. Distribution coefficient (pH 7.4): 0.96. Sol in 0.1M NaOH, acetone, 0.1M HCl; very slightly sol in water, propan-2-ol.Melting point: mp 147-149° (Cross); mp 151-152° (Arrowsmith); mp 161° (Rasmussen)pKa: pKa 7.0, 9.0, 9.6Therap-Cat: Antiarrhythmic (class III).Keywords: Antiarrhythmic; Potassium Channel Blocker.

////////////DOFETILIDE, 2020 APPROVALS, INDIA 2020, UK 68798, UNII:R4Z9X1N2ND, дофетилид , دوفيتيليد ,多非利特 , TIKOSYN

>>von Willebrand factor<<<
MIPARFAGVLLALALILPGTLCAEGTRGRSSTARCSLFGSDFVNTFDGSMYSFAGYCSYL
AGGCQKRSFSIIGDFQNGKRVSLSVYLGEFFDIHLFVNGTVTQGDQRVSMPYASKGLYLE
TEAGYYKLSGEAYGFVARIDGSGNFQVLLSDRYFNKTCGLCGNFNIFAEDDFMTQEGTLT
SDPYDFANSWALSSGEQWCERASPPSSSCNISSGEMQKGLWEQCQLLKSTSVFARCHPLV
DPEPFVALCEKTLCECAGGLECACPALLEYARTCAQEGMVLYGWTDHSACSPVCPAGMEY
RQCVSPCARTCQSLHINEMCQERCVDGCSCPEGQLLDEGLCVESTECPCVHSGKRYPPGT
SLSRDCNTCICRNSQWICSNEECPGECLVTGQSHFKSFDNRYFTFSGICQYLLARDCQDH
SFSIVIETVQCADDRDAVCTRSVTVRLPGLHNSLVKLKHGAGVAMDGQDIQLPLLKGDLR
IQHTVTASVRLSYGEDLQMDWDGRGRLLVKLSPVYAGKTCGLCGNYNGNQGDDFLTPSGL
AEPRVEDFGNAWKLHGDCQDLQKQHSDPCALNPRMTRFSEEACAVLTSPTFEACHRAVSP
LPYLRNCRYDVCSCSDGRECLCGALASYAAACAGRGVRVAWREPGRCELNCPKGQVYLQC
GTPCNLTCRSLSYPDEECNEACLEGCFCPPGLYMDERGDCVPKAQCPCYYDGEIFQPEDI
FSDHHTMCYCEDGFMHCTMSGVPGSLLPDAVLSSPLSHRSKRSLSCRPPMVKLVCPADNL
RAEGLECTKTCQNYDLECMSMGCVSGCLCPPGMVRHENRCVALERCPCFHQGKEYAPGET
VKIGCNTCVCRDRKWNCTDHVCDATCSTIGMAHYLTFDGLKYLFPGECQYVLVQDYCGSN
PGTFRILVGNKGCSHPSVKCKKRVTILVEGGEIELFDGEVNVKRPMKDETHFEVVESGRY
IILLLGKALSVVWDRHLSISVVLKQTYQEKVCGLCGNFDGIQNNDLTSSNLQVEEDPVDF
GNSWKVSSQCADTRKVPLDSSPATCHNNIMKQTMVDSSCRILTSDVFQDCNKLVDPEPYL
DVCIYDTCSCESIGDCACFCDTIAAYAHVCAQHGKVVTWRTATLCPQSCEERNLRENGYE
CEWRYNSCAPACQVTCQHPEPLACPVQCVEGCHAHCPPGKILDELLQTCVDPEDCPVCEV
AGRRFASGKKVTLNPSDPEHCQICHCDVVNLTCEACQEPGGLVVPPTDAPVSPTTLYVED
ISEPPLHDFYCSRLLDLVFLLDGSSRLSEAEFEVLKAFVVDMMERLRISQKWVRVAVVEY
HDGSHAYIGLKDRKRPSELRRIASQVKYAGSQVASTSEVLKYTLFQIFSKIDRPEASRIA
LLLMASQEPQRMSRNFVRYVQGLKKKKVIVIPVGIGPHANLKQIRLIEKQAPENKAFVLS
SVDELEQQRDEIVSYLCDLAPEAPPPTLPPHMAQVTVGPGLLGVSTLGPKRNSMVLDVAF
VLEGSDKIGEADFNRSKEFMEEVIQRMDVGQDSIHVTVLQYSYMVTVEYPFSEAQSKGDI
LQRVREIRYQGGNRTNTGLALRYLSDHSFLVSQGDREQAPNLVYMVTGNPASDEIKRLPG
DIQVVPIGVGPNANVQELERIGWPNAPILIQDFETLPREAPDLVLQRCCSGEGLQIPTLS
PAPDCSQPLDVILLLDGSSSFPASYFDEMKSFAKAFISKANIGPRLTQVSVLQYGSITTI
DVPWNVVPEKAHLLSLVDVMQREGGPSQIGDALGFAVRYLTSEMHGARPGASKAVVILVT
DVSVDSVDAAADAARSNRVTVFPIGIGDRYDAAQLRILAGPAGDSNVVKLQRIEDLPTMV
TLGNSFLHKLCSGFVRICMDEDGNEKRPGDVWTLPDQCHTVTCQPDGQTLLKSHRVNCDR
GLRPSCPNSQSPVKVEETCGCRWTCPCVCTGSSTRHIVTFDGQNFKLTGSCSYVLFQNKE
QDLEVILHNGACSPGARQGCMKSIEVKHSALSVELHSDMEVTVNGRLVSVPYVGGNMEVN
VYGAIMHEVRFNHLGHIFTFTPQNNEFQLQLSPKTFASKTYGLCGICDENGANDFMLRDG
TVTTDWKTLVQEWTVQRPGQTCQPILEEQCLVPDSSHCQVLLLPLFAECHKVLAPATFYA
ICQQDSCHQEQVCEVIASYAHLCRTNGVCVDWRTPDFCAMSCPPSLVYNHCEHGCPRHCD
GNVSSCGDHPSEGCFCPPDKVMLEGSCVPEEACTQCIGEDGVQHQFLEAWVPDHQPCQIC
TCLSGRKVNCTTQPCPTAKAPTCGLCEVARLRQNADQCCPEYECVCDPVSCDLPPVPHCE
RGLQPTLTNPGECRPNFTCACRKEECKRVSPPSCPPHRLPTLRKTQCCDEYECACNCVNS
TVSCPLGYLASTATNDCGCTTTTCLPDKVCVHRSTIYPVGQFWEEGCDVCTCTDMEDAVM
GLRVAQCSQKPCEDSCRSGFTYVLHEGECCGRCLPSACEVVTGSPRGDSQSSWKSVGSQW
ASPENPCLINECVRVKEEVFIQQRNVSCPQLEVPVCPSGFQLSCKTSACCPSCRCERMEA
CMLNGTVIGPGKTVMIDVCTTCRCMVQVGVISGFKLECRKTTCNPCPLGYKEENNTGECC
GRCLPTACTIQLRGGQIMTLKRDETLQDGCDTHFCKVNERGEYFWEKRVTGCPPFDEHKC
LAEGGKIMKIPGTCCDTCEEPECNDITARLQYVKVGSCKSEVEVDIHYCQGKCASKAMYS
IDINDVQDQCSCCSPTRTEPMQVALHCTNGSVVYHEVLNAMECKCSPRKCSK

Vonicog alfa

ボニコグアルファ (遺伝子組換え) ;
フォン・ヴィレブランド因子;

JAPAN 2020, APPROVED 2020/3/25, VONVENDI

Anticoagulant, Hemostatic, Replenisher (von Willebrand factor)

Active Substance

General information Recombinant von Willebrand Factor (rVWF) is co-expressed with recombinant Factor VIII (rFVIII) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as part of the ADVATE (Centrally authorised product) manufacturing process. The rVWF protein is separated from the FVIII and further purified.

Structural formula

Vonicog alfa is expressed as a 2813 amino acid pro-VWF molecule. The pro-VWF is composed of A, B, C and D repeats, which contain various functional domains that have been identified. The mature VWF monomer is a 2050 amino acid protein. Every monomer contains a number of specific domains with a specific function. Elements of note are: • The D’/D3 domain, which binds to Factor VIII • The A1 domain, which binds to: Platelet gp1b-receptor, Heparin, Collagen • The A3 domain, which binds to collagen • The C1 domain, in which the RGD domain binds to platelet integrin αIIbβ3 when this is activated • The “cysteine knot” domain Monomers of pro-VWF are subsequently N-glycosylated, arranged into dimers via a C-terminal disulfide bond in the endoplasmic reticulum and into multimers by crosslinking of N-terminal cysteine residues via disulfide bonds.

Figure 1. Structure of Von Willebrand Factor Monomer/Dimer

After reduction of disulfide bonds in electrophoretic analysis, rVWF appears as a single predominant band having an apparent molecular weight of approximately 260 kDa. In low resolution agarose gel electrophoresis, rVWF shows a characteristic ladder of bands also known as multimers. In this analysis, rVWF contains as many distinct bands as VWF detectable in normal human plasma or VWF isolated from human plasma but in addition, has a zone with unresolved bands in the ultra-high molecular weight range. Highresolution electrophoresis shows a single band for all multimer levels without any satellite bands, as rVWF has never been exposed to ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13) cleavage.

Vonicog alfa, sold under the brand names Vonvendi and Veyvondi, is a medicine used to control bleeding in adults with von Willebrand disease (an inherited bleeding disorder).^[5][4][6] It is a recombinant von Willebrand factor.^[5][4]

The most common adverse reactions are generalized itching, vomiting, nausea, dizziness, and vertigo.^[5]

Vonicog alfa should not be used in the treatment of Hemophilia A.^[4]

In the UK it is available only via a named patient access program.^[7]

Vonicog alfa was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2015, in the European Union in August 2018, and in Australia in April 2020.^[3][5][4][8] It was granted orphan drug designations in both the United States and the European Union.^[4][1]

Medical uses

Vonicog alfa is indicated in adults with von Willebrand Disease (VWD), when desmopressin (DDAVP) treatment alone is ineffective or not indicated for the

• Treatment of haemorrhage and surgical bleeding^[4]
• Prevention of surgical bleeding.^[4]

Adverse effects

The following side effects may occur during treatment with vonicog alfa: hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions, thromboembolic events (problems due to the formation of blood clots in the blood vessels), development of inhibitors (antibodies) against von Willebrand factor, causing the medicine to stop working and resulting in a loss of bleeding control.^[4] The most common side effects with vonicog alfa (which may affect up to 1 in 10 patients) are dizziness, vertigo (a spinning sensation), dysgeusia (taste disturbances), tremor, rapid heartbeat, deep venous thrombosis (blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the leg), hypertension (high blood pressure), hot flush, vomiting, nausea (feeling sick), pruritus (itching), chest discomfort, sensations like numbness, tingling, pins and needles at the site of infusion, and an abnormal reading on the electrocardiogram (ECG).^[4]

References

1. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “Veyvondi Australian prescription medicine decision summary”. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 29 April 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
2. ^ “Vonvendi 650 IU powder and solvent for solution for injection – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)”. (emc). 7 May 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
3. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Vonvendi”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 9 May 2018. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
4. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h i j} “Veyvondi EPAR”. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 20 September 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2020. Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
5. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Vonvendi (von willebrand factor- recombinant kit”. DailyMed. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
6. ^ “Veyvondi-epar product information” (PDF). European Medicines Agency.
7. ^ “Vonicog alfa”. Specialist Pharmacy Service. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
8. ^ “Vonvendi”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 13 April 2018. STN: 125577. Retrieved 27 March 2020.

Further reading

• AusPAR: Vonicog alfa. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) (Report). October 2020.

External links

• “Vonicog alfa”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

General References

1. Singal M, Kouides PA: Recombinant von Willebrand factor: a first-of-its-kind product for von Willebrand disease. Drugs Today (Barc). 2016 Dec;52(12):653-664. doi: 10.1358/dot.2016.52.12.2570978. [PubMed:28276537]
2. Brown R: Recombinant von Willebrand factor for severe gastrointestinal bleeding unresponsive to other treatments in a patient with type 2A von Willebrand disease: a case report. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2017 Oct;28(7):570-575. doi: 10.1097/MBC.0000000000000632. [PubMed:28379876]
3. Gill JC, Castaman G, Windyga J, Kouides P, Ragni M, Leebeek FW, Obermann-Slupetzky O, Chapman M, Fritsch S, Pavlova BG, Presch I, Ewenstein B: Hemostatic efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of a recombinant von Willebrand factor in severe von Willebrand disease. Blood. 2015 Oct 22;126(17):2038-46. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-02-629873. Epub 2015 Aug 3. [PubMed:26239086]
4. Lenting PJ, Christophe OD, Denis CV: von Willebrand factor biosynthesis, secretion, and clearance: connecting the far ends. Blood. 2015 Mar 26;125(13):2019-28. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-06-528406. Epub 2015 Feb 23. [PubMed:25712991]
5. Chung MC, Popova TG, Jorgensen SC, Dong L, Chandhoke V, Bailey CL, Popov SG: Degradation of circulating von Willebrand factor and its regulator ADAMTS13 implicates secreted Bacillus anthracis metalloproteases in anthrax consumptive coagulopathy. J Biol Chem. 2008 Apr 11;283(15):9531-42. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M705871200. Epub 2008 Feb 8. [PubMed:18263586]
6. Boston Children’s Hospital [Link]
7. EMA [Link]
8. FDA application [Link]
9. National Institute for Health Research [Link]
10. Hemophilia [Link]

////////Vonicog alfa, JAPAN 2020, APPROVALS 2020,, VONVENDI, BAX 111, 

glucagon

EMA……Ogluo (glucagon), a hybrid medicine for the treatment of severe hypoglycaemia in diabetes mellitus. Hybrid applications rely in part on the results of pre-clinical tests and clinical trials of an already authorised reference product and in part on new data.

On 10 December 2020, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorisation for the medicinal product Ogluo, intended for the treatment of severe hypoglycaemia in diabetes mellitus. The applicant for this medicinal product is Xeris Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited.

Ogluo will be available as 0.5 and 1 mg solution for injection. The active substance of Ogluo is glucagon, a pancreatic hormone (ATC code: H04AA01); glucagon increases blood glucose concentration by stimulating glycogen breakdown and release of glucose from the liver.

The benefits with Ogluo are its ability to restore blood glucose levels in hypoglycaemic subjects. The most common side effects are nausea and vomiting.

Ogluo is a hybrid medicine¹ of GlucaGen/GlucaGen Hypokit; GlucaGen has been authorised in the EU since October 1962. Ogluo contains the same active substance as GlucaGen but is available as a ready-to-use formulation intended for subcutaneous injection.

The full indication is:

Ogluo is indicated for the treatment of severe hypoglycaemia in adults, adolescents, and children aged 2 years and over with diabetes mellitus.

Detailed recommendations for the use of this product will be described in the summary of product characteristics (SmPC), which will be published in the European public assessment report (EPAR) and made available in all official European Union languages after the marketing authorisation has been granted by the European Commission.

¹ Hybrid applications rely in part on the results of pre-clinical tests and clinical trials for a reference product and in part on new data.

Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It works to raise the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream, and is considered to be the main catabolic hormone of the body.^[3] It is also used as a medication to treat a number of health conditions. Its effect is opposite to that of insulin, which lowers extracellular glucose.^[4] It is produced from proglucagon, encoded by the GCG gene.

The pancreas releases glucagon when the amount of glucose in the bloodstream is too low. Glucagon causes the liver to engage in glycogenolysis: converting stored glycogen into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream.^[5] High blood-glucose levels, on the other hand, stimulate the release of insulin. Insulin allows glucose to be taken up and used by insulin-dependent tissues. Thus, glucagon and insulin are part of a feedback system that keeps blood glucose levels stable. Glucagon increases energy expenditure and is elevated under conditions of stress.^[6] Glucagon belongs to the secretin family of hormones.

Function

Glucagon generally elevates the concentration of glucose in the blood by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.^[7] Glucagon also decreases fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue and the liver, as well as promoting lipolysis in these tissues, which causes them to release fatty acids into circulation where they can be catabolised to generate energy in tissues such as skeletal muscle when required.^[8]

Glucose is stored in the liver in the form of the polysaccharide glycogen, which is a glucan (a polymer made up of glucose molecules). Liver cells (hepatocytes) have glucagon receptors. When glucagon binds to the glucagon receptors, the liver cells convert the glycogen into individual glucose molecules and release them into the bloodstream, in a process known as glycogenolysis. As these stores become depleted, glucagon then encourages the liver and kidney to synthesize additional glucose by gluconeogenesis. Glucagon turns off glycolysis in the liver, causing glycolytic intermediates to be shuttled to gluconeogenesis.

Glucagon also regulates the rate of glucose production through lipolysis. Glucagon induces lipolysis in humans under conditions of insulin suppression (such as diabetes mellitus type 1).^[9]

Glucagon production appears to be dependent on the central nervous system through pathways yet to be defined. In invertebrate animals, eyestalk removal has been reported to affect glucagon production. Excising the eyestalk in young crayfish produces glucagon-induced hyperglycemia.^[10]

Mechanism of action

 Metabolic regulation of glycogen by glucagon.

Glucagon binds to the glucagon receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor, located in the plasma membrane of the cell. The conformation change in the receptor activates G proteins, a heterotrimeric protein with α, β, and γ subunits. When the G protein interacts with the receptor, it undergoes a conformational change that results in the replacement of the GDP molecule that was bound to the α subunit with a GTP molecule. This substitution results in the releasing of the α subunit from the β and γ subunits. The alpha subunit specifically activates the next enzyme in the cascade, adenylate cyclase.

Adenylate cyclase manufactures cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP), which activates protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase). This enzyme, in turn, activates phosphorylase kinase, which then phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase b (PYG b), converting it into the active form called phosphorylase a (PYG a). Phosphorylase a is the enzyme responsible for the release of glucose 1-phosphate from glycogen polymers. An example of the pathway would be when glucagon binds to a transmembrane protein. The transmembrane proteins interacts with Gɑβ𝛾. Gɑ separates from Gβ𝛾 and interacts with the transmembrane protein adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP. cAMP binds to protein kinase A, and the complex phosphorylates phosphorylase kinase.^[11] Phosphorylated phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates phosphorylase. Phosphorylated phosphorylase clips glucose units from glycogen as glucose 1-phosphate. Additionally, the coordinated control of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver is adjusted by the phosphorylation state of the enzymes that catalyze the formation of a potent activator of glycolysis called fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.^[12] The enzyme protein kinase A (PKA) that was stimulated by the cascade initiated by glucagon will also phosphorylate a single serine residue of the bifunctional polypeptide chain containing both the enzymes fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase and phosphofructokinase-2. This covalent phosphorylation initiated by glucagon activates the former and inhibits the latter. This regulates the reaction catalyzing fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (a potent activator of phosphofructokinase-1, the enzyme that is the primary regulatory step of glycolysis)^[13] by slowing the rate of its formation, thereby inhibiting the flux of the glycolysis pathway and allowing gluconeogenesis to predominate. This process is reversible in the absence of glucagon (and thus, the presence of insulin).

Glucagon stimulation of PKA also inactivates the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase in hepatocytes.^[14]

Physiology

Production

 A microscopic image stained for glucagon

The hormone is synthesized and secreted from alpha cells (α-cells) of the islets of Langerhans, which are located in the endocrine portion of the pancreas. Production, which is otherwise freerunning, is suppressed/regulated by amylin, a peptide hormone co-secreted with insulin from the pancreatic β cells.^[15] As plasma glucose levels recede, the subsequent reduction in amylin secretion alleviates its suppression of the α cells, allowing for glucagon secretion.

In rodents, the alpha cells are located in the outer rim of the islet. Human islet structure is much less segregated, and alpha cells are distributed throughout the islet in close proximity to beta cells. Glucagon is also produced by alpha cells in the stomach.^[16]

Recent research has demonstrated that glucagon production may also take place outside the pancreas, with the gut being the most likely site of extrapancreatic glucagon synthesis.^[17]

Regulation

Secretion of glucagon is stimulated by:

• Hypoglycemia
• Epinephrine (via β2, α2,^[18] and α1^[19] adrenergic receptors)
• Arginine
• Alanine (often from muscle-derived pyruvate/glutamate transamination (see alanine transaminase reaction).
• Acetylcholine^[20]
• Cholecystokinin
• Gastric inhibitory polypeptide

Secretion of glucagon is inhibited by:

• Somatostatin
• Amylin ^[21]
• Insulin (via GABA)^[22]
• PPARγ/retinoid X receptor heterodimer.^[23]
• Increased free fatty acids and keto acids into the blood.^[24]
• Increased urea production
• Glucagon-like peptide-1

Structure

Glucagon is a 29-amino acid polypeptide. Its primary structure in humans is: NH₂–His–Ser–Gln–Gly–Thr–Phe–Thr–Ser–Asp–Tyr–Ser–Lys–Tyr–Leu–Asp–Ser–Arg–Arg–Ala–Gln–Asp–Phe–Val–Gln–Trp–Leu–Met–Asn–Thr–COOH.

The polypeptide has a molecular mass of 3485 daltons.^[25] Glucagon is a peptide (nonsteroid) hormone.

Glucagon is generated from the cleavage of proglucagon by proprotein convertase 2 in pancreatic islet α cells. In intestinal L cells, proglucagon is cleaved to the alternate products glicentin, GLP-1 (an incretin), IP-2, and GLP-2 (promotes intestinal growth).^[26]

Pathology

Abnormally elevated levels of glucagon may be caused by pancreatic tumors, such as glucagonoma, symptoms of which include necrolytic migratory erythema,^[27] reduced amino acids, and hyperglycemia. It may occur alone or in the context of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1^[28]

Elevated glucagon is the main contributor to hyperglycemic ketoacidosis in undiagnosed or poorly treated type 1 diabetes. As the beta cells cease to function, insulin and pancreatic GABA are no longer present to suppress the freerunning output of glucagon. As a result, glucagon is released from the alpha cells at a maximum, causing rapid breakdown of glycogen to glucose and fast ketogenesis.^[29] It was found that a subset of adults with type 1 diabetes took 4 times longer on average to approach ketoacidosis when given somatostatin (inhibits glucagon production) with no insulin. Inhibiting glucagon has been a popular idea of diabetes treatment, however some have warned that doing so will give rise to brittle diabetes in patients with adequately stable blood glucose.^{[citation needed]}

The absence of alpha cells (and hence glucagon) is thought to be one of the main influences in the extreme volatility of blood glucose in the setting of a total pancreatectomy.

History

In the 1920s, Kimball and Murlin studied pancreatic extracts, and found an additional substance with hyperglycemic properties. They described glucagon in 1923.^[30] The amino acid sequence of glucagon was described in the late 1950s.^[31] A more complete understanding of its role in physiology and disease was not established until the 1970s, when a specific radioimmunoassay was developed.^{[citation needed]}

Etymology

Kimball and Murlin coined the term glucagon in 1923 when they initially named the substance the glucose agonist.^[32]

References

1. ^ Jump up to:^a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000115263 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. ^ “Human PubMed Reference:”. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
3. ^ Voet D, Voet JG (2011). Biochemistry (4th ed.). New York: Wiley.
4. ^ Reece J, Campbell N (2002). Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-6624-2.
5. ^ Orsay J (2014). Biology 1: Molecules. Examkrackers Inc. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-893858-70-1.
6. ^ Jones BJ, Tan T, Bloom SR (March 2012). “Minireview: Glucagon in stress and energy homeostasis”. Endocrinology. 153 (3): 1049–54. doi:10.1210/en.2011-1979. PMC 3281544. PMID 22294753.
7. ^ Voet D, Voet JG (2011). Biochemistry (4th ed.). New York: Wiley.
8. ^ HABEGGER, K. M., HEPPNER, K. M., GEARY, N., BARTNESS, T. J., DIMARCHI, R. & TSCHÖP, M. H. (2010). “The metabolic actions of glucagon revisited”. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 6 (12): 689–697. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2010.187. PMC 3563428. PMID 20957001.
9. ^ Liljenquist JE, Bomboy JD, Lewis SB, Sinclair-Smith BC, Felts PW, Lacy WW, Crofford OB, Liddle GW (January 1974). “Effects of glucagon on lipolysis and ketogenesis in normal and diabetic men”. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 53 (1): 190–7. doi:10.1172/JCI107537. PMC 301453. PMID 4808635.
10. ^ Leinen RL, Giannini AJ (1983). “Effect of eyestalk removal on glucagon induced hyperglycemia in crayfish”. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts. 9: 604.
11. ^ Yu Q, Shuai H, Ahooghalandari P, Gylfe E, Tengholm A (July 2019). “Glucose controls glucagon secretion by directly modulating cAMP in alpha cells”. Diabetologia. 62 (7): 1212–1224. doi:10.1007/s00125-019-4857-6. PMC 6560012. PMID 30953108.
12. ^ Hue L, Rider MH (July 1987). “Role of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in the control of glycolysis in mammalian tissues”. The Biochemical Journal. 245 (2): 313–24. doi:10.1042/bj2450313. PMC 1148124. PMID 2822019.
13. ^ Claus TH, El-Maghrabi MR, Regen DM, Stewart HB, McGrane M, Kountz PD, Nyfeler F, Pilkis J, Pilkis SJ (1984). “The role of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism”. Current Topics in Cellular Regulation. 23: 57–86. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-152823-2.50006-4. ISBN 9780121528232. PMID 6327193.
14. ^ Feliú JE, Hue L, Hers HG (August 1976). “Hormonal control of pyruvate kinase activity and of gluconeogenesis in isolated hepatocytes”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 73 (8): 2762–6. Bibcode:1976PNAS…73.2762F. doi:10.1073/pnas.73.8.2762. PMC 430732. PMID 183209.
15. ^ Zhang, Xiao-Xi (2016). “Neuroendocrine Hormone Amylin in Diabetes”. World J Diabetes. 7 (9): 189–197. doi:10.4239/wjd.v7.i9.189. PMC 4856891. PMID 27162583.
16. ^ Unger RH, Cherrington AD (January 2012). “Glucagonocentric restructuring of diabetes: a pathophysiologic and therapeutic makeover”. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 122(1): 4–12. doi:10.1172/JCI60016. PMC 3248306. PMID 22214853.
17. ^ Holst JJ, Holland W, Gromada J, Lee Y, Unger RH, Yan H, Sloop KW, Kieffer TJ, Damond N, Herrera PL (April 2017). “Insulin and Glucagon: Partners for Life”. Endocrinology. 158(4): 696–701. doi:10.1210/en.2016-1748. PMC 6061217. PMID 28323959.
18. ^ Layden BT, Durai V, Lowe WL (2010). “G-Protein-Coupled Receptors, Pancreatic Islets, and Diabetes”. Nature Education. 3 (9): 13.
19. ^ Skoglund G, Lundquist I, Ahrén B (November 1987). “Alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation increases plasma glucagon levels in the mouse”. European Journal of Pharmacology. 143 (1): 83–8. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(87)90737-0. PMID 2891547.
20. ^ Honey RN, Weir GC (October 1980). “Acetylcholine stimulates insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin release in the perfused chicken pancreas”. Endocrinology. 107 (4): 1065–8. doi:10.1210/endo-107-4-1065. PMID 6105951.
21. ^ Zhang, Xiao-Xi (2016). “Neuroendocrine Hormone Amylin in Diabetes”. World J Diabetes. 7 (9): 189–197. doi:10.4239/wjd.v7.i9.189. PMC 4856891. PMID 27162583.
22. ^ Xu E, Kumar M, Zhang Y, Ju W, Obata T, Zhang N, Liu S, Wendt A, Deng S, Ebina Y, Wheeler MB, Braun M, Wang Q (January 2006). “Intra-islet insulin suppresses glucagon release via GABA-GABAA receptor system”. Cell Metabolism. 3 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2005.11.015. PMID 16399504.
23. ^ Krätzner R, Fröhlich F, Lepler K, Schröder M, Röher K, Dickel C, Tzvetkov MV, Quentin T, Oetjen E, Knepel W (February 2008). “A peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-retinoid X receptor heterodimer physically interacts with the transcriptional activator PAX6 to inhibit glucagon gene transcription”. Molecular Pharmacology. 73 (2): 509–17. doi:10.1124/mol.107.035568. PMID 17962386. S2CID 10108970.
24. ^ Johnson LR (2003). Essential Medical Physiology. Academic Press. pp. 643–. ISBN 978-0-12-387584-6.
25. ^ Unger RH, Orci L (June 1981). “Glucagon and the A cell: physiology and pathophysiology (first two parts)”. The New England Journal of Medicine. 304 (25): 1518–24. doi:10.1056/NEJM198106183042504. PMID 7015132.
26. ^ Orskov C, Holst JJ, Poulsen SS, Kirkegaard P (November 1987). “Pancreatic and intestinal processing of proglucagon in man”. Diabetologia. 30 (11): 874–81. doi:10.1007/BF00274797 (inactive 2020-10-11). PMID 3446554.
27. ^ John AM, Schwartz RA (December 2016). “Glucagonoma syndrome: a review and update on treatment”. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 30 (12): 2016–2022. doi:10.1111/jdv.13752. PMID 27422767. S2CID 1228654.
28. ^ Oberg K (December 2010). “Pancreatic endocrine tumors”. Seminars in Oncology. 37 (6): 594–618. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2010.10.014. PMID 21167379.
29. ^ Fasanmade OA, Odeniyi IA, Ogbera AO (June 2008). “Diabetic ketoacidosis: diagnosis and management”. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 37 (2): 99–105. PMID 18939392.
30. ^ Kimball C, Murlin J (1923). “Aqueous extracts of pancreas III. Some precipitation reactions of insulin”. J. Biol. Chem. 58 (1): 337–348.
31. ^ Bromer W, Winn L, Behrens O (1957). “The amino acid sequence of glucagon V. Location of amide groups, acid degradation studies and summary of sequential evidence”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (11): 2807–2810. doi:10.1021/ja01568a038.
32. ^ “History of glucagon – Metabolism, insulin and other hormones – Diapedia, The Living Textbook of Diabetes”. http://www.diapedia.org. Archived from the original on 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2017-03-26.

External links

• PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Glucagon

///////////GLUCAGON, DIABETES, PEPTIDE, HORMONE

• Molecular FormulaC₂₂H₂₃FN₂O₂
• Average mass366.429 Da

Roluperidone

CAS 359625-79-9

1937215-88-7 hclролуперидон [Russian] [INN]رولوبيريدون [Arabic] [INN]罗鲁哌酮 [Chinese] [INN]1H-Isoindol-1-one, 2-[[1-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-4-piperidinyl]methyl]-2,3-dihydro-2-({1-[2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-4-piperidinyl}methyl)-1-isoindolinone2-[[1- [2–fluorophenyl) -2-oxotyl] piperidine –4-yl] methyl] isoindrin-hydrochloride

CYR-101

UNII-4P31I0M3BF

MIN-101

Roluperidone (former developmental code names MIN-101, CYR-101, MT-210) is a 5-HT_2A and σ₂ receptor antagonist that is under development by Minerva Neurosciences for the treatment of schizophrenia.^[1][2][3][4] One of its metabolites also has some affinity for the H₁ receptor.^[2] As of May 2018, the drug is in phase III clinical trials.^[5]

Minerva Neurosciences (following the merger of Cyrenaic and Sonkei Pharmaceuticals ), under license from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma , is developing roluperidone (MIN-101, CYR-101, MT-210), a dual 5-HT2A /sigma 2 antagonist, as a modified-release formulation, for the potential oral treatment of schizophrenia. In December 2017, a phase III trial was initiated in patients with negative symptoms of schizophrenia. By March 2020, Minerva had filed an IND for apathy in dementia.

Schizophrenia is a complex, challenging, and heterogeneous psychiatric condition, affecting up to 0.7% of the world population according to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2006). Patients suffering with schizophrenia present with a range of symptoms, including: positive symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, thought disorders, and agitation; negative symptoms, such as mood flatness and lack of pleasure in daily life; cognitive symptoms, such as the decreased ability to understand information and make decisions, difficulty focusing, and decreased working memory function; and sleep disorders.

The etiology of schizophrenia is not fully understood. A major explanatory hypothesis for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is the Dopamine (DA) hypothesis, which proposes that hyperactivity of DA transmission is responsible for expressed symptoms of the disorder. This hypothesis is based on the observation that drugs effective in treating schizophrenia share the common feature of blocking DA D2 receptors. However, these so-called typical antipsychotics are associated with a very high incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Furthermore, negative symptoms and cognitive impairment are considered relatively unresponsive to typical antipsychotics.

Most currently approved therapies for schizophrenia show efficacy primarily in the management of positive symptoms. An estimated 4.2 million people suffered from schizophrenia in 2012 in the United States and the five major European Union markets. Of those, an estimated 48% experienced predominantly negative symptoms and 80% suffered from cognitive impairment. In addition, about 50% of patients with schizophrenia experience sleep disorders, which can further exacerbate both positive and negative symptoms.

The introduction of the so-called atypical antipsychotics in the last decade represented a significant advance in the treatment of schizophrenia. Although these atypical antipsychotics differ widely in chemical structure and receptor-binding profiles, they share a characteristic of potent antagonism of the Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) type 2 receptor (5-HT2A). A high 5-HT2A:D2 affinity ratio is thought to substantially reduce the liability for inducing EPS, compared with typical antipsychotics.

However, many patients are still treatment-noncompliant despite the advantage of atypical antipsychotics of tolerability. Although the risk of EPS is clearly lower with the atypical antipsychotics, the high doses required with some atypical antipsychotics are likely to result in an increased incidence of EPS and require concomitant medications such as antiparkinson drugs.

In addition to EPS, antipsychotic medications cause a broad spectrum of side effects including sedation, anticholinergic effects, prolactin elevation, orthostatic hypotension, weight gain, altered glucose metabolism, and QTc prolongation. These side effects can affect patients’ compliance with their treatment regimen. It should be noted that noncompliance with treatment regimen is a primary reason for relapse of the disease.

Although atypical antipsychotics offer advantages over typical antipsychotics in terms of symptom alleviation and side effect profile, these differences are generally modest. A certain population of patients still remains refractory to all currently available antipsychotics. Newer agents to address these issues continue to be sought.

Product Ingredients

PATENT

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2001064670

Example 1: 2-[[1- [2–fluorophenyl) -2-oxotyl] piperidine –4-yl] methyl] isoindrin-hydrochloride (Compound 1 in Table 1)

a) tert-Butyl 4-aminomethylpiperidine-carpoxylate hydrochloride’salt

4-Aminomethylpiperidin 5. 71g as a starting material

Tert-Butyl 4-aminomethylbiperidine-power reportage was synthesized according to the method described in Synthetic Commun., 22 (16), 2357-2360 (1992). This compound was dissolved in 80 ml of ethyl acetate, 4N ethyl monoacetate hydrochloride was added, and the mixture was stirred. Precipitated solid

Was collected to obtain 10.27 g (yield 82%) of the indicated compound. At melting point 236-240.

Ή-NMR (DMS0-d ₆ ): 8.00 (3H, s), 3. 92 (2H, br d, J = 12.6), 2.68 H, m), 1.77- 1. 65 (3H, m), 1.39 (9H, s), 1.02 (2H, m) b) 2-Bromomethylbenzoic acid etyl ester

2-Methylbenzoic acid etyl ester (2.00 g, 11.9 mmol) is dissolved in carbon tetrachloride (60 ml), and N-promosucciimide (2.56 g, 14.4 mmo 1) and a catalytic amount of benzoyl peroxide are added to the solution. In addition, heat reflux. After 1 hour, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, hexan (40 m was added, the insoluble material was filtered off, and the filtrate was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain 3.16 g of the indicated compound as a yellow oil. It was used for the next reaction without purification as it was.

c) tert-Butyl 4- (1-oxoisoindrin-2 -ylmethyl) piperidine-1 -carpoxylate

Add 3.15 g of the compound obtained in Example lb and the compound (3.00 g, 12. Ommol) obtained in Example la to dimethylformamide (30πΠ), and stir at room temperature with trietylamine (3.5 ml, 25 mmol). ) Is added and stirred at the same temperature for 17 hours. Water is added to the reaction mixture, and the mixture is extracted with a mixed solvent of etyl hexane vinegar. The organic layer is washed with 10% aqueous quenic acid solution, water, sodium bicarbonate solution, and saturated brine, and dried with magnesium sulfate. The insoluble material was filtered, the filtrate was distilled off under reduced pressure, and the obtained oil was purified by silicon gel column chromatography (etyl-hexan acetate). I got it as a thing.

Ή-NMR (CDC1 ₃ ): 7.85 (1H, d, J = 7.5), 7.4-7.6 (3Η, m),

4.41 (2H, s), 4.0-4.2 (2H, m), 3.4-3.6 (2H, m), 2.6-2.8 (2H, m), 1.8-2.0 (1H, m), 1.5 -1.7 (4H, m), to 45 (9H, s)

d) 2- (Piperidine -4 -Ilmethyl) Isondrin -1 -On Hydrochloride

The compound (1.6 lg, 4.87 mmol) obtained in Example 1c is dissolved in methylene chloride (5 ml) and ethanol (lm mixed solvent, and at room temperature, 4 standard ethyl acetate solvent (5 ml, 20 mmol) is added. Stir at warm temperature for 1 hour and filter the precipitated solid. The obtained solid was washed with ethanol acetate and then dried under reduced pressure to give the indicated compound 7260 ^ (yield 56%) as a colorless solid. ..

Ή-NMR (DMS0-d ₆ ): 8. 83 (1H, brs), 8. 53 (1H, brs), 7. 4-7. 7 (4 Η, m), 4. 50 (2H, s), 3. 44 (2H, d, J = 7.2), 3. 2-3. 3 (2H, i), 2. 7-2.9 (2H, m), 1. 9-2.1 (1H) , m), 1. 6-1. 8 (2H, m), 1. 3-1. 5 (2H, m)

e) 2- [Π_ [2- (4-Fluo-mouth phenyl) -2-oxotil] Piperidin –4-yl] Methyl] Isoindrin-卜 on

Add the compounds obtained in Example Id (518 mg, 1. 94 mmo and 2-cloucet -4, -fluoroacetophenone (358 mg, 2.07 mmol) to dimethylform amamide (12 ml) with stirring at room temperature. Add trietylamine (575 1, 4. 13 mmol). After stirring at the same temperature for 4 hours, add water to the reaction solution and extract with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is washed with water and saturated saline and sodium sulfate. Dry with thorium. Filter the insoluble material and concentrate the filtrate under reduced pressure to obtain 0.70 g of orange oil. Add hexane to the obtained oil to solidify. Filter this. By drying under reduced pressure, 551 mg (yield 77%) of the notation compound was obtained as a pale yellow solid.

^! H-NMR (CDC1 ₃ ): 8.0-8 . 1 (2H, m), 7. 85 (1H, d = 7.2), 7.4-7. 55 (3 Η, m), 7.1 2 ( 2H, t), 4. 41 (2H, s), 3. 73 (2H, s), 3.51 (2H, d, J = 7.5), 2. 9-3. 0 (2H, m) , 2. 1-2. 2 (2H, m), 1. 4-19.9 (5H, m)

f) 2- [Π- [2- (4 -Fluolophenyl) -2 -Oxoetyl] Piperidin –4-yl] Methyl] Isoindoline-Piol hydrochloride

The compound (550 mg, 1.5 Ommo 1) obtained in Example le was used as an etano.

Dissolve in (2 ml) and add 4 specified ethyl hydrochloride solvent (2 ml, 8 imol) at room temperature and stir at the same temperature for 15 minutes. Ethyl acetate (10 ml) is added to the reaction solution, and the precipitated solid is filtered. The obtained solid is washed with ethyl acetate and then dried under reduced pressure to obtain 364 mg of white powder. This was recrystallized from ethanol monoacetate to give 246 mg (yield 41%) of the notation compound as a colorless solid. At melting point 182-188.

Ή-NMR (DMS0-d ₆ ): 9.93 (1H, brs), 8.0-8. 2 (2H, m), 7.4-7.7 (6 Η, m), 4. 9-5.1 (2H, m), 4.53 (2H, s), 2.9-3.6 (6H, m), 1.6-2.2 (5H, m)

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/US7166617B2/en

Example 12-[[1-[2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]piperidin-4-yl]methyl]isoindolin-1-one hydrochloride (Compound 1 in Table 1)a) tert-Butyl 4-aminomethylpiperidine-1-carboxylate hydrochloride

By using 4-aminomethylpiperidine 5.71 g as a starting material, tert-butyl 4-aminomethylpiperidine-1-carboxylate was prepared according to the method described in Synthetic Commun., 22(16), 2357–2360 (1992). The resulting compound was dissolved in 80 ml of ethyl acetate, and the solution was added with 4N hydrogen chloride-ethyl acetate and stirred. The precipitated solids were collected by filtration to obtain the title compound (10.27 g, yield: 82%).

Melting point: 236–240° C. ¹H-NMR(DMSO-d₆): 8.00(3H,s), 3.92(2H, br d, J=12.6), 2.68(4H, m), 1.77–1.65(3H, m), 1.39(9H, s), 1.02(2H, m)

b) 2-Bromomethylbenzoic acid ethyl ester

2-Methylbenzoic acid ethyl ester (2.00 g, 11.9 mmol) was dissolved in carbon tetrachloride (60 ml), and the solution was added with N-bromosuccinimide (2.56 g, 14.4 mmol) and a catalytic amount of benzoylperoxide and then heated under reflux. After one hour, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and added with hexane (40 ml) to remove insoluble solids by filtration. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain the title compound 3.16 g as yellow oil. the product was used in the next reaction without purification.

c) tert-Butyl 4-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl-methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate

The compound obtained in Example 1b (3.15 g), and the compound obtained in Example 1a (3.00 g, 12.0 mmol) were added in dimethylformamide (30 ml). The mixture was added with triethylamine (3.5 ml, 25 mmol) with stirring at room temperature, and then stirring was continued for 17 hours at the same temperature. Water was added to the reaction mixture and extracted with a mixed solvent of ethyl acetate-hexane. The organic layer was washed with 10% aqueous citric acid solution, water, aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, and then with saturated brine and the dried over magnesium sulfate. Insoluble solids were removed by filtration, and the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting oil was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate-hexane) to obtain the title compound as yellow oil (yield: 41%)

¹H-NMR(CDCl₃): 7.85(1H,d,J=7.5), 7.4–7.6(3H,m), 4.41(2H,s), 4.0–4.2(2H,m), 3.4–3.6(2H,m), 2.6–2.8(2H,m), 1.8–2.0(1H,m), 1.5–1.7(4H,m), 1.45(9H,s)

d) 2-(Piperidin-4-yl-methyl)isoindolin-1-one hydrochloride

The compound obtained in Example 1c (1.61 g, 4.87 mmol) was dissolved in a mixed solvent of methylene chloride (5 ml) and ethanol (1 ml) and the solution was added with 4N hydrochloric acid in ethyl acetate (5 ml, 20 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 1 hour, and the precipitated solids were collected by filtration. The resulting solids were washed with ethyl acetate and then dried under reduced pressure to obtain the title compound as colorless solid (726 mg, yield: 56%).

¹H-NMR(DMSO-d₆): 8.83(1H,brs), 8.53(1H,brs), 7.4–7.7(4H,m), 4.50(2H,s), 3.44(2H,d,J=7.2), 3.2–3.3(2H,m), 2.7–2.9(2H,m), 1.9–2.1(1H,m), 1.6–1.8(2H,m), 1.3–1.5(2H,m)

e) 2-[[1-[2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]piperidin-4-yl]methyl]isoindolin-1-one

The compound obtained in Example 1d (518 mg, 1.94 mmol) and 2-chloro-4′-fluoroacetophenone (358 mg, 2.07 mmol) was added to dimethylformamide (12 ml), and the solution was added with triethylamine (575 μl, 4.13 mmol) with stirring at room temperature. Stirring was continued at the same temperature for 4 hours, and then the reaction mixture was added with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and then with saturated brine, and then dried over sodium sulfate. Insoluble solids were removed by filtration and the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain orange oil (0.70 g). The resulting oil was solidified by adding hexane, and the solids were collected by filtration and dried under reduced pressure to obtain the title compound as pale yellow solid (551 mg, yield: 77%).

¹H-NMR(CDCl₃): 8.0–8.1(2H,m), 7.85(1H,d=7.2), 7.4–7.55(3H,m), 7.12(2H,t), 4.41(2H,s), 3.73(2H,s), 3.51(2H,d,J=7.5), 2.9–3.0(2H,m), 2.1–2.2(2H,m), 1.4–1.9(5H,m)

f) 2-[[1-[2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]piperidin-4-yl]methyl]isoindolin-1-one hydrochloride

The compound obtained in Example 1e (550 mg, 1.50 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (2 ml), and the solution was added with 4N hydrochloric acid in ethyl acetate (2 ml, 8 mmol) at room temperature, and stirring was continued at the same temperature for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was added with ethyl acetate (10 ml) and the precipitated solids were collected by filtration. The resulting solids were washed with ethyl acetate and then dried under reduced pressure to obtain white powder (364 mg). The product was recrystallized from ethanol-ethyl acetate to obtain the title compound as colorless solid (246 mg, yield: 41%)

Melting point: 182–188° C. ¹H-NMR(DMSO-d₆): 9.93(1H,brs), 8.0–8.2(2H,m), 7.4–7.7(6H,m), 4.9–5.1(2H,m), 4.53(2H,s), 2.9–3.6(6H,m), 1.6–2.2(5H, m)

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/US9458130B2/en?oq=9%2c458%2c130+US

PATENT

WO-2020264486

Novel crystalline form of roluperidone HCL (designated as form 4) as 5-HT 2a receptor antagonist useful for treating schizophrenia.

Roluperidone has the chemical name 2-({ l-[2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-4-piperidinyl}methyl)-l-isoindolinone. Roluperidone has the following chemical structure:

[0003] Roluperidone is reported to be a drug candidate with equipotent affinities for 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A (5-HT2A) and sigma2 and, at lower affinity levels, al -adrenergic receptors. A pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial is ongoing with roluperidone as a monotherapy for negative symptoms in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia.

[0004] Roluperidone is known from U.S. Patent No. 7,166,617.

[0005] Solid state form of 2-((l-(2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl)piperidin-4-yl)methyl)isoindolin-l-o-ne monohydrochloride dihydrate is known from U.S. Patent No.9,458,130.

Examples

[00113] Roluperidone can be prepared according to the procedure described in U.S. Patent No. 7,166,617.

Example 1: Preparation of Roluperidone HC1

[00114] 2.02 grams of Roluperidone was dissolved in acetone (80 mL). 2.76 mL of HC1 (2M) was added to the solution. The obtained suspension was stirred for 21 hours at 10°C and then filtered over black ribbon filter paper under vacuum. Obtained solid was analyzed by PXRD.

References

1. ^ Mestre TA, Zurowski M, Fox SH (April 2013). “5-Hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor antagonists as potential treatment for psychiatric disorders”. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 22 (4): 411–21. doi:10.1517/13543784.2013.769957. PMID 23409724.
2. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ebdrup BH, Rasmussen H, Arnt J, Glenthøj B (September 2011). “Serotonin 2A receptor antagonists for treatment of schizophrenia”. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 20 (9): 1211–23. doi:10.1517/13543784.2011.601738. PMID 21740279.
3. ^ Köster LS, Carbon M, Correll CU (December 2014). “Emerging drugs for schizophrenia: an update”. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs. 19 (4): 511–31. doi:10.1517/14728214.2014.958148. PMID 25234340.
4. ^ “Drug Development in Schizophrenia: Summary and Table”. Pharmaceutical Medicine. 28 (5): 265–271. 2014. doi:10.1007/s40290-014-0070-6. ISSN 1178-2595.
5. ^ “Roluperidone – Minerva Neurosciences”. Adis Insight. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

/////////////////Roluperidone, PHASE 3, ролуперидон , رولوبيريدون , 罗鲁哌酮 , CYR 101, UNII-4P31I0M3BF , MIN 101,

C1CN(CCC1CN2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=O)CC(=O)C4=CC=C(C=C4)F

BINDARIT

• Molecular FormulaC₁₉H₂₀N₂O₃
• Average mass324.374 Da

CAS 130641-38-2

2-[(1-benzylindazol-3-yl)methoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid

2-[(1 -benzyl-1 H-indazol-3-yl)methoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid

2-[(1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)methoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acidJQ11LH711MPropanoic acid, 2-methyl-2-[[1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]methoxy]- [ACD/Index Name]биндарит [Russian] [INN]بينداريت [Arabic] [INN]宾达利 [Chinese] [INN]PHASE 2Bindarit has been used in trials studying the prevention and treatment of Coronary Restenosis and Diabetic Nephropathy.

Bindarit, an inhibitor of monocyte chemotactic protein synthesis, protects against bone loss induced by chikungunya virus infection

Bindarit (AF2838) is a selective inhibitor of the monocyte chemotactic proteins MCP-1/CCL2, MCP-3/CCL7, and MCP-2/CCL8, and no effect on other CC and CXC chemokines such as MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, MIP-3/CCL23. Bindarit also has anti-inflammatory activity.

As is known, MCP-1 (Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 ) is a protein belonging to the β subfamily of chemokines. MCP-1 has powerful chemotactic action on monocytes and exerts its action also on T lymphocytes, mastocytes and basophils (Rollins BJ. , Chemokines, Blood 1997; 90: 909-928; M.

Baggiolini, Chemokines and leukocyte traffic, Nature 1998; 392: 565-568).

Other chemokines belonging to the β subfamily are, for example, MCP-2 (Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-2), MCP-3, MCP-4, MIP-1 α and MIP-1 β, RANTES.

The β subfamily differs from the α subfamily in that, in the structure, the first two cysteines are adjacent for the β subfamily, whereas they are separated by an intervening amino acid for the α subfamily. MCP-1 is produced by various types of cells (leukocytes, platelets, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells).

Among all the known chemokines, MCP-1 shows the highest specificity for monocytes and macrophages, for which it constitutes not only a chemotactic factor but also an activation stimulus, consequently inducing processes for producing numerous inflammatory factors (superoxides, arachidonic acid and derivatives, cytokines/chemokines) and amplifying the phagocytic activity.

The secretion of chemokines in general, and of MCP-1 in particular, is typically induced by various pro-inflammatory factors, for instance interleukin-1 (IL-1 ), interleukin-2 (IL-2), TNFα (Tumour Necrosis Factor α), interferon-γ and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Prevention of the inflammatory response by blocking the chemokine/chemokine receptor system represents one of the main targets of pharmacological intervention (Gerard C. and Rollins B. J., Chemokines and disease. Nature Immunol. 2001 ; 2:108-1 15).

There is much evidence to suggest that MCP-1 plays a key role during inflammatory processes and has been indicated as a new and validated target in various pathologies.

Evidence of a considerable physiopathological contribution of MCP-1 has been obtained in the case of patients with articular and renal inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus nephritis, diabetic nephropathy and rejection following transplant).

However, more recently, MCP-1 has been indicated among the factors involved in inflammatory pathologies of the CNS (multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, HIV-associated dementia) and other pathologies and conditions, with and without an obvious inflammatory component, including atopic dermatitis, colitis, interstitial lung pathologies, restenosis, atherosclerosis, complications following a surgical intervention (for instance angioplasty, arterectomy, transplant, organ and/or tissue replacement, prosthesis implant), cancer (adenomas, carcinomas and metastases) and even metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and obesity.

In addition, despite the fact that the chemokine system is involved in controlling and overcoming viral infections, recent studies have demonstrated that the response of certain chemokines, and in particular of MCP-1 , may have a harmful role in the case of host-pathogen interactions. In particular, MCP-1 has been indicated among the chemokines that contribute towards organ and tissue damage in pathologies mediated by alpha viruses characterized by monocyte/macrophage infiltration in the joints and muscles (Mahalingam S. et al. Chemokines and viruses: friend or foes? Trends in Microbiology 2003; 1 1 : 383-391 ; RuIIi N. et al. Ross River Virus: molecular and cellular aspects of disease pathogenesis. 2005; 107: 329-342).

Monocytes are the main precursors of macrophages and dendritic cells, and play a critical role as mediators of inflammatory processes. CX3CR1 , with its ligand CX3CL1 (fractalkine), represents a key factor in regulating the migration and adhesiveness of monocytes. CX3CR1 is expressed in monocytes, whereas CX3CL1 is a transmembrane chemokine in endothelial cells. Genetic studies in man and in animal models have demonstrated an important role in the physiopathology of inflammatory diseases of CX3CR1 and CX3CL1. There is in fact much evidence to suggest a key contribution of CX3CR1 and of its ligand in the pathogenesis and progression of articular, renal, gastrointestinal and vascular inflammatory diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, lupus nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, restenosis and atherosclerosis). The expression of CX3CR1 is over-regulated in T cells, which are believed to accumulate in the synovium of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, the expression of CX3CL1 is over-regulated in endothelial cells and fibroblasts present in the synovium of these patients. Consequently, the CX3CR1/CX3CL1 system plays an important role in controlling the type of cell and the mode of infiltration of the synovium and contributes towards the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (Nanki T. et al., “Migration of CX3CR1-positive T cells producing type 1 cytokines and cytotoxic molecules into the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis”, Arthritis & Rheumatism (2002), vol. 46, No. 1 1 , pp. 2878-2883). In patients suffering form renal damage, the majority of the inflammatory leukocytes that infiltrate the kidneys express CX3CR1 , and in particular it is expressed on two of the main cell types involved in the most common inflammatory renal pathologies and in kidney transplant rejection, T cells and monocytes (Segerer S. et al., Expression of the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1 ) in human kidney diseases, Kidney International (2002) 62, pp. 488-495).

Participation of the CX3CR1/CX3CL1 system has been suggested also in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In point of fact, in the case of patients suffering from IBD (e.g. Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis), a significant increase in the production of CX3CL1 by the intestinal capillary system and a – A – significant increase in CX3CR1 -positive cells have been demonstrated, both at the circulatory level and in the mucosa (Sans M. et al., “Enhanced recruitment of CX3CR1 + T cells by mucosal endothelial cell-derived fractalkine in inflammatory bowel diseases”, Gastroenterology 2007, vol. 132, No. 1 , pp. 139-153).

Even more interesting is the demonstration of the key role played by the CX3CR1/CX3CL1 system in vascular damage and in particular under pathological conditions, for instance atherosclerosis and restenosis. CX3CR1 is indicated as a critical factor in the process of infiltration and accumulation of monocytes in the vascular wall, and CX3CR1 polymorphism in man is associated with a reduced prevalence of atherosclerosis, coronary disorders and restenosis (Liu P. et al., “Cross-talk among Smad, MAPK and integrin signalling pathways enhances adventitial fibroblast functions activated by transforming growth factor-1 and inhibited by Gax” Arterioscler. Thromb. Vase. Biol. 2008; McDermott D. H. et al., “Chemokine receptor mutant CX3CR1 -M280 has impaired adhesive function and correlates with protection from cardiovascular diseases in humans”, J. Clin. Invest. 2003; Niessner A. et al., Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2005).

IL-12 and IL-23 are members of a small family of proinflammatory heterodimeric cytokines. Both cytokines share a common subunit, p40, which is covalently bonded either to the p35 subunit to produce the mature form of IL-12, or to the p19 subunit to produce the mature form of IL-23. The receptor for IL-12 is constituted by the subunits IL-12Rβ1 and IL-12Rβ2, while the receptor for IL-23 is constituted by the subunits IL-12Rβ1 and IL-23R. IL-12 and IL-23 are mainly expressed by activated dendritic cells and by phagocytes. The receptors for the two cytokines are expressed on the T and NK cells, and NK T cells, but low levels of complexes of the receptor for IL-23 are also present in monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells.

Despite these similarities, there is much evidence to suggest that IL-12 and IL-23 control different immunological circuits. In point of fact, whereas IL-12 controls the development of Th1 cells, which are capable of producing gamma-interferon (IFN-γ), and increases the cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antitumoral response, IL-23 regulates a circuit that leads to the generation of CD4⁺ cells, which are capable of producing IL-17. The induction of IL-23- dependent processes leads to the mobilization of various types of inflammatory cell, for instance T_H-17, and it has been demonstrated as being crucial for the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory pathologies mediated by immonological responses. Typical examples of pathologies associated with the expression of p40 are chronic inflammatory diseases of the articular apparatus (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis), of the dermatological apparatus (e.g. psoriasis) and of the gastrointestinal apparatus (e.g. Crohn’s disease). However, IL-23 also exerts a role in promoting tumour incidence and growth. In point of fact, IL-23 regulates a series of circuits in the tumoral microenvironment, stimulating angiogenesis and the production of inflammation mediators.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects 3% of the world’s population (Koo J. Dermatol. Clin. 1996; 14:485-96; Schon M. P. et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 2005; 352: 1899-912). A type-1 aberrant immune response has been correlated with the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and the cytokines that induce this response, such as IL-12 and IL-23, may represent suitable therapeutic objects. The expression of IL-12 and IL-23, which share the subunit p40, is significantly increased in psoriasis plaques, and preclinical studies have demonstrated a role of these cytokines in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. More recently, the treatment of anti- IL-12 and IL-23 monoclonal antibodies of patients suffering from psoriasis proved to be effective in improving the signs of progression and seriousness of the disease and has subsequently reinforced the role of IL-12 and IL-23 in the physiopathology of psoriasis. Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory pathology of the digestive apparatus and may affect any region thereof – from the mouth to the anus. It typically afflicts the terminal tract of the ileum and well-defined areas of the large intestine. It is often associated with systemic autoimmune disorders, such as mouth ulcers and rheumatic arthritis. Crohn’s disease affects over 500 000 people in Europe and 600 000 people in the United States.

Crohn’s disease is a pathology associated with a Th1 cell-mediated excessive activity of cytokines. IL-12 is a key cytokine in the initiation of the inflammatory response mediated by Th1 cells. Crohn’s disease is characterized by increased production of IL-12 by cells presenting the antigen in intestinal tissue, and of gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) and TNFα by lymphocytes and intestinal macrophages. These cytokines induce and support the inflammatory process and thickening of the intestinal wall, which are characteristic signs of the pathology. Preclinical and clinical evidence has demonstrated that inhibition of IL-12 is effective in controlling the inflammatory response in models of intestinal inflammation and/or in patients suffering from Crohn’s disease.

The relationship between cancer and inflammation is now an established fact. Many forms of tumours originate from sites of inflammation, and inflammation mediators are often produced in tumours.

IL-23 has been identified as a cytokine associated with cancer and, in particular, the expression of IL-23 is significantly high in samples of human carcinomas when compared with normal adjacent tissues. In addition, the absence of a significant expression of IL-23 in the normal adjacent tissues suggests an over-regulation of IL-23 in tumours, reinforcing its role in tumour genesis.

European patent EP-B-O 382 276 describes a number of 1-benzyl-3-hydroxymethylindazole derivatives endowed with analgesic activity. In turn, European patent EP-B-O 510 748 describes, on the other hand, the use of these derivatives for preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is active in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Finally, European patent EP-B-1 005 332 describes the use of these derivatives for preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is active in treating diseases derived from the production of MCP-1. 2-Methyl-2-{[1-(phenylmethyl)-1 H-indazol-3-yl]methoxy}propanoic acid is thought to be capable of inhibiting, in a dose-dependent manner, the production of MCP-1 and TNF-α induced in vitro in monocytes from LPS and Candida albicans, whereas the same compound showed no effects in the production of cytokines IL-1 and IL-6, and of chemokines IL-8, MIP-1 α, and RANTES (Sironi M. et al., “A small synthetic molecule capable of preferentially inhibiting the production of the CC chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 “, European Cytokine Network. Vol. 10, No. 3, 437-41 , September 1999).

European patent application EP-A-1 185 528 relates to the use of triazine derivatives for inhibiting the production of IL-12. European patent application EP-A-1 188 438 and EP-A-1 199 074 relate to the use of inhibitors of the enzyme PDE4, for instance Rolipram, Ariflo and diazepine-indole derivatives, in the treatment and prevention of diseases associated with excessive production of IL-12. European patent application EP-A-1 369 1 19 relates to the use of hyaluronane with a molecular weight of between 600 000 and 3 000 000 daltons for controlling and inhibiting the expression of IL-12. European patent application EP-A-1 458 687 relates to the use of pyrimidine derivatives for treating diseases related to an overproduction of IL-12. European patent application EP-A-1 819 341 relates to the use of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, for instance pyridine, pyrimidine and triazine derivatives, for inhibiting the production of IL-12 (or of other cytokines, such as IL-23 and IL-27 which stimulate the production of IL-12). European patent application EP-A-1 827 447 relates to the use of pyrimidine derivatives for treating diseases related to an overproduction of IL-12, IL-23 and IL-27.

European patent applications EP-A-1 869 055, EP-A-1 869 056 and EP-A-1 675 862 describe 1 ,3-thiazolo-4,5-pyrimidine derivatives that are capable of acting as CX3CR1 receptor antagonists.

Despite the activity developed thus far, there is still felt to be a need for novel pharmaceutical compositions and compounds that are effective in the treatment of diseases based on the expression of MCP-1 , CX3CR1 and p40. The Applicant has found, surprisingly, novel 1-benzyl-3-hydroxymethylindazole derivatives with pharmacological activity.

The Applicant has found, surprisingly, that the novel 1-benzyl-3-hydroxymethylindazole derivatives according to formula (I) of the present invention are capable of reducing the production of the chemokine MCP-1. More surprisingly, the Applicant has found that the novel 1-benzyl-3-hydroxymethylindazole derivatives according to formula (I) of the present invention are capable of reducing the expression of the chemokine MCP-1.

Even more surprisingly, the Applicant has found that the 1-benzyl-3-hydroxymethylindazole derivatives according to formula (I) of the present invention are capable of reducing the expression of the subunit p40 involved in the production of the cytokines IL-12 and IL-23, and the expression of the receptor CX3CR1.

SYN

PATENTS

EP 0382276

https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0382276A2/en

PATENT

WO 2009109613

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2009109613

Preparation of compound 29

2-[(1 -benzyl-1 H-indazol-3-yl)methoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid The preparation of product 29 was performed as described in patent application EP 382 276.

PATENT

WO 2011015502

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2011015502

Example 5

Preparation of 2-[(1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)methoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid

Ethyl-2-hydroxyisobutyrate (18.5 g, 140 mmol, 1.2 eq.), toluene (100 ml_) and DMF (20 ml_) were placed in a three-necked flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer and a reflux condenser under an inert atmosphere. A dispersion of 60% NaH (5.6 g, 140 mmol, 1.2 eq.) was added to the mixture in portions over a period of approximately 1.5 hours. A solution of i -benzyl-3-chloromethyl-I H-indazole (30 g,

117 mmol, 1 eq.) in toluene (90 ml_) and DMF (60 ml_) was then added dropwise. The reaction mixture was heated to approximately 90°C and kept at that temperature until the reaction was complete (checked by TLC, approximately 10 hours). After cooling to room temperature the mixture was washed with acidified water and water. The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure and the oily residue obtained was treated with 10 M NaOH (36 ml_) at reflux temperature for at least 3 hours. The product, which was precipitated out by the addition of concentrated HCI, was filtered and dried. Yield: 32.3 g of white solid (85%).

mp: 133-134°C.

Elemental analysis:Calculated: C (70.35), H (6.21 ), N (8.64), Found: C (70.15), H (6.17), N (8.63).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 1.44 (s, 6H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 5.60 (s, 2H), 7.14 (t, 1 H, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.20-7.34 (m, 5H), 7.37 (ddd, 1 H, J = 8.3 Hz, 7.0 Hz, 1.1 Hz), 7.66 (d, 1 H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.94 (d, 1 H, J = 8.1 Hz), 12.77 (s, 1 H).

¹³C NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm) 24.48, 24.48, 51.63, 59.65,76.93, 109.69, 120.22, 121.06, 122.62, 126.28, 127.36, 127.36, 127.44, 128.46, 128.46, 137.49, 140.31 , 141.97, 175.46.

PATENT

WO 2011015501

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2011015501A1

PATENT

US 8350052

US 8354544

US 8835481

//////////////BINDARIT, JQ11LH711M, биндарит , بينداريت , 宾达利 , AF2838, AF 2838, PHASE 2

CC(C)(C(=O)O)OCC1=NN(C2=CC=CC=C21)CC3=CC=CC=C3

PF-3635659

CAS 931409-24-4 FREE FORM

Molecular Formula, C28-H32-N2-O3, Molecular Weight, 444.5718

1-Azetidinepentanamide, 3-(3-hydroxyphenoxy)-delta,delta-dimethyl-alpha,alpha-diphenyl-

5-[3-(3-hydroxyphenoxy)azetidin-1-yl]-5-methyl-2,2-diphenylhexanamide;hydrochloride

READwww.soci.org › David_Price_Presentation_0945_1030 

PDFDiscovery of PF–3635659. An Inhaled Once. An Inhaled Once-daily M3. A t. i t. A t. i t f A th & COPD f A th & COPD. Antagonist. Antagonist for Asthma & COPD.file:///C:/Users/Inspiron/Downloads/David_Price_Presentation_0945_1030.pdf

Pf03635659 has been used in trials studying the treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Synthetic Route

Previous 1/4 Next

PAPER

Organic Process Research & Development (2012), 16(2), 195-203.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/op200233r

An efficient and scalable process for the synthesis of muscarinic antagonist, PF-3635659 1, is described, illustrating redesign of an analogue-targeted synthesis which contained a scale-limiting rhodium-activated C–H amination step. The final route includes a reproducible modified Bouveault reaction which has not previously been reported on a substrate of this complexity, or on such a scale with over 5 kg of the requisite gem-dimethylamine prepared via this methodology.

5-[3-(3-Hydroxyphenoxy)azetidin-1-yl]-5-methyl-2,2-diphenylhexanamide (1).

First Discovery Route.

To a solution of 5-methyl-2,2-diphenyl-5-{3-[3-(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)phenoxy]azetidin1-yl}hexane nitrile 9 (2.8 g, 6.01 mmol) in 3-methyl-pentan-3-ol (30 mL) was added potassium hydroxide (6.7 g, 120 mmol) and the resulting solution was stirred at 120 ºC for 22 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (100 mL) and water (50 mL). The aqueous layer was re-extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried with MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo to yield 5-methyl-2,2-diphenyl-5-(3-{3- (propenyl)oxy-phenoxy}-azetidin-1-yl)-hexanamide 10 as a yellow oil (3 g, 6.01 mmol, 100%) which was taken on crude to the next step. To a solution of 5-methyl-2,2-diphenyl-5-(3-{3-(propenyl)oxy-phenoxy}-azetidin-1-yl)- hexanoic acid amide 10 (3.0 g, 6.01 mmol) in methanol (100 mL) was added a 2M aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (30 mL, 15 mmol) and the resulting solution was stirred at 60 ºC for 40 minutes. The volatile solvents were removed in vacuo and the remaining aqueous residue was basified with a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 100 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried with magnesium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo.

The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting in ethyl acetate:methanol:ammonia (90:10:1) / pentane (50/50) to yield the title compound 1 as a colourless foam (1.5 g, 3.37 mmol, 54.5%).

Second Discovery Route.

To a solution of 5-[3-(3-methoxyphenoxy)azetidin-1-yl]-5-methyl-2,2-diphenylhexanamide 19 (9.0 g, 19.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.25 L) at 0 ºC was dropwise added a solution of boron tribromide (1M in dichloromethane, 58.9 mL, 58.9 mmol) and the mixture stirred for 2 hours at 0 ºC to 20 oC. The mixture was cooled to 0 ºC and quenched with 1M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (200 mL). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 20 oC and stirred as such for 1 hour. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 200 mL). The combined organic layers were dried with sodium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography eluting in ethyl acetate:methanol:ammonia (90:10:1) / pentane (50/50) to yield the title compound 1 as a white foam (3.4 g, 7.64 mmol, 39%)

1H NMR (MeOD): δ=0.93 (s, 6H), 1.09-1.14 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.42 (m, 2H), 3.11-3.15 (m, 2H), 3.43-3.47 (m, 2H), 4.57-4.62 (m, 1H), 6.19-6.23 (m, 2H), 6.36 (d, 1H), 7.02 (t, 1H), 7.23-7.38 (m, 10H); MS: m/z 445 [M+H]+.

PAPER

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2011), 54(19), 6888-6904.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm200884j

A novel tertiary amine series of potent muscarinic M₃ receptor antagonists are described that exhibit potential as inhaled long-acting bronchodilators for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Geminal dimethyl functionality present in this series of compounds confers very long dissociative half-life (slow off-rate) from the M₃ receptor that mediates very long-lasting smooth muscle relaxation in guinea pig tracheal strips. Optimization of pharmacokinetic properties was achieved by combining rapid oxidative clearance with targeted introduction of a phenolic moiety to secure rapid glucuronidation. Together, these attributes minimize systemic exposure following inhalation, mitigate potential drug–drug interactions, and reduce systemically mediated adverse events. Compound 47 (PF-3635659) is identified as a Phase II clinical candidate from this series with in vivo duration of action studies confirming its potential for once-daily use in humans.

Patent

WO 2007034325

WO 2008135819

US 8263583

Patent

WO-2020261160

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2020261160

Methods and intermediates for preparing the hydrochloride salt of PF-3635659 ,

Cholinergic muscarinic receptors are members of the G-protein coupled receptor super-family and are further divided into 5 subtypes, M to Ms. Muscarinic receptor sub-types are widely and differentially expressed in the body. Genes have been cloned for all 5 sub-types and of these, Mi, M>, and Ms receptors have been extensively pharmacologically characterized in animal and human tissue. Mi receptors are expressed in the brain (cortex and hippocampus), glands and in the ganglia of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. M2 receptors are expressed in the heart, hindbrain, smooth muscle and in the synapses of the autonomi c nervous system. Ms receptors are expressed m the brain, glands and smooth muscle. In the airways, stimulation of Ms receptors evokes contraction of airway smooth muscle leading to bronchoeonstnction, while in the salivary-gland Ms receptor stimulation increases fluid and mucus secretion leading to increased salivation. M2 receptors expressed on smooth muscle are understood to be pro-contractile while pre-synaptic M2 receptors modulate acetylcholine release from parasympathetic nerves. Stimulation of M2 receptors expressed in the heart produces bradycardia.

[0003] Short and long-acting muscarinic antagonists are used in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); these include the short acting agents Atrovent® (ipratropium bromide) and Oxivent® (oxitropium bromide) and the long acting agent Spiriva® (tiotropium bromide). These compounds produce bronchodilation following inhaled administration. In addition to improvements in spirometric values, anti-muscarinic use in COPD is associated with improvements m health status and quality of life scores. As a consequence of the wide distribution of muscarinic receptors in the body, significant systemic exposure to muscarinic antagonists is associated with effects such as dry mouth, constipation, mydriasis, urinary retention (all predominantly mediated via blockade of M3 receptors) and tachycardia (mediated by blockade of M2 receptors).

[0004] A newer M3 receptor antagonist that is in the carboxamide family is 5-[3-(3-hydroxyphenoxy)azetidin-l-yl]-5-methyl-2,2-diphenylhexanamide hydrochloride. This carboxamide compound exhibits the following structure (formula II):

[0005] To date, it has not been appreciated that 5-[3-(3-hydroxyphenoxy)azetidin-l-yl]-5-methyl-2,2-diphenylhexanamide hydrochloride can be synthesized from the benzoate salt of 5-[3-(3-hydroxyphenoxy)azetidin~l~y!]-5-methyl-2,2-diphenylhexanenitrile Therefore, there is a need for methods and intermediates used to efficiently prepare 5-[3-(3-hydroxyphenoxy)azetidin~l~y!]-5-methyl-2,2-diphenylhexanamide hydrochloride of good quality from the benzoate salt of 5~[3~ (3~hydroxyphenoxy)azetidin-l-yl]-5-rn ethyl-2, 2-diphenylhexanenitrile.

Reaction Scheme 1 -Preparation of Crude Carboxamide Hydrochloride

formula I formula II

[0061] The coupled benzoate compound of formula 1 can be reacted with KOH, 2-methyl-2-butano!, water, then HC1 aqueous, HC1, and TBME to obtain the crude carboxamide hydrochloride of formula II. The benzoate salt of the nitrile provides for easier purification of the nitrile.

[0062] The reagents useful in the preparation of 5-[3-(3-hydroxyphenoxy)azetidin-l-yl]-5-metiiyl-2,2-diphenyl-hexanamide hydrochloride include a base and an alcohol In some embodiments, a useful base includes potassium hydroxide, while a useful alcohol includes tertiary amyl alcohol also known as 2-methyl-2-butanol. The reaction of the benzoate compound of formula II in tertiary amyl alcohol and potassium hydroxide can be carried in a temperature range from about 85 ± 5°C to about 103 ± 2°C. In a later stage, the temperature of 103 ± 2°C can be maintained in that range for from about 30 hours to about 65 hours. A cooling period to about room temperature is followed by adjusting the pH to a range from about 6.5 to about 8.0. Hydrochloric acid is added to the product of this initial reaction to form a crude carboxamide hydrochloride compound of formula II. The initially isolated crude carboxamide hydrochloride compound of formula II can be washed with an alcohol and then washed with, or slurried in an ether. In some embodiments, the alcohol can be tertiary amyl alcohol and the ether can be methyl tertiary butyl ether.

[0063] In various embodiments, the crude 5-[3-(3-hydroxyphenoxy)azetidin-l-yl]-5-methyl-2,2-diphenylhexanamide hydrochloride can be further purified by treating this carboxamide hydrochloride compound with a slurry of activated charcoal, for example, commercially available ENQPC, PF133 or PF511 SPL (A) carbon, in isopropyl alcohol and water at 85 ± 5°C and filtering as illustrated m the Reaction Scheme 2 below:

Reaction Scheme 2 – Purification of Carboxamide Hydrochloride

Reaction Scheme 3 – Preparation of the Coupled Compound Benzoate

O

[0065] In some embodiments, the benzyl coupled compound of formula III is prepared by reacting an azetidine mesyl HC1 1 -(5-cyano-2-methyl-5,5-diphenylpentan-2-yl)azetidin-3-yl methanes ulfonate hydrochloride with a reagent comprising benzyl resorcinol as illustrated in the Reaction Scheme 4 below:

Reaction Scheme 4 – Preparation of the Benzyl Coupled Compound

In Reaction Scheme 4, the azetidine mesyl hydrochloride of formula IV

is reacted with benzyl resorcinol of formula V

The reagent can comprise benzyl resorcinol and, in some aspects, acetonitrile, a carbonate salt of either cesium or potassium, sodium hydroxide, water, ethyl acetate, hexanes or a mixture thereof. The order of addition of reagents in this step overcomes the need for specific equipment (e.g., a bespoke/unusual agitator) and allows the step to be run in a general purpose reactor.

[0066] Benzyl resorcinol is commercially available and can be obtained commercially, for example, from Sigma Aldrich Corp. In various embodiments, benzyl resorcinol of formula V can be prepared by reacting resorcinol with benzyl chloride to form benzyl resorcinol according to the Reaction Scheme 5 below:

Reaction Scheme 5 — Preparation of Benzyl Resorcinol

Resorcinol DMF/Hexane

Toluene Benzyl Resorcinol

or

3-{benzyioxy) phenol

V

[0067] In certain aspects, the benzyl resorcinol is prepared by reacting resorcinol with benzyl chloride m a reagent which can include potassium carbonate, dimethylformamide, water, sodium hydroxide, toluene, hydrochloric acid, hexanes or a combination thereof. In some instances, benzyl resorcinol seeding material may also be added. For the conversion of the resorcinol to the benzyl resorcinol (V), the developed chemistry’- allows effective removal of remaining resorcinol starting material and dibenzyl impurity to give the benzyl resorcinol product in good yield and quality.

Reaction Scheme 6 – Preparation of Azetidine Mesyl Hydrochloride

Azetidine alcohol Azetidine mesyl

VI hydrochloride

Reaction Scheme 7 – Preparation of Azetidine Alcohol

Scheme 8 – Preparation of Diphenyl Amine

Reaction Scheme 9 Preparation of Diphenyl Chloro Amide

Reaction Scheme 10 – Preparation of Diphenyl Alkene

3-methyl-3-buien-t-ol Mesyi Alkene Diphenyl Alkene

PATENT

WO2007034325

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2007034325A1/en

The compound was originally claimed without an action as example 108 in WO2007034325 , for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and this is the first filing from Pfizer relating to the compound since the program was presumed discontinued in 2011.

Example 108 5-r3-(3-Hvdroxyphenoxy)azetidin-1-vπ-5-methyl-2,2-diphenylhexanamide

Boron tribromide (1M in dichloromethane, 1.75mL, 1.75mmol) was added to an ice-cooled solution of the product of example 100 (200mg, 0.44mmol) in dichloromethane (5mL) and the mixture was stirred at O⁰C for 1 hour. Further boron tribromide (1M in dichloromethane, 0.5mL, O.δmmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at O⁰C for 30 minutes. The reaction was then quenched with 1M sodium hydroxide solution (5mL), diluted with dichloromethane (2OmL) and stirred at room temperature for 40 minutes. The aqueous layer was separated, extracted with ethyl acetate (2x25mL) and the combined organic solution was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. Purification of the residue by column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with pentane:ethyl acetate/methanol/0.88 ammonia (90/10/1), 75:25 to 50:50, afforded the title compound as a colourless foam in 91% yield, 176mg.

¹HNMR(400MHz, CDCI₃) δ: 1.10(s, 6H), 1.22-1.34(m, 2H), 2.42-2.55(m, 2H), 3.28-3.40(m, 2H), 3.65-3.88(m, 2H), 4.70-4.80(m, 1H), 5.55-5.70(brs, 2H), 6.23-6.36(m, 2H), 6.45-6.53(m, 1H), 7.03-7.12(m, 1H), 7.19-7.39(m, 10H); LRMS ESI m/z 445 [M+H]⁺ E

PATENT

WO2018167804

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2018167804

It does however, follow on from WO2018167804 , assigned solely to Mylan , claiming amorphous and crystalline forms designated as Forms I-XI, for treating allergy, and this seems to confirm the potential of the candidate is being revisited, and possibly licensed.

(5-[3-(3-Hydroxyphenoxy)azetidin-l-yl]-5-methyl-2,2-diphenylhexanamide hydrochloride has a structure depicted below as Compound-A.

Compound-A

Compound-A is a muscarinic antagonist useful for treating allergy or respiratory chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Compound-A and pharmaceutically acceptable salts are claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,772,223 B2 and one of its non-solvated crystalline forms is claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,263,583 B2.

Examples:

Example 1: Processes for the preparation of amorphous form of Compound-A.

Compound-A (5 g) was dissolved in methanol (150 ml) at 60-65°C. The solution was filtered at 60-65°C to remove undissolved particulate and then cooled to 25-30°C. The clear solution of Compound-A was subjected to spray drying in a laboratory Spray Dryer (Model Buchi-290) with a 5 ml/min feed rate of the solution and inlet temperature at 75°C with 100% aspiration to yield an amorphous form of Compound-A.

///////////// PF-3635659,  PF 3635659

CC(C)(CCC(C1=CC=CC=C1)(C2=CC=CC=C2)C(=O)N)N3CC(C3)OC4=CC=CC(=C4)O.Cl

IDEBENONE

2-(10-Hydroxydecyl)-5,6-dimethoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone

• Molecular FormulaC₁₉H₃₀O₅
• Average mass338.439 Da
• 58186-27-9
• Idebenona, Idebenonum, CV 2619

IdesolKS-5193NemocebralSNT-MC17идебенонإيديبينون艾地苯醌

Puldysa (idebenone), for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophyTitle: Idebenone
CAS Registry Number: 58186-27-9
CAS Name: 2-(10-Hydroxydecyl)-5,6-dimethoxy-3-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
Additional Names: 6-(10-hydroxydecyl)-2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone; 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-(10¢-hydroxydecyl)-1,4-benzoquinone; 6-(10-hydroxydecyl)ubiquinone
Manufacturers’ Codes: CV-2619
Trademarks: Avan (Takeda); Daruma (Takeda); Lucebanol (Hormona); Mnesis (Takeda)
Molecular Formula: C19H30O5Molecular Weight: 338.44
Percent Composition: C 67.43%, H 8.93%, O 23.64%
Literature References: Ubiquinone derivative with protective effects against cerebral ischemia. Prepn: H. Morimoto et al.,DE2519730; eidem,US4271083 (1975, 1981 both to Takeda); K. Okamoto et al.,Chem. Pharm. Bull.30, 2797 (1982); C.-A. Yu, L. Yu, Biochemistry21, 4096 (1982). Effect on ischemia-induced amnesia in rats: N. Yamazaki et al.,Jpn. J. Pharmacol.36, 349 (1984). Metabolism in animals: T. Kobayashi et al.,J. Pharmacobio-Dyn.8, 448 (1985). Disposition: H. Torii et al.,ibid. 457. Pharmacokinetics and tolerance in humans: M. F. Barkworth et al.,Arzneim.-Forsch.35, 1704 (1985). Series of articles on pharmacology and clinical studies: Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr.8, 193-366 (1989). Review of chemistry, toxicology and pharmacology: I. Zs-Nagy, Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr.11, 177-186 (1990).Properties: Orange needles from ligroin, mp 46-50° (Morimoto); also reported as crystals from hexane + ethyl acetate, mp 52-53° (Okamoto). Sol in organic solvents. Practically insol in water.Melting point: mp 46-50° (Morimoto); mp 52-53° (Okamoto)Therap-Cat: Nootropic.Keywords: Nootropic.

Idebenone is a member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3, by a methyl group at positions 5, and by a 10-hydroxydecyl group at positions 6. Initially developed for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, benefits were modest; it was subsequently found to be of benefit for the symptomatic treatment of Friedreich’s ataxia. It has a role as an antioxidant. It is a primary alcohol and a member of 1,4-benzoquinones.

Idebenone (pronounced eye-deb-eh-known, trade names Catena, Raxone, Sovrima, among others) is a drug that was initially developed by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other cognitive defects.^[1] This has been met with limited success. The Swiss company Santhera Pharmaceuticals has started to investigate it for the treatment of neuromuscular diseases. In 2010, early clinical trials for the treatment of Friedreich’s ataxia^[2] and Duchenne muscular dystrophy^[3] have been completed. As of December 2013 the drug is not approved for these indications in North America or Europe. It is approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for use in Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and was designated an orphan drug in 2007.^[4]

Chemically, idebenone is an organic compound of the quinone family. It is also promoted commercially as a synthetic analog of coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀).

Uses

Indications that are or were approved in some territories

Nootropic effects and Alzheimer’s disease

Idebenone improved learning and memory in experiments with mice.^[5] In humans, evaluation of Surrogate endpoints like electroretinography, auditory evoked potentials and visual analogue scales also suggested positive nootropic effects,^[6] but larger studies with hard endpoints are missing.

Research on idebenone as a potential therapy of Alzheimer’s disease have been inconsistent, but there may be a trend for a slight benefit.^[7][8] In May 1998, the approval for this indication was cancelled in Japan due to the lack of proven effects. In some European countries, the drug is available for the treatment of individual patients in special cases.^[1]

Friedreich’s ataxia (Sovrima)

Preliminary testing has been done in humans and found idebenone to be a safe treatment for Friedreich’s ataxia (FA), exhibiting a positive effect on cardiac hypertrophy and neurological function.^[9] The latter was only significantly improved in young patients.^[10] In a different experiment, a one-year test on eight patients, idebenone reduced the rate of deterioration of cardiac function, but without halting the progression of ataxia.^[11]

The drug was approved for FA in Canada in 2008 under conditions including proof of efficacy in further clinical trials.^[12] However, on February 27, 2013, Health Canada announced that idebenone would be voluntarily recalled as of April 30, 2013 by its Canadian manufacturer, Santhera Pharmaceuticals, due to the failure of the drug to show efficacy in the further clinical trials that were conducted.^[13] In 2008, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) refused a marketing authorisation for this indication.^[1] As of 2013 the drug was not approved for FA in Europe^[14] nor in the US, where there is no approved treatment.^[15]

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (Raxone)

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrially inherited (mother to all offspring) degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons that leads to an acute or subacute loss of central vision; this affects predominantly young adult males. Santhera completed a Phase III clinical trial in this indication in Europe with positive results,^[16] and submitted an application to market the drug to European regulators in July 2011.^[17] It is approved by EMA for this indication and was designated an orphan drug in 2007.^[4]

Indications being explored

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Catena)

After experiments in mice^[18] and preliminary studies in humans, idebenone has entered Phase II clinical trials in 2005^[3] and Phase III trials in 2009.^[19]

Other neuromuscular diseases

Phase I and II clinical trials for the treatment of MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes)^[20] and primary progressive multiple sclerosis^[21] are ongoing as of December 2013.

Life style

Idebenone is claimed to have properties similar to CoQ₁₀ in its antioxidant properties, and has therefore been used in anti-aging on the basis of free-radical theory. Clinical evidence for this use is missing. It has been used in topical applications to treat wrinkles.^[22]

Pharmacology

In cellular and tissue models, idebenone acts as a transporter in the electron transport chain of mitochondria and thus increases the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is the main energy source for cells, and also inhibits lipoperoxide formation. Positive effects on the energy household of mitochondria has also been observed in animal models.^[1][23] Clinical relevance of these findings has not been established.

Pharmacokinetics

Idebenone is well absorbed from the gut but undergoes excessive first pass metabolism in the liver, so that less than 1% reach the circulation. This rate can be improved with special formulations (suspensions) of idebenone and by administering it together with fat food; but even taking these measures bioavailability still seems to be considerably less than 14% in humans. More than 99% of the circulating drug are bound to plasma proteins. Idebenone metabolites include glucuronides and sulfates, which are mainly (~80%) excreted via the urine.^[1]

SYN

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040402014014306

SYN

The palladium-catalyzed olefination of a sp² or benzylic carbon attached to a (pseudo)halogen is known as the Heck reaction.^2,63 It is a powerful tool, mainly used for the synthesis of vinylarenes, and it has also been employed for the construction of conjugated double bonds. The widespread application of this reaction can be illustrated by numerous examples in both academia small-scale⁶⁴ and industrial syntheses.⁵ As an example, in 2011, a idebenone (124) total synthesis based on a Heck reaction was described (Scheme 35).⁶⁵ This compound, initially designed for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, presented a plethora of other interesting activities, such as free radical scavenging and action against some muscular illnesses. The key step in the synthesis was the coupling of 2-bromo-3,4,5-trimethoxy-1-methylbenzene (125) with dec-9-en-1-ol affording products 126. Under non-optimized conditions (Pd(OAc)₂, PPh₃, Et₃N, 120 ºC), a mixture composed of 60% linear olefins 126 and 15% of the undesired branched product 127 was obtained after three days of reaction. Therefore, the conditions were optimized, allowing the preparation of 126 in 67% yield with no detection of 127 after only 30 min of reaction employing DMF, Pd(PPh₃)₄, ⁱPr₂NEt under microwave heating. To conclude the synthesis, the Heck adducts were submitted to hydroxyl protection/deprotection, hydrogenation, and ring oxidation. After these reactions, idebenone was obtained with 20% overall yield over 6 steps.

Scheme 35 Synthesis of idebenone (124) based on Heck reaction of 2-bromo-3,4,5-trimethoxy-1-methylbenzene with dec-9-en-1-ol under microwave irradiation. 

Syn

1.  Duveau, Damien Y.; Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 2010, V18(17), P6429-6441 
2. Okada, Taiiti; EP 289223 A1 1988 
3. Watanabe, Masazumi; EP 58057 A1 1982 
4. Okamoto, Kayoko; Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1982, V30(8), P2797-819 
5.  “Drugs – Synonyms and Properties” data were obtained from Ashgate Publishing Co. (US) 

Paper

Tsoukala, Anna; Organic Process Research & Development 2011, V15(3), P673-680 

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/op200051v

An environmentally benign, convenient, high yielding, and cost-effective synthesis leading to idebenone is disclosed. The synthesis includes a bromination process for the preparation of 2-bromo-3,4,5-trimethoxy-1-methylbenzene, a protocol for the Heck cross-coupling reaction using either thermal or microwave heating, olefin reduction by palladium catalyzed hydrogenation, and a green oxidation protocol with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant to achieve the benzoquinone framework. The total synthesis is composed of six steps that provide an overall yield of 20% that corresponds to a step yield of 76%.

PAPER

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 2010, V18(17), P6429-6441 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0968089610006322

Analogues of mitoQ and idebenone were synthesized to define the structural elements that support oxygen consumption in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Eight analogues were prepared and fully characterized, then evaluated for their ability to support oxygen consumption in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. While oxygen consumption was strongly inhibited by mitoQ analogues 2–4 in a chain length-dependent manner, modification of idebenone by replacement of the quinone methoxy groups by methyl groups (analogues 6–8) reduced, but did not eliminate, oxygen consumption. Idebenone analogues 6–8 also displayed significant cytoprotective properties toward cultured mammalian cells in which glutathione had been depleted by treatment with diethyl maleate.

Idebenone (5)18 To a stirred solution containing 200 mg (0.467 mmol) of 2,3- dimethoxy-6-methyl-5-benzyloxydecyl-p-benzoquinone (38) in 5 mL of anhydrous methanol at 23 C was added 15 mg of 10 % Pd/C in one portion. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 C under an atmosphere of hydrogen for 24 h. Air was then bubbled through the reaction mixture at 23 C for 24 h. The suspension was filtered through Celite and the filtrate was concentrated under diminished pressure to afford idebenone (5) as an orange solid: yield 130 mg (82%); mp: 46–47 C; 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) d 1.34 (m, 14H), 1.60 (quint, 2H, J = 7.6 Hz), 2.04 (s, 3H), 2.44 (t, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz), 3.63 (t, 2H, J = 6.8 Hz), and 3.99 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) d 11.9, 25.7, 26.4, 28.7, 29.3, 29.3, 29.4, 29.5, 29.8, 32.7

References

1. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} “CHMP Assessment Report for Sovrima” (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 20 November 2008: 6, 9–11, 67f.
2. ^ Clinical trial number NCT00229632 for “Idebenone to Treat Friedreich’s Ataxia” at ClinicalTrials.gov
3. ^ Jump up to:^a b Clinical trial number NCT00654784 for “Efficacy and Tolerability of Idebenone in Boys With Cardiac Dysfunction Associated With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DELPHI)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
4. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Raxone”. http://www.ema.europa.eu. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
5. ^ Liu, XJ; Wu, WT (1999). “Effects of ligustrazine, tanshinone II A, ubiquinone, and idebenone on mouse water maze performance”. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 20 (11): 987–90. PMID 11270979.
6. ^ Schaffler, K; Hadler, D; Stark, M (1998). “Dose-effect relationship of idebenone in an experimental cerebral deficit model. Pilot study in healthy young volunteers with piracetam as reference drug”. Arzneimittel-Forschung. 48 (7): 720–6. PMID 9706371.
7. ^ Gutzmann, H; Kühl, KP; Hadler, D; Rapp, MA (2002). “Safety and efficacy of idebenone versus tacrine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: results of a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group multicenter study”. Pharmacopsychiatry. 35 (1): 12–8. doi:10.1055/s-2002-19833. PMID 11819153.
8. ^ Parnetti, L; Senin, U; Mecocci, P (1997). “Cognitive enhancement therapy for Alzheimer’s disease. The way forward”. Drugs. 53 (5): 752–68. doi:10.2165/00003495-199753050-00003. PMID 9129864. S2CID 46987059.
9. ^ Di Prospero NA, Baker A, Jeffries N, Fischbeck KH (October 2007). “Neurological effects of high-dose idebenone in patients with Friedreich’s ataxia: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial”. Lancet Neurol. 6 (10): 878–86. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70220-X. PMID 17826341. S2CID 24749816.
10. ^ Tonon C, Lodi R (September 2008). “Idebenone in Friedreich’s ataxia”. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 9 (13): 2327–37. doi:10.1517/14656566.9.13.2327. PMID 18710357. S2CID 73285881.
11. ^ Buyse G, Mertens L, Di Salvo G, et al. (May 2003). “Idebenone treatment in Friedreich’s ataxia: neurological, cardiac, and biochemical monitoring”. Neurology. 60 (10): 1679–81. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000068549.52812.0f. PMID 12771265. S2CID 36556782.
12. ^ “Heath Canada Fact Sheet – Catena”. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014.
13. ^ Voluntary Withdrawal of Catena from the Canadian Market
14. ^ Margaret Wahl for Quest Magazine, MAY 28, 2010. FA Research: Idebenone Strikes Out Again
15. ^ NINDS Fact Sheet
16. ^ Klopstock, T; et al. (2011). “A randomized placebo-controlled trial of idebenone in Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy”. Brain. 134 (9): 2677–86. doi:10.1093/brain/awr170. PMC 3170530. PMID 21788663.
17. ^ Staff (26 July 2011). “Santhera publishes pivotal trial results of idebenone and goes for EU approval”. European Biotechnology News. Archived from the original on 2013-02-17.
18. ^ Buyse, GM; Van Der Mieren, G; Erb, M; D’hooge, J; Herijgers, P; Verbeken, E; Jara, A; Van Den Bergh, A; et al. (2009). “Long-term blinded placebo-controlled study of SNT-MC17/idebenone in the dystrophin deficient mdx mouse: cardiac protection and improved exercise performance”. European Heart Journal. 30 (1): 116–24. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn406. PMC 2639086. PMID 18784063.
19. ^ Clinical trial number NCT01027884 for “Phase III Study of Idebenone in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) (DELOS)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
20. ^ Clinical trial number NCT00887562 for “Study of Idebenone in the Treatment of Mitochondrial Encephalopathy Lactic Acidosis & Stroke-like Episodes (MELAS)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
21. ^ Clinical trial number NCT00950248 for “Double Blind Placebo-Controlled Phase I/II Clinical Trial of Idebenone in Patients With Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (IPPoMS)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
22. ^ McDaniel D, Neudecker B, Dinardo J, Lewis J, Maibach H (September 2005). “Clinical efficacy assessment in photodamaged skin of 0.5% and 1.0% idebenone”. J Cosmet Dermatol. 4 (3): 167–73. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.00305.x. PMID 17129261. S2CID 2394666.
23. ^ Suno M, Nagaoka A (May 1988). “[Effect of idebenone and various nootropic drugs on lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate in the presence of succinate]”. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi (in Japanese). 91 (5): 295–9. doi:10.1254/fpj.91.295. PMID 3410376.

////////////IDEBENONE, Puldysa, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Idesol, KS 5193, Nemocebral, SNT MC17, идебенон, إيديبينون , 艾地苯醌 , CV 2619

CC1=C(C(=O)C(=C(C1=O)OC)OC)CCCCCCCCCCO

BMS-262084

CAS 253174-92-4

• Molecular FormulaC₁₈H₃₁N₇O₅
• Average mass425.483 Da

NII-I0IR71971G

I0IR71971G

(2S,3R)-1-[4-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)piperazine-1-carbonyl]-3-[3-(diaminomethylideneamino)propyl]-4-oxoazetidine-2-carboxylic acid(2S,3R)-1-{[4-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)piperazin-1-yl]carbonyl}-3-{3-[(diaminomethylidene)amino]propyl}-4-oxoazetidine-2-carboxylic acid
(2S,3R)-3-{3-[(Diaminomethylene)amino]propyl}-1-({4-[(2-methyl-2-propanyl)carbamoyl]-1-piperazinyl}carbonyl)-4-oxo-2-azetidinecarboxylic acid253174-92-4[RN]2-Azetidinecarboxylic acid, 3-[3-[(diaminomethylene)amino]propyl]-1-[[4-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]carbonyl]-1-piperazinyl]carbonyl]-4-oxo-, (2S,3R)-

Factor XIa inhibitors (thrombosis), BMS; Factor XIa inhibitors (thrombosis), Bristol-Myers Squibb; BMS-654457; Factor XIa inhibitors (cardiovascular diseases), BMS; BMS-724296

Novel crystalline forms of BMS-262084  as Factor XIa antagonist useful for treating cardiovascular diseases.

PHASE 2

PAPER

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2002), 12(21), 3229-3233.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960894X02006881

Abstract

A series of N1-activated C4-carboxy azetidinones was prepared and tested as inhibitors of human tryptase. The key stereochemical and functional features required for potency, serine protease specificity and aqueous stability were determined. From these studies compound 2, BMS-262084, was identified as a potent and selective tryptase inhibitor which, when dosed intratracheally in ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs, reduced allergen-induced bronchoconstriction and inflammatory cell infiltration into the lung.

BMS-262084 was identified as a potent and selective tryptase inhibitor that, when dosed intratracheally in ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs, reduced allergen-induced bronchoconstriction and inflammatory cell infiltration into the lung.

PAPER

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo010757o

Journal of Organic Chemistry (2002), 67(11), 3595-3600.

A highly stereoselective synthesis of the novel tryptase inhibitor BMS-262084 was developed. Key to this synthesis was the discovery and development of a highly diastereoselective demethoxycarbonylation of diester 12 to form the trans-azetidinone 13. BMS-262084 was prepared in 10 steps from d-ornithine in 30% overall yield.

1 as a white powder (3.18 g, 99% yield). Mp:  213-215 °C dec. [α]²⁵_D = −65.9 (c 0.99, MeOH). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD):  δ 4.17 (d, J = 3.29 Hz, 1H), 3.61−3.11 (m, 11H), 1.94−1.75 (m, 4H), 1.32 (s, 9H). ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD):  δ 176.6, 168.7, 159.4, 158.7, 152.3, 58.7, 53.2, 51.8, 46.5, 45.0, 41.8, 29.6, 27.4, 26.3. HRMS:  calcd for C₁₈H₃₂N₇O₅(M⁺ + H) 426.2465, found 426.2470. IR (KBr):  3385, 3184, 1775, 1657, 1535, 1395, 1259, 1207, 996, 763 cm^–1. Anal. Calcd for C₁₈H₃₁N₇O₅:  C, 50.81, H, 7.34, N, 23.04. Found:  C, 50.65, H, 7.42, N, 22.72. Chiral HPLC:  ee 99.6%; Chiralpak OD column, 250 × 4.6 mm, 10 μm; mobile phase hexane/EtOH (85:15, v/v); isocratic at ambient temperature, 1.0 mL/min, 220 nm; concentration 0.25 mg/mL, 10 μL injection; R_T = 18.6 min (enantiomer, R_T = 15.7 min).

PATENT

WO2018133793

claiming macrocyclic compounds.

PATENT

WO-2020259366

Novel crystalline and solid forms of BMS-262084 (designates as monohydrate or 1.5 hydrate), processes for their preparation and compositions comprising them are claimed. BMS-262084 is disclosed to be Factor XIa antagonist, useful for treating cardiovascular diseases.MS-262084 (CAS number: 253174-92-4), the chemical name is (2S,3R)-1-[4-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)piperazine-1-carbonoyl]-3-[3- (Diaminomethylamino)propyl]-4-cyclopropanamide-2-carboxylic acid, also called compound (1) in the present invention, is developed by BMS (Bristol-Myers-Squibb) to treat cardiovascular diseases The drug, as an oral coagulation factor XIa inhibitor for thrombus, has the advantage of significantly reducing the risk of bleeding, and its structure is shown in formula (1): 

Patent application WO 9967215A1 discloses the BMS-262084 compound, but the specific molecular formula of the solid substance obtained by the disclosed preparation process is C ₁₈ H ₃₁ N ₇ O ₅ ·1.56H ₂ O, which is similar to the crystal of BMS-262084 described in this application. Type and amorphous water have different molecular weights.

“A stereoselective synthesis of BMS-262084 an azetidinone-based tryptase inhibitor” (Source: Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2002,67(11):3595-3600; Journal of Organic Chemistry,2002,67(11):3595-3600) It is mentioned that the preparation method of BMS-262084 is that hydrogenolysis under neutral conditions eliminates the benzene and Cbz protection groups, and obtains BMS-262084 (melting point 213-215℃). The inventors conducted experiments based on part of the contents disclosed in the document, and the test results obtained crystal form A and crystal form B. The X-ray powder diffraction patterns are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 respectively.Example 1 
“A stereoselective synthesis of BMS-262084 an azetidinone-based tryptase inhibitor” (Source: Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2002,67(11):3595-3600; Journal of Organic Chemistry,2002,67(11):3595-3600) Only ethanol solvents are mentioned in the literature. Since no specific crystal refining process was provided, only part of the experiment was performed using ethanol solvent. 
1) Ethanol solvent volatilization at room temperature: 50mg of BMS-262084 (amorphous) was added to 1.0 mL of ethanol solvent and completely dissolved at room temperature (about 25°C). After volatilizing at room temperature for two days, the solid product was obtained and its crystal form was tested. It is crystal form A, as shown in Figure 1. It is considered that it contains a small amount of amorphous form; but it is unstable and will undergo crystal transformation at room temperature. After standing for one day, the XRPD was tested, and it was found that it was converted to a mixture containing crystal form A, other crystal forms and amorphous forms. 
2) Ethanol solvent high-temperature volatilization: 50mg BMS-262084 is added to 1.0mL ethanol solvent, completely dissolved at high temperature (about 60℃), and high-temperature volatilization is carried out in the open to obtain a solid product. The crystal form of the solid product is detected, and the crystal form is B (contains a lot of amorphous), see Figure 2.

SYN1

WO 9967215

The condensation of N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-oxoazetidine-2(S)-carboxylic acid (I) with 1-chloro-3-iodopropane (II) by means of BuLi and triisopropylamine (TIA) in THF, followed by treatment with HCl, gives the 3(R)-(3-chloropropyl) derivative (III), which is treated with tetrabutylammonium azide and tetrabutylammonium iodide in DMF to yield the 3-azidopropyl derivative (IV). The reduction of (IV) with H2 over Pd/C in DMF affords the 3-aminopropyl compound (V), which is treated with 1-[N,N’-bis(benzyloxycarbonyl)-1H-pyrazole] (VI) in the same solvent to provide the protected 3-guanidinopropyl compound (VII). The esterification of (VII) with NaHCO3, tetrabutylammonium iodide and Bn-Br in DMF gives the benzyl ester (VIII), which is condensed with N-tert-butylpiperazine-1-carboxamide (IX) and phosgene by means of TEA in toluene to yield the protected precursor (X). Finally, this compound is debenzylated by hydrogenation with H2 over Pd/C in dioxane to give the target azetidine-carboxylic acid.

SYN 2

Ethyl nipecotate (I) was protected as the N-Boc derivative (II) and subsequently reduced to alcohol (III) by means of LiAlH4. Conversion of alcohol (III) into iodide (IV) was achieved by treatment with iodine and triphenylphosphine. The dianion of the chiral azetidinecarboxylic acid (V) was alkylated with iodide (IV) to furnish adduct (VI) as a diastereomeric mixture that was desilylated to (VII) using tetrabutylammonium fluoride. Benzyl ester (VIII) was then obtained by reaction of carboxylic acid (VII) with benzyl bromide and NaHCO3.

SYN 3

Coupling of 6-phenylhexanoic acid (X) with N-Boc-piperazine (IX) to give (XI), followed by acid deprotection of the Boc group of (XI), provided (6-phenylhexanoyl)piperazine (XII). This was converted to the carbamoyl chloride (XIII) upon treatment with phosgene. The condensation of carbamoyl chloride (XIII) with azetidinone (VIII) gave rise to the urea derivative (XIV). After acid cleavage of the Boc protecting group of (XIV), the resulting piperidine (XV) was condensed with N,N’-dicarbobenzoxy-S-methylisothiourea (XVI) in the presence of HgCl2, yielding the protected guanidine (XVII). This was finally deprotected by catalytic hydrogenolysis over Pd/C.

////////////////////////BMS-262084, BMS 262084,  BMS 724296, Factor XIa inhibitors, thrombosis, Bristol-Myers Squibb,  BMS 654457, PHASE 2

CC(C)(C)NC(=O)N1CCN(CC1)C(=O)N2C(C(C2=O)CCCN=C(N)N)C(=O)O

Ciglitazone

U-63287, ADD-3878

• Molecular FormulaC₁₈H₂₃NO₃S
• Average mass333.445 Da
• 74772-77-3 [RN]

(±)-5-[4-(1-Methylcyclohexylmethoxy)benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione2,4-Thiazolidinedione, 5-[[4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]phenyl]methyl]-5-[4-(1-methylcyclohexylmethoxy) benzyl]-thiazolidine-2,4-dione

Ciglitazone (INN) is a thiazolidinedione. Developed by Takeda Pharmaceuticals in the early 1980s, it is considered the prototypical compound for the thiazolidinedione class.^[1][2][3][4]

Ciglitazone was never used as a medication, but it sparked interest in the effects of thiazolidinediones. Several analogues were later developed, some of which—such as pioglitazone and troglitazone—made it to the market.^[2]

Ciglitazone significantly decreases VEGF production by human granulosa cells in an in vitro study, and may potentially be used in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.^[5] Ciglitazone is a potent and selective PPARγ ligand. It binds to the PPARγ ligand-binding domain with an EC50 of 3.0 μM. Ciglitazone is active in vivo as an anti-hyperglycemic agent in the ob/ob murine model.^[6] Inhibits HUVEC differentiation and angiogenesis and also stimulates adipogenesis and decreases osteoblastogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells.^[7]

SYN

T. Sohda, K. Mizuno, E. Imamiya, Y. Sugiyama, T. Fujita, and Y. Kawamatsu, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 30, 3580 (1982).

SYN

Ciglitazone (CAS NO.: ), with other name of , 5-((4-((1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy)phenyl)methyl)-, (+-)-, could be produced through many synthetic methods.

Following is one of the reaction routes:

The reaction of 1-methylcyclohexylmethanol (II) with 4-chloronitrobenzene (III) by means of NaH in hot DMSO gives 4-(1-methylcyclohexylmethoxylnitrobenzene (III), which is reduced with H₂ over Pd/C in methanol yielding 4-(1-methylcyclohexylmethoxylaniline (IV). Diazotation of (IV) with NaNO₂ and HCl in water affords a solution of the corresponding diazonium chloride (V), which is condensed with methyl acrylate (VI) by means of Cu₂O affording methyl 2-chloro-3-[4-(1-methylcyclohexylmethoxyl)phenyl]propionate (VII). The cyclization of (VII) with thiourea (VIII) by means of sodium acetate in hot 2-methoxyethanol gives 2-imino-5-[4-(1-methylcyclohexylmethoxy)benzyl]thiazolidin-4-one (IX), which is finally hydrolyzed with HCl in refluxing 2-methoxyethanol – water.

Syn

Chem Pharm Bull 1982,30(10),3580

The reaction of 1-methylcyclohexylmethanol (II) with 4-chloronitrobenzene (III) by means of NaH in hot DMSO gives 4-(1-methylcyclohexylmethoxylnitrobenzene (III), which is reduced with H2 over Pd/C in methanol yielding 4-(1-methylcyclohexylmethoxylaniline (IV). Diazotation of (IV) with NaNO2 and HCl in water affords a solution of the corresponding diazonium chloride (V), which is condensed with methyl acrylate (VI) by means of Cu2O affording methyl 2-chloro-3-[4-(1-methylcyclohexylmethoxyl)phenyl]propionate (VII). The cyclization of (VII) with thiourea (VIII) by means of sodium acetate in hot 2-methoxyethanol gives 2-imino-5-[4-(1-methylcyclohexylmethoxy)benzyl]thiazolidin-4-one (IX), which is finally hydrolyzed with HCl in refluxing 2-methoxyethanol – water.

By cyclization of (VIII) with methyl 2-(methanesulfonyloxy)-3-[4-(1-methylcyclohexylmethoxy)phenyl]propionate (X) by means of sodium acetate in hot 2-methoxyethanol, followed by hydrolysis with HCl in ethanol water.

paper

Vijay Kumar Sharma , Anup Barde & Sunita Rattan (2020): A short review on synthetic strategies toward glitazone drugs, Synthetic Communications, DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1821223

Experimental process for synthesis of ciglitazone is fairly robust, albeit pyrophorophic NaH as base is utilized for synthesis of 15.

Scheme 4. Reagents and conditions for the preparation of (R)-ciglitazone 24 (a) (S)-1-phenylethan-1- amine 19 (0.9 mol. equiv.), EtOH, RT, 4 h; (b) 1 N HCl (2 vol.), diethyl ether, RT, 10 min; (c) CH2N2 in diethyl ether (ca. 3% w/w), diethyl ether, 0 C-RT, 30 min; (d) KSCN (1.5 mol. equiv.), DMSO, 90 C, 2 h; (e) 2 N HCl (10 vol.), and EtOH, reflux 4 h.

Chiral synthesis Racemic-ciglitazone 17 was resolved with optically active a-methylbenzylamine (PEA) 19 through asymmetric transformation of optical lability at the C-5 position of TZD ring. 2-chloro-3-(4-((1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy)phenyl)propanoic acid 18 was resolved using (S)-()-1-Phenylethylamine 19 to isolate (S)-2-chloro-3-(4-((1- methylcyclohexyl) methoxy)phenyl)propanoicacid 21. Esterification followed by substitution with KSCN provided methyl (R)-3-(4-((1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy)phenyl)-2- thiocyanatopropan-oate 23 which was then hydrolyzed to isolate (R)-ciglitazone 24. Similarly, S-isomer was also isolated with (R)-(þ)-1-phenylethylamine (Scheme 4).

[30]Sohda, T.; Mizuno, K.; Kawamatsu, Y. Studies on Antidiabetic Agents. VI. Asymmetric Transformation of (þ/-)-5-[4-(1-Methylcyclohexylmethoxy)Benzyl]-2,4- Thiazolidinedione (Ciglitazone) with Optically Active 1-Phenylethylamines. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1984, 32, 4460–4465. DOI: 10.1248/cpb.32.4460.

References

1. ^ Pershadsingh HA, Szollosi J, Benson S, Hyun WC, Feuerstein BG, Kurtz TW (June 1993). “Effects of ciglitazone on blood pressure and intracellular calcium metabolism”. Hypertension. 21 (6 Pt 2): 1020–3. doi:10.1161/01.hyp.21.6.1020. PMID 8505086.
2. ^ Jump up to:^a b Hulin B, McCarthy PA, Gibbs EM (1996). “The glitazone family of antidiabetic agents”. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2: 85–102.
3. ^ Imoto H, Imamiya E, Momose Y, Sugiyama Y, Kimura H, Sohda T (October 2002). “Studies on non-thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agents. 1. Discovery of novel oxyiminoacetic acid derivatives”. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 50 (10): 1349–57. doi:10.1248/cpb.50.1349. PMID 12372861.
4. ^ Sohda T, Kawamatsu Y, Fujita T, Meguro K, Ikeda H (November 2002). “[Discovery and development of a new insulin sensitizing agent, pioglitazone]”. Yakugaku Zasshi (in Japanese). 122 (11): 909–18. doi:10.1248/yakushi.122.909. PMID 12440149.
5. ^ Shah DK, Menon KM, Cabrera LM, Vahratian A, Kavoussi SK, Lebovic DI (April 2010). “Thiazolidinediones decrease vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production by human luteinized granulosa cells in vitro”. Fertil. Steril. 93 (6): 2042–7. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.02.059. PMC 2847675. PMID 19342033.
6. ^ Willson, T.M.; Cobb, J.E.; Cowan, D.J.; et al. (1996). “The structure-activity relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonism and the antihyperglycemic activity of thiazolidinediones”. J Med Chem. 39 (3): 665–668. doi:10.1021/jm950395a. PMID 8576907.
7. ^ Xin, X.; et al. (1999). “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands are potent inhibitors of angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo;”. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (13): 9116–21. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.13.9116. PMID 10085162.

/////////ciglitazone, U 63287, ADD 3878, DIABETES

Inclisiran

CAS 1639324-58-5

• ALN-60212
• ALN-PCSsc

Inclisiran was first developed by Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts, US). Development has now been assumed by The Medicines Company (Parsippany, New Jersey, US). One phase I and two phase II trials have been completed. Topline results of two phase III trials were also recently presented while other phase III trials are still ongoing as part of the ORION clinical development program. …..https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555477/

Inclisiran is a long-acting, synthetic small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9), which is a serine protease that regulates plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. By binding to PCSK9 messenger RNA, inclisiran prevents protein translation of PCSK9, leading to decreased concentrations of PCSK9 and plasma concentrations of LDL cholesterol.^1,2 Lowering circulating plasma LDL-C levels offers an additional benefit of reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and improving cardiovascular outcomes, as hypercholesterolemia is a major known risk factor for CVD.^1,2

On December 11, 2020, the European Commission (EC) granted authorization for marketing inclisiran as the first and only approved siRNA for the treatment of adults with primary hypercholesterolemia (heterozygous familial and non-familial) or mixed dyslipidemia, alone or in combination with other lipid-lowering therapies. It is marketed under the trade name Leqvio ⁸ and is also currently under review by the FDA.

Inclisiran, sold under the brand name Leqvio, is a medication for the treatment of people with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), ASCVD risk equivalents and heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH). It is a small interfering RNA that inhibits translation of the protein PCSK9.^[2][3][4] It is being developed by The Medicines Company which licensed the rights to inclisiran from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals.^[5]

On 15 October 2020, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Leqvio, intended for the treatment for primary hypercholesterolaemia or mixed dyslipidaemia.^[6] Inclisiran was approved for use in the European Union in December 2020.^[1]

History

In 2019 The Medicines Company announced positive results from pivotal phase III study (all primary and secondary endpoints were met with efficacy consistent with Phase I and II studies). The company anticipates regulatory submissions in the U.S. in the fourth quarter of 2019, and in Europe in the first quarter of 2020.^[7] The Medicines Company is being acquired by Novartis.^[8]

References

1. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Leqvio EPAR”. European Medicines Agency. 13 October 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
2. ^ Fitzgerald K, White S, Borodovsky A, Bettencourt BR, Strahs A, Clausen V, et al. (January 2017). “A Highly Durable RNAi Therapeutic Inhibitor of PCSK9”. The New England Journal of Medicine. 376 (1): 41–51. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1609243. PMC 5778873. PMID 27959715.
3. ^ Spreitzer H (11 September 2017). “Neue Wirkstoffe: Inclisiran”. Österreichische Apotheker-Zeitung (in German) (19/2017).
4. ^ “Proposed INN: List 114” (PDF). WHO Drug Information. WHO. 29 (4): 531f. 2015.
5. ^ Taylor NP (26 August 2019). “Medicines Company’s PCSK9 drug hits phase 3 efficacy goals”. FierceBiotech.
6. ^ “Leqvio: Pending EC decision”. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 16 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020. Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
7. ^ “The Medicines Company Announces Positive Topline Results from First Pivotal Phase 3 Trial of Inclisiran”. The Medicines Company. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
8. ^ “Novartis acquires medicines company”. Novartis. Retrieved 15 January 2020.

Further reading

• Ray KK, Landmesser U, Leiter LA, et al. (April 2017). “Inclisiran in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk with Elevated LDL Cholesterol” (PDF). N. Engl. J. Med. 376 (15): 1430–1440. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1615758. hdl:10044/1/45416. PMID 28306389. S2CID 205101529.
• Ray KK, Wright RS, Kallend D, et al. (March 2020). “Two Phase 3 Trials of Inclisiran in Patients with Elevated LDL Cholesterol”. N. Engl. J. Med. 382 (16): 1507–1519. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1912387. PMID 32187462.

External links

• “Inclisiran”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
• Clinical trial number NCT03399370 for “Inclisiran for Participants With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Elevated Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (ORION-10)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
• Clinical trial number NCT03400800 for “Inclisiran for Subjects With ACSVD or ACSVD-Risk Equivalents and Elevated Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (ORION-11)” at ClinicalTrials.gov

General References

1. Kosmas CE, Munoz Estrella A, Sourlas A, Silverio D, Hilario E, Montan PD, Guzman E: Inclisiran: A New Promising Agent in the Management of Hypercholesterolemia. Diseases. 2018 Jul 13;6(3). pii: diseases6030063. doi: 10.3390/diseases6030063. [PubMed:30011788]
2. German CA, Shapiro MD: Small Interfering RNA Therapeutic Inclisiran: A New Approach to Targeting PCSK9. BioDrugs. 2020 Feb;34(1):1-9. doi: 10.1007/s40259-019-00399-6. [PubMed:31782112]
3. Doggrell SA: Inclisiran, the billion-dollar drug, to lower LDL cholesterol – is it worth it? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2020 Nov;21(16):1971-1974. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1799978. Epub 2020 Aug 4. [PubMed:32749892]
4. Goldstein JL, Brown MS: Regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptors: implications for pathogenesis and therapy of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1987 Sep;76(3):504-7. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.76.3.504. [PubMed:3621516]
5. Pratt AJ, MacRae IJ: The RNA-induced silencing complex: a versatile gene-silencing machine. J Biol Chem. 2009 Jul 3;284(27):17897-901. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R900012200. Epub 2009 Apr 1. [PubMed:19342379]
6. Leiter LA, Teoh H, Kallend D, Wright RS, Landmesser U, Wijngaard PLJ, Kastelein JJP, Ray KK: Inclisiran Lowers LDL-C and PCSK9 Irrespective of Diabetes Status: The ORION-1 Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes Care. 2019 Jan;42(1):173-176. doi: 10.2337/dc18-1491. Epub 2018 Nov 28. [PubMed:30487231]
7. Cupido AJ, Kastelein JJP: Inclisiran for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia: implications and unanswered questions from the ORION trials. Cardiovasc Res. 2020 Sep 1;116(11):e136-e139. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa212. [PubMed:32766688]
8. Novartis: Novartis receives EU approval for Leqvio (inclisiran), a first-in-class siRNA to lower cholesterol with two doses a year [Link]
9. Summary of Product Characteristics: Leqvio (inclisiran), solution for subcutaneous injection [Link]

Summary

• Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains one of the leading causes of death in Canada. Cholesterol, specifically low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is thereby targeted to reduce the likelihood of a cardiovascular event, such as a myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke.
• Inclisiran, first developed by Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts, US) then by The Medicines Company (Parsippany, New Jersey, US), is a small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) molecule being investigated for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
• ORION-1 was a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre, randomized controlled trial of 501 patients. Patients were included in the trial if they had a history of ASCVD or were at high risk of ASCVD. The treatment arms were administered 200 mg, 300 mg, or 500 mg of inclisiran on day 1, or 100 mg, 200 mg, or 300 mg of inclisiran on days 1 and 90. The comparator was either placebo on day 1 or placebo on days 1 and 90. The primary end point was percentage change in LDL-C at day 180 from baseline.
• The ORION-1 study demonstrated that inclisiran, administered at various doses and intervals, compared with placebo, resulted in a statistically significant reduction in LDL-C levels (P < 0.001 for all comparisons versus placebo). The greatest reduction in LDL-C levels was obtained with the 300 mg dose of inclisiran given at days 1 and 90 with a 52.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: −57.1 to −48.1) reduction at day 180 compared with baseline, and a mean absolute reduction in LDL-C levels of 1.66 (standard deviation 0.54) mmol/L. Results from the ORION-1 trial provided the necessary data to make a decision regarding the dosing regimen to be used in subsequent phase III trials, in particular the ORION-11 phase III trial.
• The ORION-11 study was a phase III international, multi-centre, and double-blind trial which randomized 1,617 participants (87% with established ASCVD) to inclisiran 300 mg (n = 810) or placebo (n = 807). An initial inclisiran dose of 300 mg given subcutaneously was administered at day 1, day 90, and then every six months for two doses, that is at days 270 and 450. The mean baseline LDL-C level was 2.8 mmol/L (inclisiran) and 2.7 mmol/L (placebo); 96% of participants were on high-dose statin therapy. There was a 50% time-averaged reduction in LDL-C levels from day 90 to day 540 (P < 0.00001). Pre-specified exploratory cardiovascular composite end point (cardiac death, cardiac arrest, MI, or stroke) occurred in 7.8% of inclisiran treated patients versus 10.3% of patients on placebo; this lower rate was mainly driven by a reduction in MI and stroke. With respect to adverse effects, 4.69% of patients on inclisiran reported an injection site reaction, compared with 0.5% of patients on placebo. All reactions were transient. There was no evidence of liver, kidney, muscle, or platelet toxicity.
• Inclisiran may be an option in the future as a cholesterol-lowering medication, where it would likely be used in patients who are unable to achieve their LDL-C targets despite maximally tolerated statin therapy or who are intolerant to statin therapy. However, results from the inclisiran cardiovascular outcome trial (ORION-4), are needed to confirm its efficacy in reducing CVD and its long-term safety.
• Inclisiran is not yet approved by any regulatory authority, but its ORION clinical development program identifies the year 2021 as the goal to reach worldwide markets.

///////////Inclisiran, LEQVIO, ALN 60212, ALN PCSsc , NOVARTIS

Esketamine

• Molecular FormulaC₁₃H₁₆ClNO
• Average mass237.725 Da

(+)-Ketamine(2S)-2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone
(S)-Ketamine33643-46-8[RN]7884Cyclohexanone, 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-, (2S)-Cyclohexanone, 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-, (S)-
KetamineCAS Registry Number: 6740-88-1CAS Name: 2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanoneMolecular Formula: C13H16ClNOMolecular Weight: 237.73Percent Composition: C 65.68%, H 6.78%, Cl 14.91%, N 5.89%, O 6.73%Literature References: Prepn: C. L. Stevens, BE634208; idem,US3254124 (1963, 1966 both to Parke, Davis). Isoln of optical isomers: T. W. Hudyma et al.,DE2062620 (1971 to Bristol-Myers), C.A.75, 118119x (1971). Clinical pharmacology of racemate and enantiomers: P. F. White et al.,Anesthesiology52, 231 (1980). Toxicity: E. J. Goldenthal, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.18, 185 (1971). Enantioselective HPLC determn in plasma: G. Geisslinger et al.,J. Chromatogr.568, 165 (1991). Comprehensive description: W. C. Sass, S. A. Fusari, Anal. Profiles Drug Subs.6, 297-322 (1977). Review of pharmacology and use in veterinary medicine: M. Wright, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.180, 1462-1471 (1982). Review of pharmacology and clinical experience: D. L. Reich, G. Silvay, Can. J. Anaesth.36, 186-197 (1989); in pediatric procedures: S. M. Green, N. E. Johnson, Ann. Emerg. Med.19, 1033-1046 (1990).Properties: Crystals from pentane-ether, mp 92-93°. uv max (0.01N NaOH in 95% methanol): 301, 276, 268, 261 nm (A1%1cm 5.0, 7.0, 9.8, 10.5). pKa 7.5. pH of 10% aq soln 3.5.Melting point: mp 92-93°pKa: pKa 7.5Absorption maximum: uv max (0.01N NaOH in 95% methanol): 301, 276, 268, 261 nm (A1%1cm 5.0, 7.0, 9.8, 10.5) 
Derivative Type: HydrochlorideCAS Registry Number: 1867-66-9Manufacturers’ Codes: CI-581Trademarks: Ketalar (Pfizer); Ketanest (Pfizer); Ketaset (Fort Dodge); Ketavet (Gellini); Vetalar (Bioniche)Molecular Formula: C13H16ClNO.HClMolecular Weight: 274.19Percent Composition: C 56.95%, H 6.25%, Cl 25.86%, N 5.11%, O 5.84%Properties: White crystals, mp 262-263°. Soly in water: 20 g/100 ml. LD50 in adult mice, rats (mg/kg): 224 ±4, 229 ±5 i.p. (Goldenthal).Melting point: mp 262-263°Toxicity data: LD50 in adult mice, rats (mg/kg): 224 ±4, 229 ±5 i.p. (Goldenthal) 
NOTE: This is a controlled substance (depressant): 21 CFR, 1308.13.Therap-Cat: Anesthetic (intravenous).Therap-Cat-Vet: Anesthetic (intravenous).Keywords: Anesthetic (Intravenous).Esketamine hydrochloride, S enantiomer of ketamine, is in phase III clinical trials by Johnson & Johnson for the treatment of depression.Drug Name：Esketamine HydrochlorideResearchCode：JNJ-54135419MOA：Dopamine reuptake inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonistIndication：DepressionStatus：Phase III (Active)Company：Johnson & Johnson (Originator)

Route 1

Reference：1. US6040479.

https://patents.google.com/patent/US6040479A/en

EXAMPLE 1

50 g (0.21 mol) R,S-ketamine are dissolved in 613 ml of acetone at the boiling point and subsequently mixed with 31.5 g (0.21 mol) L-(+)-tartaric acid. In order to obtain a clear solution, 40 ml of water are added thereto at the boiling point and subsequently the clear solution is filtered off while still hot. After the addition of seed crystals obtained in a small preliminary experiment, the whole is allowed to cool to ambient temperature while stirring. After standing overnight, the crystals formed are filtered off with suction and dried in a circulating air drying cabinet (first at ambient temperature and then at 50-60° C.).

Yield (tartrate): 64.8 g

m.p.: 161° C.

[α]_D : +26.1° (c=2/H₂ O)

Thereafter, the crystallisate is recrystallised in a mixture of 1226 ml acetone and 90 ml water. After cooling to ambient temperature and subsequently stirring for 4 hours, the crystals are filtered off with suction and dried in a circulating air drying cabinet (first at ambient temperature and then at 50-60° C). There are obtained 38.8 g of tartrate (95.29% of theory).

m.p.: 175.3° C.

[α]_D : +68.9° (c=2/H₂ O)

The base is liberated by taking up 38.8 g of tartrate in 420 ml of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and stirring with 540 ml of diethyl ether. The ethereal phase is first washed with water and subsequently with a saturated solution of sodium chloride. The organic phase is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. After filtering, the solution is evaporated to dryness on a rotary evaporator, a crystalline, colourless product remaining behind.

Yield (crude base): 21.5 g=86.0% of theory

m.p.: 118.9° C. (literature: 120-122° C.)

[α]_D : -55.8° (c=2/EtOH) (literature: [α]_D : -56.35° ).

In order possibly to achieve a further purification, the base can be recrystallised from cyclohexane. For this purpose, 10.75 g of the crude base are dissolved in 43 ml cyclohexane at the boiling point. While stirring, the clear solution is slowly cooled to about 10° C. and then stirred at this temperature for about 1 hour. The crystallisate which precipitates out is filtered off with suction and dried to constant weight.

Yield (base): 10.3 g=82.4% of theory

m.p.: 120° C. (literature: 120-122° C.)

[α]_D : -56.8° (c=2/EtOH) (literature: [α]_D : -56.35° )

EXAMPLE 2

125 ml of water are taken and subsequently 31.5 g (0.21 mol) L-(+)-tartaric acid and 50 g (0.21 mol) R,S-ketamine added thereto. While stirring, this mixture is warmed to 50-60° C. until a clear solution results. After cooling to ambient temperature while stirring and subsequently stirring overnight, the crystals formed are filtered off with suction. Subsequently, the crystallisate is first washed with water (1-6° C.) and subsequently washed twice with, in each case, 20 ml of acetone. Drying in a circulating air drying cabinet (first at ambient temperature and then at 50-60° C.) gives 31.79 g of tartrate (78.23%) of theory).

EXAMPLE 3

150 ml of water are taken and subsequently mixed with 39.8 g (0.27 mol) L-(+)-tartaric acid and 50 g (0.21 mol) R,S-ketamine. While stirring, this mixture is warmed to 50-60° C. until a clear solution results.

After cooling to ambient temperature while stirring and subsequently stirring overnight, the crystals formed are filtered off with suction. Subsequently, the crystallisate is successively washed with 8 ml of water (1-6° C.) and thereafter twice with, in each case, 20 ml acetone.

Drying in a circulating air drying cabinet (first at ambient temperature and then at 50-60° C.) gives 32.58 g of tartrate (80.02% of theory).

EXAMPLE 4

150 ml of water and 50 ml isopropanol are taken. After the addition of 39.8 g (0.21 mol) L-(+)-tartaric acid and 50 g (0.21 mol) R,S-ketamine, the mixture is heated to reflux temperature while stirring until a solution results (possibly add water until all is dissolved).

Subsequently, while stirring, the solution is allowed to cool to ambient temperature and stirred overnight. The crystals are filtered off with suction and subsequently washed with a 1:2 mixture of 20 ml of water/isopropanol and dried in a circulating air drying cabinet (first at ambient temperature and then at 50-60° C.). There are obtained 24.45 g of tartrate (62.63% of theory).

EXAMPLE 5

50 g (0.21 mol) R,S-ketamine are dissolved at the boiling point in 300 ml acetone and subsequently mixed with 31.5 g (0.21 mol) L-(+)-tartaric acid and 100 ml of water. The whole is allowed to cool while stirring and possibly seeded.

After standing overnight, the crystals formed are filtered off with suction, then washed twice with, in each case, 20 ml acetone and dried in a circulating air drying cabinet (first at ambient temperature and then at 50-60° C.). There are obtained 30.30 g of tartrate (74.57% of theory).

EXAMPLE 6

75 ml of water and 50 ml isopropanol are taken and subsequently 39.8 g (0.27 mol) L-(+)-tartaric acid added thereto. While stirring, the mixture is heated to reflux temperature until a clear solution results. After cooling to ambient temperature while stirring and subsequently stirring overnight, the crystals formed are filtered off with suction. Subsequently, the crystallisate is washed with a 1:2 mixture of 20 ml water/isopropanol. After drying in a circulating air drying cabinet (first at ambient temperature and then at 50-60° C.), there are obtained 34.84 g of tartrate (85.74% of theory).

EXAMPLE 7

20 g of the S-(+)-tartrate obtained in Example 4 are dissolved in 100 ml of water at 30-40° C. With about 7 ml of 50% sodium hydroxide solution, an S-(-)-ketamine base is precipitated out up to about pH 13. It is filtered off with suction and washed neutral with water to pH 7-8. Subsequently, it is dried for about 24 hours at 50° C. in a circulating air drying cabinet. There are obtained 11.93 g S-(-)-ketamine (97.79% of theory).

EXAMPLE 8

5 g of the S-(-)-ketamine obtained in Example 7 are dissolved in 50 ml isopropanol at about 50° C. and possibly filtered off with suction over kieselguhr. Subsequently, gaseous hydrogen chloride is passed in at 50-60° C. until a pH value of 0-1 is reached. The reaction mixture is allowed to cool to ambient temperature, filtered off with suction and washed with about 5 ml isopropanol. The moist product is dried overnight at about 50° C. in a circulating air drying cabinet. There are obtained 5.09 g S-(+)-ketamine hydrochloride (88.06% of theory).


Route 2

Reference：1. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 3205-3208.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.5b00229

Here we report the direct asymmetric amination of α-substituted cyclic ketones catalyzed by a chiral phosphoric acid, yielding products with a N-containing quaternary stereocenter in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities. Kinetic resolution of the starting ketone was also found to occur on some of the substrates under milder conditions, providing enantioenriched α-branched ketones, another important building block in organic synthesis. The utility of this methodology was demonstrated in the short synthesis of (S)-ketamine, the more active enantiomer of this versatile pharmaceutical.

CLIP

Initial reagent: cyclopentyl Grignard Step 0: Producing cyclopentyl Grignard Reacting cyclopentyl bromide with magnesium in solvent (ether or THF) Best results: distill solvent from Grignard under vacuum and replace with hydrocarbon solvent (e.g. benzene) Step 1: processing to (o-chlorophenyl)-cyclopentyl ketone Adding o-chlorobenzonitrile to cyclopentyl Grignard in solvent, stirring for long period of time (typically three days) Hydrolyzing reaction with mixture containing crushed ice, ammonium chloride and some ammonium hydroxide Extraction with organic solvent gives (o-chlorophenyl)-cyclopentyl ketone

Step 2: processing to alpha-bromo (o-chlorophenyl)-cyclopentyl ketone ketone processed with bromine in carbon tetrachloride at low temperature (typical T = 0°C), addition of bromine dropwise forming orange suspension Suspension washed in dilute aquerous solution of sodium bisufide and evaporated giving 1-bromocyclopentyl-(o-chlorophenyl)-ketone Note: bromoketone is unstable, immeadiate usage. Bromination carried out with NBromosuccinimide result higher yield (roughly 77%) Step 3: processing to 1-hydroxycyclopentyl-(o-chlorophenyl)-ketone-N-methylimine Dissolving bromoketone in liquid methylamine freebase (or benzene as possible solvent) After time lapse (1h): excess methylamine evaporated, residue dissolved in pentane and filtered evaporation of solvent yields 1-hydroxy-cyclopentyl-(o-chlorophenyl)-ketone N-methylimine Note: longer time span (4-5d) for evaporation of methylaminemay increase yield Step 4: processing to 2-Methylamino-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-cyclohexanone (Ketamine) Method: Thermal rearragement (qualitative yield after 30min in 180°C) N-methylimine dissolved in 15ml decalin, refluxed for 2.5h Evaporation of solvent under reduced temperature followed by extraction of residue with dilute hydrochloric acid Treatment with decolorizing charcoal (solution: acidic => basic) Recrystallization from pentane-ether Note – alternative to use of decalin: pressure bomb

racemic compound, in pharmaceutical preparation racemic more active enantiomere esketamine (S-Ketamine) available as Ketanest S, but Arketamine (R-Ketamine) never marketed for clinical use, Optical rotation: varies between salt and free base form free base form: (S)-Ketamine dextrorotation  (S)-(+)-ketamine hydrochloridesalt: levorotation(S)-(-)-ketamine  Reason found in molecular level: different orientation of substituents: freebase: o-chlorophenyl equatorial, methylamino axia

Sources: http://creationwiki.org/Ketamine#Synthesis http://www.lycaeum.org/rhodium/chemistry/pcp/ketamine.html https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/ketamine https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/ketamine#section=Drug-Warning http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2014/02/ketamine-special-k-drugs-podcast http://drugabuse.com/library/the-effects-of-ketamine-use/ http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/prescription/ketamine.html http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1615-9314(20021101)25:15/17%3C1155::AID-JSSC1155%3E3.0.CO;2-M/pdf

CLIP

Process Research and Impurity Control Strategy of Esketamine Organic Process Research & Development ( IF 3.023
) Pub Date: 2020-03-18 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00553
Shenghua Gao; Xuezhi Gao; Zhezhou Yang; Fuli Zhang
An improved synthesis of ( S )-ketamine (esketamine) has been developed, which was cost-effective, and the undesired isomer could be recovered by racemization. Critical process parameters of each step were identified as well as the process-related impurities. The formation mechanisms and control strategies of most impurities were first discussed. Moreover, the ( S )-ketamine tartrate is a dihydrate, which was disclosed for the first time. The practicable racemization catalyzed by aluminum chloride was carried out in quantitative yield with 99% purity . The ICH-grade quality ( S)-ketamine hydrochloride was obtained in 51.1% overall yield (14.0% without racemization) by chiral resolution with three times recycling of the mother liquors. The robust process of esketamine could be industrially scalable.

Process Research and ketamine impurity control strategy

has been developed an improved ( S ) – ketamine (esketamine) synthesis, the high cost-effective way, the undesired isomer may be recycled by racemization. Determine the key process parameters and process-related impurities for each step. First, the formation mechanism and control strategy of most impurities are discussed. In addition, ( S )-ketamine tartrate is a dihydrate, which is the first time it has been published. The feasible racemization catalyzed by aluminum chloride proceeds in a quantitative yield with a purity of 99%. ICH grade quality ( S) 5-ketamine hydrochloride can be obtained through chiral resolution and three times the mother liquor recovery rate. The total yield is 51.1% (14.0% without racemization). The robust process of ketamine can be used in Industrial promotion.

CLIP

CLIP

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13738-018-1404-1#citeas

Taghizadeh, M.J., Gohari, S.J.A., Javidan, A. et al. A novel strategy for the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-ketamine using (S)-tert-butanesulfinamide and 1,2-cyclohexanedione. J IRAN CHEM SOC 15, 2175–2181 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-018-1404-1

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• DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-018-1404-1

Abstract

We present a novel asymmetric synthesis route for synthesis of (S)-ketamine using a chiral reagent according to the strategy (Scheme 1), with good enantioselectivity (85% ee) and yield. In this procedure, the (S)-tert-butanesulfinamide (TBSA) acts as a chiral auxiliary reagent to generate (S)-ketamine. A series of new intermediates were synthesized and identified for the first time in this work (2–4). The monoketal intermediate (1) easily obtained after partial conversion of one ketone functional group  of 1,2-cyclohexanedione into a ketal using ethylene glycol. The sulfinylimine (2) was obtained by condensation of (S)-tert-butanesulfinamide (TBSA) with (1), 4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-6-one in 90% yield. The (S)-N–tert-butanesulfinyl ketamine (3) was prepared on further reaction of sulfinylimine (2) with appropriate Grignard reagent (ArMgBr) in which generated chiral center in 85% yield and with 85% diastereoselectivity. Methylation of amine afforded the product (4). Finally, the sulfinyl- and ketal-protecting groups were removed from the compound (4) by brief treatment with stoichiometric quantities of HCl in a protic solvent gave the (S)-ketamine in near quantitative yield.

Esketamine, sold under the brand name Spravato^[4] among others,^[6][7] is a medication used as a general anesthetic and for treatment-resistant depression.^[4][1] Esketamine is used as a nasal spray or by injection into a vein.^[4][1]

Esketamine acts primarily as a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist.^[1][8] It also acts to some extent as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor but, unlike ketamine, does not interact with the sigma receptors.^[1] The compound is the S(+) enantiomer of ketamine, which is an anesthetic and dissociative similarly.^[1] It is unknown whether its antidepressant action is superior, inferior or equal to racemic ketamine and its opposite enantiomer, arketamine, which are both being investigated for the treatment of depression.

Esketamine was introduced for medical use in 1997.^[1] In 2019, it was approved for use with other antidepressants, for the treatment of depression in adults in the United States.^[9]

In August 2020, it was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with the added indication for the short-term treatment of suicidal thoughts.^[10]

Medical uses

Anesthesia

Esketamine is a general anesthetic and is used for similar indications as ketamine.^[1] Such uses include induction of anesthesia in high-risk patients such as those with hemorrhagic shock, anaphylactic shock, septic shock, severe bronchospasm, severe hepatic insufficiency, cardiac tamponade, and constrictive pericarditis; anesthesia in caesarian section; use of multiple anesthetics in burns; and as a supplement to regional anesthesia with incomplete nerve blocks.^[1]

Depression

See also: List of investigational antidepressants

Similarly to ketamine, esketamine appears to be a rapid-acting antidepressant.^[8][11] It received a breakthrough designation from the FDA for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in 2013 and major depressive disorder (MDD) with accompanying suicidal ideation in 2016.^[12][11] The medication was studied for use in combination with an antidepressant in people with TRD who had been unresponsive to treatment;^[12][8][11] six phase III clinical trials for this indication were conducted in 2017.^[12][8][11] It is available as a nasal spray.^[12][8][11]

In February 2019, an outside panel of experts recommended that the FDA approve the nasal spray version of esketamine,^[13] provided that it be given in a clinical setting, with people remaining on site for at least two hours after. The reasoning for this requirement is that trial participants temporarily experienced sedation, visual disturbances, trouble speaking, confusion, numbness, and feelings of dizziness during immediately after.^[14]

In January 2020, esketamine was rejected by the National Health Service of Great Britain. NHS questioned the benefits and claimed that it was too expensive. People who have been already using the medication were allowed to complete treatment if their doctors consider this necessary.^[15]

Side effects

Most common side effects when used in those with treatment resistant depression include dissociation, dizziness, nausea, sleepiness, anxiety, and increased blood pressure.^[16]

Pharmacology

Esketamine is approximately twice as potent as an anesthetic as racemic ketamine.^[17] It is eliminated from the human body more quickly than arketamine (R(–)-ketamine) or racemic ketamine, although arketamine slows its elimination.^[18]

A number of studies have suggested that esketamine has a more medically useful pharmacological action than arketamine or racemic ketamine^{[citation needed]} but, in mice, that the rapid antidepressant effect of arketamine was greater and lasted longer than that of esketamine.^[19] The usefulness of arketamine over eskatamine has been supported by other researchers.^[20][21][22]

Esketamine inhibits dopamine transporters eight times more than arketamine.^[23] This increases dopamine activity in the brain. At doses causing the same intensity of effects, esketamine is generally considered to be more pleasant by patients.^[24][25] Patients also generally recover mental function more quickly after being treated with pure esketamine, which may be a result of the fact that it is cleared from their system more quickly.^[17][26] This is however in contradiction with R-ketamine being devoid of psychotomimetic side effects.^[27]

Unlike arketamine, esketamine does not bind significantly to sigma receptors. Esketamine increases glucose metabolism in frontal cortex, while arketamine decreases glucose metabolism in the brain. This difference may be responsible for the fact that esketamine generally has a more dissociative or hallucinogenic effect while arketamine is reportedly more relaxing.^[26] However, another study found no difference between racemic and (S)-ketamine on the patient’s level of vigilance.^[24] Interpretation of this finding is complicated by the fact that racemic ketamine is 50% (S)-ketamine.

History

Esketamine was introduced for medical use as an anesthetic in Germany in 1997, and was subsequently marketed in other countries.^[1][28] In addition to its anesthetic effects, the medication showed properties of being a rapid-acting antidepressant, and was subsequently investigated for use as such.^[8][12] In November 2017, it completed phase III clinical trials for treatment-resistant depression in the United States.^[8][12] Johnson & Johnson filed a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) New Drug Application (NDA) for approval on September 4, 2018;^[29] the application was endorsed by an FDA advisory panel on February 12, 2019, and on March 5, 2019, the FDA approved esketamine, in conjunction with an oral antidepressant, for the treatment of depression in adults.^[9]

In the 1980s and ’90s, closely associated ketamine was used as a club drug known as “Special K” for its trip-inducing side effects.^[30][31]

Society and culture

Names

Esketamine is the generic name of the drug and its INN and BAN, while esketamine hydrochloride is its BANM.^[28] It is also known as S(+)-ketamine, (S)-ketamine, or (–)-ketamine, as well as by its developmental code name JNJ-54135419.^[28][12]

Esketamine is marketed under the brand name Spravato for use as an antidepressant and the brand names Ketanest, Ketanest S, Ketanest-S, Keta-S for use as an anesthetic (veterinary), among others.^[28]

Availability

Esketamine is marketed as an antidepressant in the United States;^[9] and as an anesthetic in the European Union.^[28]

Legal status

Esketamine is a Schedule III controlled substance in the United States.^[4]

References

1. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h i j} Himmelseher S, Pfenninger E (December 1998). “[The clinical use of S-(+)-ketamine–a determination of its place]”. Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie. 33 (12): 764–70. doi:10.1055/s-2007-994851. PMID 9893910.
2. ^ “Spravato 28 mg nasal spray, solution – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)”. (emc). Retrieved 24 November 2020.
3. ^ “Vesierra 25 mg/ml solution for injection/infusion – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)”. (emc). 21 February 2020. Retrieved 24 November2020.
4. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} “Spravato- esketamine hydrochloride solution”. DailyMed. 6 August 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
5. ^ “Spravato EPAR”. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 16 October 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
6. ^ “Text search results for esketamine: Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference”. MedicinesComplete. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. Retrieved 20 August 2017.^{[dead link]}
7. ^ Brayfield A, ed. (9 January 2017). “Ketamine Hydrochloride”. MedicinesComplete. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. Retrieved 20 August2017.^{[dead link]}
8. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} Rakesh G, Pae CU, Masand PS (August 2017). “Beyond serotonin: newer antidepressants in the future”. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 17 (8): 777–790. doi:10.1080/14737175.2017.1341310. PMID 28598698. S2CID 205823807.
9. ^ Jump up to:^a b c “FDA approves new nasal spray medication for treatment-resistant depression; available only at a certified doctor’s office or clinic”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). Retrieved 2019-03-06.
10. ^ “FDA Approves A Nasal Spray To Treat Patients Who Are Suicidal”. NPR. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
11. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Lener MS, Kadriu B, Zarate CA (March 2017). “Ketamine and Beyond: Investigations into the Potential of Glutamatergic Agents to Treat Depression”. Drugs. 77 (4): 381–401. doi:10.1007/s40265-017-0702-8. PMC 5342919. PMID 28194724.
12. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} “Esketamine – Johnson & Johnson – AdisInsight”. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
13. ^ Koons C, Edney A (February 12, 2019). “First Big Depression Advance Since Prozac Nears FDA Approval”. Bloomberg News. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
14. ^ Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee (PDAC) and Drug Safety and Risk Management (DSaRM) Advisory Committee (February 12, 2019). “FDA Briefing Document” (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved February 12, 2019. Meeting, February 12, 2019. Agenda Topic: The committees will discuss the efficacy, safety, and risk-benefit profile of New Drug Application (NDA) 211243, esketamine 28 mg single-use nasal spray device, submitted by Janssen Pharmaceutica, for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression.
15. ^ “Anti-depressant spray not recommended on NHS”. BBC News. 28 January 2020.
16. ^ “Esketamine nasal spray” (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 21 October 2019.
17. ^ Jump up to:^a b Himmelseher S, Pfenninger E (December 1998). “[The clinical use of S-(+)-ketamine–a determination of its place]”. Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie (in German). 33 (12): 764–70. doi:10.1055/s-2007-994851. PMID 9893910.
18. ^ Ihmsen H, Geisslinger G, Schüttler J (November 2001). “Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of ketamine: R(–)-ketamine inhibits the elimination of S(+)-ketamine”. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 70 (5): 431–8. doi:10.1067/mcp.2001.119722. PMID 11719729.
19. ^ Zhang JC, Li SX, Hashimoto K (January 2014). “R (-)-ketamine shows greater potency and longer lasting antidepressant effects than S (+)-ketamine”. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 116: 137–41. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2013.11.033. PMID 24316345. S2CID 140205448.
20. ^ Muller J, Pentyala S, Dilger J, Pentyala S (June 2016). “Ketamine enantiomers in the rapid and sustained antidepressant effects”. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology. 6 (3): 185–92. doi:10.1177/2045125316631267. PMC 4910398. PMID 27354907.
21. ^ Hashimoto K (November 2016). “Ketamine’s antidepressant action: beyond NMDA receptor inhibition”. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets. 20 (11): 1389–1392. doi:10.1080/14728222.2016.1238899. PMID 27646666. S2CID 1244143.
22. ^ Yang B, Zhang JC, Han M, Yao W, Yang C, Ren Q, Ma M, Chen QX, Hashimoto K (October 2016). “Comparison of R-ketamine and rapastinel antidepressant effects in the social defeat stress model of depression”. Psychopharmacology. 233 (19–20): 3647–57. doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4399-2. PMC 5021744. PMID 27488193.
23. ^ Nishimura M, Sato K (October 1999). “Ketamine stereoselectively inhibits rat dopamine transporter”. Neuroscience Letters. 274 (2): 131–4. doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00688-6. PMID 10553955. S2CID 10307361.
24. ^ Jump up to:^a b Doenicke A, Kugler J, Mayer M, Angster R, Hoffmann P (October 1992). “[Ketamine racemate or S-(+)-ketamine and midazolam. The effect on vigilance, efficacy and subjective findings]”. Der Anaesthesist (in German). 41 (10): 610–8. PMID 1443509.
25. ^ Pfenninger E, Baier C, Claus S, Hege G (November 1994). “[Psychometric changes as well as analgesic action and cardiovascular adverse effects of ketamine racemate versus s-(+)-ketamine in subanesthetic doses]”. Der Anaesthesist (in German). 43 Suppl 2: S68-75. PMID 7840417.
26. ^ Jump up to:^a b Vollenweider FX, Leenders KL, Oye I, Hell D, Angst J (February 1997). “Differential psychopathology and patterns of cerebral glucose utilisation produced by (S)- and (R)-ketamine in healthy volunteers using positron emission tomography (PET)”. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 7 (1): 25–38. doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(96)00042-9. PMID 9088882. S2CID 26861697.
27. ^ Yang C, Shirayama Y, Zhang JC, Ren Q, Yao W, Ma M, Dong C, Hashimoto K (September 2015). “R-ketamine: a rapid-onset and sustained antidepressant without psychotomimetic side effects”. Translational Psychiatry. 5 (9): e632. doi:10.1038/tp.2015.136. PMC 5068814. PMID 26327690.
28. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} “Esketamine”. Drugs.com.
29. ^ “Janssen Submits Esketamine Nasal Spray New Drug Application to U.S. FDA for Treatment-Resistant Depression”. Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
30. ^ Marsa, Linda (January 2020). “A Paradigm Shift for Depression Treatment”. Discover. Kalmbach Media.
31. ^ Hoffer, Lee (7 March 2019). “The FDA Approved a Ketamine-Like Nasal Spray for Hard-to-Treat Depression”. Vice. Retrieved 11 February 2020.

External links

• “Esketamine”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
• “Esketamine hydrochloride”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

/////////////Esketamine, JNJ 54135419, phase 3

Centhaquine

PMZ-2010

CAS 57961-90-7

2-[2-[4-(3-methylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl]quinoline

INDIA 2020, 14.05.2020, Centhaquine citrate bulk and Centhaquine citrate injection 1.0mg/vial, Add on resuscitative agent for hypovolemic shock

• OriginatorMidwestern University; Pharmazz
• DeveloperPharmazz
• ClassAnalgesics; Antihaemorrhagics; Antihypertensives; Cardiovascular therapies; Piperazines; Quinolines; Small molecules
• Mechanism of ActionAlpha 1 adrenergic receptor antagonists; Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor agonists

• RegisteredHaemorrhagic shock
• Phase IHeart arrest; Postoperative pain

• 20 Jul 2020Pharmazz plans to launch centhaquin for Haemorrhagic shock (Adjuvant therapy) in India by the middle of September 2020
• 20 Jul 2020Efficacy data from a phase III trial in Haemorrhagic shock released by Pharmazz
• 02 Jun 2020Centhaquine is still in phase I trials for Postoperative pain in USA (Pharmazz pipeline, June 2020)

SYNCenthaquin is a compound that produces hypotension and bradycardia in higher doses and resuscitation in lower doses. It is water insoluble, and is unsuitable for intravenous use. We prepared the citrate salt of centhaquin and evaluated its cardiovascular efficacy vs. centhaquin. Centhaquin citrate was prepared and characterized; its purity was determined by HPLC. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), pulse pressure (PP), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV) and stroke work (SW) following intravenous administration of centhaquin and the citrate (0.05, 0.15 and 0.45 mg.kg(-1)) were determined in anaesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Centhaquin citrate was 99.8% pure and water soluble. Centhaquin (0.05, 0.15 and 0.45 mg.kg(-1)) produced a maximal decrease in MAP of 15.6, 25.2 and 28.1%, respectively; while centhaquin citrate produced a greater (p<0.001) decrease of 35.7, 47.1 and 54.3%, respectively. The decrease in PP and HR produced by the citrate was greater than centhaquin (p<0.001). At 0.45 mg.kg(-1) centhaquin produced a maximal decrease of 20.9% (p<0.01) in CO, while centhaquin citrate produced a decrease of 42.1% (p<0.001). Reduction in SV (p<0.01) and SW (p<0.001) produced by centhaquin citrate were greater than centhaquin. Centhaquin citrate has greater cardiovascular activity compared to centhaquin.https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Synthesis-and-characterization-of-centhaquin-and-a-Reniguntala-Lavhale/6ca3975b114b0f23753e7a47710eff2467bc2dae

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2014035446A1/en

 Shock due to severe hemorrhage accounts for a large proportion of posttraumatic deaths, particularly during early stages of injury (Wu, Dai et al. 2009). A majority of deaths due to hemorrhage occur within the first six hours after trauma (Shackford, Mackersie et al. 1993), but many of these deaths can be prevented (Acosta, Yang et al. 1998).

[0003] Shock is accompanied by circulatory failure which is the primary cause of mortality and morbidity. Presently, the recommended fluid therapy uses large volumes of Lactated Ringer’s solution (LR), which is effective in restoring hemodynamic parameters, but presents logistic and physiologic limitations (Vincenzi, Cepeda et al. 2009). For example, resuscitation using a large volume of crystalloids, like LR, has been associated with secondary abdominal compartment syndrome, pulmonary edema, cardiac dysfunction, and paralytic ileus (Balogh, McKinley et al. 2003). Therefore, a need exists in the art for a resuscitation agent that improves survival time, and can be used with a small volume of resuscitation fluid, for resuscitation in hypovolemic shock.

[0004] Centhaquin (2-[2-(4-(3-methyphenyl)-l-piperazinyl) ethyl-quinoline) is a centrally acting antihypertensive drug. The structure of centhaquin was determined (Bajpai et al., 2000) and the conformation of centhaquin was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (Carpy and Saxena, 1991).

Structure of centhaquin (2-[2-(4-(3-methyphenyl)- 1 -piperazinyl) ethyl] -quinoline) (as free base)

[0005] Centhaquin is an active cardiovascular agent that produces a positive inotropic effect and increases ventricular contractions of isolated perfused rabbit heart (Bhatnagar, Pande et al. 1985). Centhaquin does not affect spontaneous contractions of the guinea pig right auricle, but significantly potentiates positive inotropic effect of norepinephrine (NE) (Srimal, Mason et al. 1990). The direct or indirect positive inotropic effect of centhaquin can lead to an increase in cardiac output (CO). Centhaquin produces a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in anesthetized rats and conscious freely moving cats and rats (Srimal, Gulati et al. 1990) due to its central sympatholytic activity (Murti, Bhandari et al. 1989; Srimal, Gulati et al. 1990; Gulati, Hussain et al. 1991). When administered locally into a dog femoral artery, centhaquin (10 and 20 μg) increased blood flow, which was similar to that observed with acetylcholine and papaverine. However, the vasodilator effect of centhaquin could not be blocked by atropine or dibenamine (Srimal, Mason et al. 1990). The direct vasodilator or central sympatholytic effect of centhaquin is likely to decrease systemic vascular resistance (SVR).

[0006] It was found that centhaquin enhances the resuscitative effect of hypertonic saline (HS) (Gulati, Lavhale et al. 2012). Centhaquin significantly decreased blood lactate and increases MAP, stroke volume, and CO compared to hypertonic saline alone. It is theorized, but not relied upon, that the cardiovascular actions of hypertonic saline and centhaquin are mediated through the ventrolateral medulla in the brain (Gulati, Hussain et al. 1991 ; Cavun and Millington 2001) and centhaquin may be augmenting the effect of hypertonic saline.

[0007] A large volume of LR (i.e., about three times the volume of blood loss) is the most commonly used resuscitation fluid therapy (Chappell, Jacob et al. 2008), in part because LR does not exhibit the centrally mediated cardiovascular effects of hypertonic saline. Large volume resuscitation has been used by emergency medical personnel and surgeons to reverse hemorrhagic shock and to restore end-organ perfusion and tissue oxygenation. However, there has been a vigorous debate with respect to the optimal methods of resuscitation (Santry

ased on the molecular weight of centhaquin (free base) (MW-332) and centhaquin citrate (MW-523), for identical doses of centhaquin (as free base) and centhaquin citrate, centhaquin citrate provides only 63.5% of centhaquin free base compared to the dose of centhaquin free base, e.g., a 0.05 mg dose of centhaquin citrate contains a 0.0318 mg of centhaquin (as free base). Similarly, a dose of centhaquin citrate dihydrate (MW-559) provides 59.4% centhaquin (free base) of the same dose as centhaquin (as free base), i.e., a 0.0005 mg dose of centhaquin citrate dihydrate contains 0.030 mg of centhaquin (as free base). Surprisingly, and as demonstrated below, at the same mg/kg dose centhaquin citrate and centhaquin citrate dihydrate provides greater cardiovascular effects than centhaquin free base.

 Synthesis of Centhaquin

[0061] The synthesis of centhaquin was reported by Murthi and coworkers (Murthi et al U.S. Patent No. 3,983,121 ; Murti, Bhandari et al. 1989). In one procedure, reactants 1 and 2 were stirred at reflux for 15 hours. The resulting product was purified by evaporating the solvents to obtain an oil, which was heated in vacuo (100°C, 1 mm Hg). The remaining residue was recrystallized from ether-petroleum ether to obtain the final centhaquin product 3. The melting point reported for centhaquin was 76-77°C. In a subsequent publication (Murti, Bhandari et al. 1989), the reaction mixture was concentrated following 24 hours of reflux, diluted with water, and basified with aqueous NaOH. The basic mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the ethyl acetate extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated in vacuo to give centhaquin which was crystallized from hexane. The melting point of centhaquin (free base) obtained in this procedure was 82°C. The product obtained using either purification method is light tan in color, which is indicative of small amounts of impurities that were not completely removed using previously reported purification methods.

[0062] In accordance with the present invention, an improved purification method was found. According to the improved method, reactants 1 and 2 were stirred at reflux for 24 hours. The solvents were evaporated in vacuo and the resulting mixture was diluted with water and basified (10% NaOH). The basic mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined ethyl acetate extracts are dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated in vacuo to obtain a residue, which was further purified with column chromatography (Si0₂, ethyl acetate). The resulting product can be decolorized using activated charcoal or directly crystallized from hot hexane to yield pure centhaquin. The resulting product is an off-white crystalline solid having a melting point of 94-95°C (free base). The product was

characterized using proton NMR, mass spectral, and elemental analysis and indicated high purity and superior quality.

[0063] Synthesis and characterization of centhaquin (free base): A mixture of 2- vinylquinoline (1) (5.0 g, 32.2 mmol, 98.5%) and 1 -(3-methylphenyl)piperazine (2) (5.68 g, 32.2 mmol, 99.0%) in absolute ethyl alcohol (150 ml) and glacial acetic acid (3.5 ml) was stirred at reflux for 24 hours in a round bottom flask. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, diluted with water (150 ml) and treated with 10% aqueous NaOH (150 ml). The residue was extracted with ethyl acetate (4 x 125 ml), dried with anhydrous Na₂S0₄, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield a crude product which was purified by column chromatography using silica gel (100-200 mesh) with ethyl acetate as an eluent. The resulting compound was recrystallized from hot hexane and filtered, to yield centhaquin as an off- white crystalline solid (7.75 g, 23.4 mmol, 73% yield); mp. 94-95°C; i? 0.30 (100% ethyl acetate); 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDC1₃): δ 8.07 (t, J= 7.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.78 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.70 (t, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.50 (t, J= 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.36 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.16 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.77 – 6.74 (m, 2 H), 6.69 (d, J= 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 3.26- 3.21 (m, 6 H), 2.97 – 2.92 (m, 2 H), 2.76 – 2.73 (m, 4 H), 2.32 (s, 3 H); HRMS (ESI) m/z 332.2121 [M+l]⁺ (calcd for C₂₂H26N₃ 332.2122); Anal. (C₂₂H₂₅N₃) C, H, N.

[0064] Preparation of centhaquin citrate: Centhaquin (free base) (5.62 g, 16.98 mmol) was treated with citric acid (3.26 g, 16.98 mmol) in a suitable solvent and converted to the citrate salt obtained as an off-white solid (7.96 g, 15.2 mmol, 90%); m.p. 94-96°C ; Anal.

10065] Figs. 1(a) and 1(b) are high resolution mass spectral analyses of centhaquin free base (Fig 1(a)) and centhaquin citrate (Fig. 1(b)). Compound samples were analyzed following ionization using electrospray ionization (ESI).

[0066J For centhaquin free base in Fig 1(a), a base peak [M+l]⁺ was observed at m z 332.2141 (theory: 332.2121) consistent with the elemental composition of protonated centhaquin (C₂₂H₂₆N₃).

[0067] For centhaquin citrate in Fig 1(b), the mass spectrum was identical to the mass spectrum obtained for the free base. An [M+l]⁺base peak was observed at m z 332.2141 (theory: 332.2121), which corresponds to the elemental composition of protonated centhaquin (C₂₂H₂₆N₃). This result is typical of salts of organic bases to yield the [M+l]⁺ of the free base as observed here with centhaquin citrate.

[0068] Mass spectrometry is one of the most sensitive analytical methods, and examination of the mass spectra of Fig. 1 indicate that the samples are devoid of any extraneous peaks and are of homogeneous purity (>99.5).

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2014035446A1/en

////////////Centhaquine, PMZ-2010, PMZ 2010, INDIA 2020, 2020 APPROVALS

Fosnetupitant

• Molecular FormulaC₃₁H₃₅F₆N₄O₅P
• Average mass688.598 Da

[4-[5-[[2-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-methylpropanoyl]-methylamino]-4-(2-methylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]-1-methylpiperazin-1-ium-1-yl]methyl hydrogen phosphate(4-{5-[{2-[3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-methylpropanoyl}(methyl)amino]-4-(2-methylphenyl)-2-pyridinyl}-1-methylpiperazin-1-ium-1-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate07-PNET10146

CAS 1703748-89-3

HCL 1643757-72-5

FDA 2014 AND EMA 2015Фоснетупитант [Russian] [INN]فوسنيتوبيتانت [Arabic] [INN]磷奈匹坦 [Chinese] [INN]

• 07-PNET

In April 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Swiss company Helsinn approved the intravenous formulation of AKYNZEO® (NEPA, a fixed antiemetic combination of fosnetupitant, 235mg, and palonosetron, 0.25mg) as an alternative treatment option for patients experiencing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Fosnetupitant is the pro-drug form of netupitant. Generally, 25% to 30% of patients with a diagnosis of cancer receive chemotherapy as a treatment modality and 70% to 80% of these patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment may experience nausea and vomiting as major side effects. Considered one of the most distressing side effects of chemotherapy, nausea and vomiting has an immense impact on the quality of life of patients receiving certain antineoplastic therapies.

In April 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Swiss company Helsinn approved the intravenous formulation of AKYNZEO® (NEPA, a fixed antiemetic combination of fosnetupitant, 235mg, and palonosetron, 0.25mg) as an alternative treatment option for patients experiencing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting ³. Fosnetupitant is the pro-drug form of netupitant ^Label.

Generally, 25% to 30% of patients with a diagnosis of cancer receive chemotherapy as a treatment modality and 70% to 80% of these patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment may experience nausea and vomiting as major side effects. Considered one of the most distressing side effects of chemotherapy, nausea and vomiting has an immense impact on the quality of life of patients receiving certain antineoplastic therapies ¹.

Fosnetupitant: Fosnetupitant is a selective antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptors. Upon intravenous administration, Fosnetupitant is converted by phosphatases to its active form. It competitively binds to and blocks the activity of NK-1 receptors in the central nervous system, by inhibiting binding of substance P (SP) to NK-1 receptors. This prevents delayed emesis, which is associated with SP secretion. AKYNZEO is a combination of palonosetron, a serotonin-3 receptor antagonist, and Fosnetupitant (capsules for oral use) or Fosnetupitant (injections for intravenous use). AKYNZEO for injection is indicated in combination with dexamethasone in adults for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy.

EMA

The chemical name of fosnetupitant chloride hydrochloride is 4-(5-(2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- N,2-dimethylpropanamido)-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1-methyl-1-((phosphonooxy)methyl)piperazin-1- ium chloride hydrochloride is corresponding to the molecular formula C31H37Cl2N4O5P. It has a relative molecular mass of 761.53 g/mol and the following structure:

The chemical structure of fosnetupitant chloride hydrochloride was elucidated by a combination of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The active substance is achiral. The solid state properties of the active substance were measured by gravimetric vapour sorption and x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). It is a white to off-white to yellowish, crystalline, hygroscopic solid. Three polymorphic forms have been identified following extensive screening, requiring isolation from different solvent mixtures. Fosnetupitant chloride hydrochloride is always isolated as form I following the commercial manufacturing process. Since it is dissolved and lyophilised during finished product manufacture, particle size and polymorphic form are not considered critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the active substance and are not included in the specification.

RX

AKYNZEO (300 mg netupitant/0.5 mg palonosetron) capsules are an oral combination product of netupitant, a substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist, and palonosetron hydrochloride, a serotonin-3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist. Both netupitant and palonosetron hydrochloride are anti-nausea and anti-emetic agents.

Netupitant is chemically described: 2-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-N, 2 dimethyl-N-[4-(2methylphenyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl] propanamide. The empirical formula is C₃₀H₃₂F₆N₄O, with a molecular weight of 578.61. Netupitant exists as a single isomer and has the following structural formula:

Palonosetron hydrochloride is chemically described: (3aS)-2-[(S)-1-Azabicyclo [2.2.2]oct-3-yl]2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-1-oxo-1H-benz[de]isoquinoline hydrochloride. The empirical formula is C₁₉H₂₄N₂O.HCl, with a molecular weight of 332.87. Palonosetron hydrochloride exists as a single isomer and has the following structural formula:

Netupitant is white to off-white crystalline powder. It is freely soluble in toluene and acetone, soluble in isopropanol and ethanol, and very slightly soluble in water.

Palonosetron hydrochloride is a white to off-white crystalline powder. It is freely soluble in water, soluble in propylene glycol, and slightly soluble in ethanol and 2-propanol.

Each AKYNZEO capsule is composed of one white-caramel hard gelatin capsule which contains three tablets each containing 100 mg netupitant and one gelatin capsule containing 0.5 mg palonosetron (equivalent to 0.56 mg palonosetron hydrochloride). The inactive ingredients are butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), croscarmellose sodium, gelatin, glycerin, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, mono-and di-glycerides of capryl/capric acid, polyglyceryl dioleate, povidone K-30, purified water, red iron oxide, silicon dioxide, sodium stearyl fumarate, sorbitol, sucrose fatty acid esters, titanium dioxide and yellow iron oxide. It may contain traces of medium-chain triglycerides, lecithin, and denatured ethanol.

AKYNZEO (235 mg fosnetupitant/0.25 mg palonosetron) for injection is a combination product of fosnetupitant, a prodrug of netupitant, which is a substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist, and palonosetron hydrochloride, a serotonin-3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist.

Fosnetupitant chloride hydrochloride is chemically described as 2-(3,5-bistrifluoromethylphenyl)-N-methyl-N-[6-(4-methyl-4-O-methylene-phosphatepiperazinium-1-yl)4-o-tolyl-pyridin-3-yl]-isobutyramide chloride hydrochloride. The empirical formula is C₃₁H₃₆F₆N₄O₅P•Cl•HCl, with a molecular weight of 761.53. Fosnetupitant chloride hydrochloride exists as a single isomer and has the following structural formula:

Fosnetupitant chloride hydrochloride is white to off-white to yellowish solid or powder. Its solubility is pH dependent: at acidic pH (pH 2), its solubility is 1.4 mg/mL; at basic pH (pH 10), its solubility is 11.5 mg/mL.

Palonosetron hydrochloride is described above in this section.

AKYNZEO for injection is available for intravenous infusion, and is supplied as a sterile lyophilized powder in a single-dose vial. Each vial contains 235 mg of fosnetupitant (equivalent to 260 mg fosnetupitant chloride hydrochloride) and 0.25 mg of palonosetron (equivalent to 0.28 mg of palonosetron hydrochloride). The inactive ingredients are edetate disodium (6.4 mg), mannitol (760 mg), sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid (for pH adjustment).

PATENT

WO 2013082102

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2013082102A1/un

PATENT

US 20150011510

https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150011510A1/en

• [0159]
  

Step 1:

• [0160]
  13.0 g (82.5 mMol) 6-Chloro-nicotinic acid in 65 ml THF were cooled to 0° C. and 206.3 ml (206.3 mMol) o-tolylmagnesium chloride solution (1M in THF) were added over 45 minutes. The solution obtained was further stirred 3 hours at 0° C. and overnight at room temperature. It was cooled to −60° C. and 103.8 ml (1.8 Mol) acetic acid were added, followed by 35 ml THF and 44.24 g (165 mMol) manganese(III) acetate dihydrate. After 30 minutes at −60° C. and one hour at room temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered and THF removed under reduced pressure. The residue was partitioned between water and dichloromethane and extracted. The crude product was filtered on silica gel (eluent: ethyl acetate/toluene/formic acid 20:75:5) then partitioned between 200 ml aqueous half-saturated sodium carbonate solution and 100 ml dichloromethane. The organic phase was washed with 50 ml aqueous half-saturated sodium carbonate solution. The combined aqueous phases were acidified with 25 ml aqueous HCI 25% and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 10.4 g (51%) of 6-chloro-4-o-tolyl-nicotinic acid as a yellow foam. MS (ISN): 246 (M−H, 100), 202 (M-CO₂H, 85), 166 (36).

Step 2:

• [0161]
  To a solution of 8.0 g (32.3 mMol) 6-chloro-4-o-tolyl-nicotinic acid in 48.0 ml THF were added 3.1 ml (42.0 mMol) thionylchloride and 143 .mu.l (1.8 mMol) DMF. After 2 hours at 50° C., the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and added to a solution of 72.5 ml aqueous ammonium hydroxide 25% and 96 ml water cooled to 0° C. After 30 minutes at 0° C., THF was removed under reduced pressure and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. Removal of the solvent yielded 7.8 g (98%) 6-chloro-4-o-tolyl-nicotinamide as a beige crystalline foam. MS (ISP): 247 (M+H⁺, 100).

Step 3:

• [0162]
  1.0 g (4.05 mMol) 6-Chloro-4-o-tolyl-nicotinamide in 9.0 ml 1-methyl-piperazine was heated to 100° C. for 2 hours. The excess N-methyl-piperazine was removed under high vacuum and the residue was filtered on silica gel (eluent: dichloromethane) to yield 1.2 g (95%) 6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-4-o-tolyl-nicotinamide as a light yellow crystalline foam.
• [0163]
  MS (ISP): 311 (M+H⁺, 100), 254 (62).

Step 4:

• [0164]
  A solution of 0.2 g (0.6 mMol) 6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-4-o-tolyl-nicotinamide in 1.0 ml methanol was added to a solution of 103 mg (2.6 mMol) sodium hydroxide in 1.47 ml (3.2 mMol) NaOCl (13%) and heated for 2 hours at 70° C. After removal of methanol, the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue filtered on silica gel (eluent: dichloromethane/methanol 4:1) to yield 100 mg (70%) 6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-4-o-tolyl-pyridin-3-ylamine as a brown resin. MS (ISP): 283 (M+H⁺, 100), 226 (42).

Step 5:

• [0165]
  2.15 mil (11.6 mMol) Sodium methoxide in methanol were added over 30 minutes to a suspension of 0.85 g (4.6 mMol) N-bromosuccinimide in 5.0 ml dichloromethane cooled to −5° C. The reaction mixture was stirred 16 hours at −5° C. Still at this temperature, a solution of 1.0 g (3.1 mMol) 6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-4-o-tolyl-nicotinamide in 5.0 ml methanol was added over 20 minutes and stirred for 5 hours. 7.1 ml (7.1 mMol) Aqueous HCl 1N and 20 ml dichloromethane were added. The phases were separated and the organic phase was washed with deionized water. The aqueous phases were extracted with dichloromethane, brought to pH=8 with aqueous NaOH 1N and further extracted with dichloromethane. The latter organic extracts were combined, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to yield 1.08 g (quant.) [6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-4-o-tolyl-pyridin-3-yl]-carbamic acid methyl ester as a grey foam.
• [0166]
  MS (ISP): 341 (M+H⁺, 100), 284 (35).

Step 6:

• [0167]
  A solution of 0.5 g (1.4 mMol) [6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-4-o-tolyl-pyridin-3-yl]-carbamic acid methyl ester in 3.0 ml dichloromethane was added over 10 minutes to a solution of 1.98 ml (6.9 mMol) Red-Al®. (70% in toluene) and 2.5 ml toluene (exothermic, cool with a water bath to avoid temperature to go >50° C.). The reaction mixture was stirred 2 hours at 50° C. in CH₂Cl₂, extracted with ethyl acetate and cooled to 0° C. 4 ml Aqueous NaOH 1N were carefully (exothermic) added over 15 minutes, followed by 20 ml ethyl acetate. The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with deionized water and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 0.37 g (89%) methyl-[6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-4-o-tolyl-pyridin-3-yl]-amine as an orange resin. MS (ISP): 297 (M+H⁺, 100).

Synthesis of 2-(3,5-bis-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-2-methyl-propionyl Chloride

• [0168]
  
• [0169]
  15.0 g (50 mmol) 2-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-2-methyl-propionic acid were dissolved in 127.5 ml dichloromethane in the presence of 0.75 ml DMF. 8.76 ml (2 eq.) Oxalyl chloride were added and after 4.5 hours, the solution was rotary evaporated to dryness. 9 ml Toluene were added and the resulting solution was again rotary evaporated, then dried under high vacuum yielding 16.25 g (quant.) of 2-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-2-methyl-propionyl chloride as a yellow oil of 86% purity according to HPLC analysis. NMR (250 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.86 (br s, 1H); 7.77, (br s, 2H, 3H_arom); 1.77 (s, 6H, 2 CH₃).

Synthesis of 2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethyl-N-(6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-3-yl)propanamide (Netupitant)

• [0170]
  
• [0171]
  A solution of 20 g (67.5 mmol) methyl-[6-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-4-o-tolyl-pyridin-3-yl]-amine and 17.5 ml (101 mmol) N-ethyldiisopropylamine in 200 ml dichloromethane was cooled in an ice bath and a solution of 24 g (75 mmol)₂-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-2-methyl-propionyl chloride in 50 ml dichloromethane was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was warmed to 35-40° C. for 3 h, cooled to room temperature again and was stirred with 250 ml saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were dried (magnesium sulfate) and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to give 31.6 g (81%) of 2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethyl-N-(6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-3-yl)propanamide as white crystals.
• [0172]
  M.P. 155-157° C.; MS m/e (%): 579 (M+H⁺, 100).

Synthesis of 5-(2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethylpropanamido)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-(o-tolyl)pyridine 1-oxide

• [0173]
  

Step 1:

• [0174]
  The solution of 6-chloropyridin-3-amine (115 g, 0.898 mol) and (Boc)₂O (215.4 g, 0.988 mol) in 900 mL of dioxane was refluxed overnight. The resulting solution was poured into 1500 mL of water. The resulting solid was collected, washed with water and re-crystallized from EtOAc to afford 160 g tert-butyl (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)carbamate as a white solid (Yield: 78.2%).

Step 2:

• [0175]
  To the solution of tert-butyl (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)carbamate (160 g, 0.7 mol) in 1 L of anhydrous THF was added n-BuLi (600 mL, 1.5 mol) at −78° C. under N₂ atmosphere. After the addition was finished, the solution was stirred at −78° C. for 30 min, and the solution of I₂ (177.68 g, 0.7 mol) in 800 mL of anhydrous THF was added. Then the solution was stirred at −78° C. for 4 hrs. TLC indicated the reaction was over. Water was added for quench, and EtOAc was added to extract twice. The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and purified by flash chromatography to afford 80 g of tert-butyl (6-chloro-4-iodopyridin-3-yl)carbamate as a yellow solid (32.3%).

Step 3:

• [0176]
  To the solution of tert-butyl (6-chloro-4-iodopyridin-3-yl)carbamate (61 g, 0.172 mol) in 300 mL of anhydrous THF was added 60% NaH (7.6 g, 0.189 mol) at 0° C. under N₂ atmosphere. After the addition was finished, the solution was stirred for 30 min, and then the solution of MeI (26.92 g, 0.189 mol) in 100 mL of dry THF was added. Then the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 3 hrs. TLC indicated the reaction was over. Water was added for quench, and EtOAc was added to extract twice. The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford 63 g of crude tert-butyl (6-chloro-4-iodopyridin-3-yl)(methyl)carbamate used into the following de-protection without the further purification.

Step 4:

• [0177]
  To the solution of tert-butyl (6-chloro-4-iodopyridin-3-yl)(methyl)carbamate (62.5 g, 0.172 mol) in 500 mL of anhydrous DCM was added 180 mL of TFA. Then the solution was stirred at room temperature for 4 hrs. Concentrated to remove the solvent, and purified by flash chromatography to afford 45.1 g 6-chloro-4-iodo-N-methylpyridin-3-amine as a yellow solid (Yield: 97.3%).

Step 5:

• [0178]
  To the solution of 6-chloro-4-iodo-N-methylpyridin-3-amine (40.3 g, 0.15 mol) and 2-methylbenzene boric acid (24.5 g, 0.18 mol) in 600 mL of anhydrous toluene was added 400 mL of 2 N aq. Na₂CO₃ solution, Pd(OAc)₂ (3.36 g, 15 mmol) and PPh₃ (7.87 g, 0.03 mmol). The solution was stirred at 100° C. for 2 hrs. Cooled to room temperature, and diluted with water. EtOAc was added to extract twice. The combined organic phases were washed with water and brine consecutively, dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography to afford 19 g 6-chloro-N-methyl-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-3-amine as a white solid (Yield: 54.6%).

Step 6:

• [0179]
  To the solution of 6-chloro-N-methyl-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-3-amine (18.87 g, 81.3 mmol) and DMAP (29.8 g, 243.9 mmol) in 200 mL of anhydrous toluene was added the solution of 2-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-2-methyl-propionyl chloride (28.5 g, 89.4 mmol) in toluene under N₂ atmosphere. The solution was heated at 120° C. for 23 hrs. Cooled to room temperature, poured into 1 L of 5% aq. NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with EtOAc twice. The combined organic phases were washed by water and brine consecutively, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and purified by flash chromatography to afford 35 g 2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N-(6-chloro-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-3-yl)-N,2-dimethylpropanamide as a white solid (Yield: 83.9%).

Step 7:

• [0180]
  To the solution of 2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N-(6-chloro-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-3-yl)-N,2-dimethylpropanamide (5.14 g, 10 mmol) in 60 mL of DCM was added m-CPBA (6.92 g, 40 mmol) at 0° C. under N₂ atmosphere. Then the solution was stirred overnight at room temperature. 1 N aq. NaOH solution was added to wash twice for removing the excess m-CPBA and a side product. The organic phase was washed by brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford 5.11 g of crude 5-(2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethylpropanamido)-2-chloro-4-(o-tolyl)pyridine 1-oxide as a white solid (Yield: 96.4%).

Step 8:

• [0181]
  To the solution of crude 5-(2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethylpropanamido)-2-chloro-4-(o-tolyl)pyridine 1-oxide (5.1 g, 9.62 mmol) in 80 mL of n-BuOH was added N-methylpiperazine (7.41 g, 74.1 mmol) under N₂ atmosphere. Then the solution was stirred at 80° C. overnight. Concentrated and purified by flash chromatography to afford 4.98 g 5-(2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethylpropanamido)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-(o-tolyl)pyridine 1-oxide as a white solid (Yield: 87.2%). ¹HNMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.78 (s, 2H), 7.38 (m, 2H), 7.28 (m, 1H), 7.17 (m, 1H), 7.07 (s, 1H), 5.50 (s, 3H), 2.72 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 4H), 2.57 (m, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 1.45˜1.20 (m, 6H).

Synthesis of 4-(5-(2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethylpropanamido)-1-oxido-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1-methylpiperazine 1-oxide

• [0182]
  
• [0183]
  To a solution of 5-(2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethylpropanamido)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-(o-tolyl)pyridine 1-oxide (3 g, 5.05 mmol) and NaHCO₃ (0.354 g, 12.66 mmol) in 60 mL of MeOH and 15 mL of H₂O were added potassium monopersulfate triple salt (1.62 g, 26.25 mmol) at room temperature during 15 min. After stirring for 4 hrs at room temperature under N₂ atmosphere, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography (eluent: MeOH). The product was dissolved into DCM, the formed solid was filtered off, and the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 1.77 g 4-(5-(2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethylpropanamido)-1-oxido-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1-methylpiperazine 1-oxide as a white solid (Yield: 57.4%). ¹HNMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.60 (s, 2H), 7.37˜7.20 (m, 4H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 3.89 (s, 21H), 3.74 (m, 4H), 3.31 (m, 5H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 6H).

Synthesis of 1-(5-(2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethylpropanamido)-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-methylpiperazine 1,4-dioxide

• [0184]
  
• [0185]
  To the solution of 2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethyl-N-(6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-3-yl)propanamide (11.1 g, 19.2 mmol) in 75 ml of Methanol was added sodium bicarbonate (3.38 g, 40.3 mmol) dissolved in 20 ml of water. Then Oxone (14.75 g, 48.0 mmol) was added to the stirred solution at room temperature in 3-4 portions. The suspension was heated for 4 h at 50° C. After filtration of the salts (washed with 3×8 ml of methanol), the solvent has been evaporated under reduced pressure and substituted by DCM (30 ml). The organic phase was washed with water (5×30 ml), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated and purified by precipitation in toluene to afford 9.3 g 1-(5-(2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethylpropanamido)-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-methylpiperazine 1,4-dioxide as a white solid (Yield: 80%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz, at 333K) δ 8.27 (s, 2H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.63 (s, 2H), 7.26˜7.19 (m, 2H), 7.14 (t, 1H, J=7.4 Hz), 7.09 (d, 1H, J=7.4 Hz), 4.93 (t, 2H, J=11.6 Hz), 4.70 (t, 2H, J=11.6 Hz), 4.12 (d, 2H, J=10.7 Hz), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.50 (d, 2H, J=10.3 Hz), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 1.40 (s, 6H).

Synthesis (A) of di-tert-butyl (chloromethyl)phosphate

• [0186]
  
• [0187]
  Di-tert-butyl phosphohite (40.36 mmole) was combined with potassium bicarbonate (24.22 mmole) in 35 ml of water. The solution was stirred in an ice bath and potassium permanganate (28.25 mmole) was added in three equal portions over one hour’s time. The reaction as then allowed to continue at room temperature for an additional half hour.
• [0188]
  Decolorizing carbon (600 mg) was then incorporated as the reaction was heated to 60° C. for 15 minutes. The reaction was then vacuum filtered to remove solid magnesium dioxide. The solid was washed several times with water. The filtrate was then combined with one gram of decolorizing carbon and heated at 60° C. for an additional twenty minutes. The solution was again filtered to yield a colorless solution, which was then evaporated under vacuum to afford crude Di-tert-butyl phosphate potassium salt. Di-tert-butyl phosphate potassium salt (5 g, 20.14 mmole) was dissolved in methanol (15 g): to this solution at 0° C. a slight excess of concentrated HCl is slowly added with efficient stirring at 0° C. The addition of acid causes the precipitation of potassium chloride. The solid is then filtered and washed with methanol. The compound in the mother liquor is then converted to the ammonium form by adding an equal molar amount of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (3.65 g, 20.14 mmole) while keeping the reaction cooled by a salt/ice bath with efficient stirring. The resulting clear solution is placed under reduced pressure to give the crude product. To the tetramethylammonium di-tert-butyl-phosphate dissolved in refluxing dimethoxyethane is then added 4.3 grams of chloroiodomethane (24.16 mmole) and stirred for 1-2 hours. The reaction is then filtered and the filtrate is placed under reduced pressure to concentrate the solution in DME. The chloromethyl di-tert-butyl phosphate 12-16% in DME is used in the synthesis of 4-(5-(2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethylpropanamido)-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1-methyl-1-((phosphonooxy)methyl)piperazin-1-ium without further purifications (60% yield): ^1HNMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz) δ 1.51 (s, 12H), 5.63 (d, 2H, J=14.8). ³¹P-NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz) δ −11.3 (s, 1P).

Synthesis (B) of di-tert-butyl (chloromethyl)phosphate

• [0189]
  
• [0190]
  Di-tert-butyl phosphate potassium salt (5 g, 20.14 mmole) is dissolved in methanol (15 g): to this solution at 0° C. a slight excess of concentrated HCl is slowly added with efficient stirring at 0° C. The addition of acid causes the precipitation of potassium chloride. The solid is then filtered and washed with methanol. The compound in the mother liquor is then converted to the ammonium form by adding an equal molar amount of tetrabuthylammonium hydroxide 1 M in methanol (20.14 mmole) while keeping the reaction cooled at 0° C. with efficient stirring. The resulting clear solution is placed under reduced pressure to give the intermediate product. The tetrabuthylammonium di-tert-butyl-phosphate dissolved in acetone is then added dropwise to 53.3 grams of chloroiodomethane (302.1 mmole) and stirred at 40° C. for 1-2 hours. The solvent and excess of chloroiodomethane are distilled off, the reaction mass suspended in TBME and then filtered. The filtrate is washed by a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate and water and then placed under reduced pressure to substitute the solvent by acetone, i.e., to remove the solvent after which it is replaced with acetone. The chloromethyl di-tert-butyl phosphate 7-20% in acetone is used in the next step without further purifications (70-80% yield): ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz) δ 1.51 (s, 12H), 5.63 (d, 2H, J=14.8). ³¹P-NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz) δ −11.3 (s, 1P).

Stability studies of 4-(5-(2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethylpropanamido)-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1-methyl-1-((phosphonooxy)methyl)piperazin-1-ium salts

• [0191]
  In order to further improve the stability and solubility of 4-(5-(2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethylpropanamido)-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1-methyl-1-((phosphonooxy)methyl)piperazin-1-ium, a variety of its derivative salts were synthesized and tested. Their synthesis employed either a) neutralization of the dried diacid phosphate species and its corresponding base salts or b) a direct acid deprotection starting from the dried di(tert-butyl)-protected phosphate species. Neutralization was performed with L-histidine, magnesium salt, N-methyl-D-glucamine (dimeglumine), and L-lysine. Both procedures were tried in the synthesis of citric derivatives whereas with other acids the direct deprotection reaction was used. The figures below show the most relevant structures.
• [0192]
  When the parent acid species was not stored in dry condition it was found to undergo over 8% degradation in the first week and over 65% degradation in the first six months. When the dried parent acid species was held at 30° C. in air it underwent 0.05% degradation in the first 7 days and at total of 7.03% degradation in six months. When the dried parent acid species was held under argon at room temperature it underwent up to 0.13% degradation in the first 7 days but then was essentially stable for six months. Results for various derivative salts are shown in Table 1 below.
• TABLE 1 Representative Degradation Results for Salts Purity A % Solvents Additives Yield % HPLC Comments MeOH L-Histidine, 2 eq. 26.6% 95.94% Degradation: +0.70% in 6 days (in air) +0.46% in 6 days (in argon) MeOH Mg(OH)₂, 2 eq. 48.6% 94.11% Degradation: +0.81% in 6 days (in air) +0.29% in 6 days (in argon) MeOH + Citric acid, 2 eq. N.A. 94.40% From protected species. DCM, 1:1 MeOH 1. HCl dioxane, 4 eq.  >90% 94.50% From protected species. 2. Ca(OH)₂ MeOH H₃PO₄, 85%, 2 eq.  >90% 98.81% From protected species and retains 0.39% of that species. MeOH HBr, 48%, 4 eq. 84.6% 96.11% From protected species. Product degrades rapidly, MeOH + CH₃SO₃H N.A. 61.54% From protected species. DCM, Product NOT stable: contains 1:4 32.45% decomposition species. MeOH NaH₂PO₄, 4 eq. N.A. n.d. Only 1.27 of parent species formed. Poor reaction. MeOH N-methyl-D- N.A. 96.88% Degradation: glucamine +0.87% in 6 days (in air) (Meglumine), 2 eq. +1.52% in 11 days (in argon) MeOH N-methyl-D-  >99% 97.42% Degradation: glucamine +0.77% in 6 days (in air) (Meglumine), 1 eq. +0.83% in 7 days (in argon) MeOH+ 1. NaOH, 3 eq 96.5% 97.49% Degradation: DCM, 2. Citric acid, 1 eq. +0.09% in 2 days (in argon) 5:2 +0.59% in 89 days (in argon) MeOH+ 1. NaOH, 3 eq. 93.8% 97.46% Degradation: DCM, 2. Fumaric acid, 1 eq. +1.95% in 14 days (in air) 5:2 +1.80% in 12 days (in argon) MeOH L-lysine, 1 eq.  >99% 97.62% Degradation: +0.69% in 14 days (in air) +0.48% in 12 days (in argon)

• [0194]
  
• [0195]
  The solution of chloromethyl di-tert-butyl phosphate in DME (250 g from a 10% solution, 96.64 mmole) was evaporated under reduced pressure until the formation of pale yellow oil, dissolved then at 50° C. with 318 ml of Acetonitrile. 17.2 g (80.54 mmole) of 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphtalene and 46.6 g (80.54 mmole) of 2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethyl-N-(6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-3-yl)propanamide were added and the solution heated at 90° C. for at least 12 h. After the addition of 75 g of isopropylether, the precipitated crude product was cooled at room temperature, filtered and washed with acetonitrile, isopropylether/acetone, 3:1 and isopropylether, and dried under reduced pressure to afford 20-33 g of the 4-(5-{2-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-N,2-dimethylpropanamido}-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1-methyl-1-{[(tert-butoxy)phosphoryl]oxymethyl}piperazin-1-ium as white solid (Yield: 30-50%). ¹H-NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz) δ 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.76 (s, 2H), 7.33-7.10 (m, 4H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 5.03 (d, 2H, J_PH=8.5 Hz), 4.52 (s, 2H), 4.13 (m, 2H), 3.83 (m, 2H), 3.69 (m, 2H), 3.52 (m. 2H), 3.23 (s, 3H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 1.46 (s, 18H), 1.39 (s, 6H). ³¹P-NMR (CD₃OD, 161 MHz) δ −5.01 (s, 1P). To 20 g (23.89 mmole) of the 4-(5-{2-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-N,2-dimethylpropanamido}-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1-methyl-1-{[(tert-butoxy)phosphoryl]oxymethyl}piperazin-1-ium dissolved in 180 g of methanol and 400 g of dichloromethane was added HCl 4M in dioxane (18.8 g, 71.66 mmole) and the solution was heated for 3 h at reflux. After the addition of 200 g of dioxane, DCM and methanol were distilled under reduced pressure until precipitation of the product, which was filtered and washed with isopropylether (100 g), acetone (30 g) and pentane (2×60 g). The product was finally dried under reduced pressure at 55° C. to afford 15-17 g of 4-(5-(2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethylpropanamido)-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1-methyl-1-((phosphonooxy)methyl)piperazin-1-ium chloride hydrochloride as white solid (Yield: 88-93%). ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 7.02 (s, 1H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 7.74 (s, 2H), 7.33-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.27 (m, 1H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.16 (d, 1H, J=8.2 Hz), 5.27 (d, 2H, J_PH=7.9 Hz), 4.29 (m, 2H), 4.05 (m, 2H), 3.85 (m, 2H), 3.74 (m, 2H), 3.35 (s, 3H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 1.38 (s, 6H). ³¹P-NMR (CD₃OD, 161 MHz) δ −2.81 (t, 1P, J_PH=7.9 Hz).

Synthesis (B) of 4-(5-(2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethylpropanamido)-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1-methyl-1-((phosphonooxy)methyl)piperazin-1-ium chloride hydrochloride

• [0196]
  
• [0197]
  To the solution of chloromethyl di-tert-butyl phosphate in Acetone (22.1 g from a 10% solution, 85.58 mmole), 15.5 g (103.24 mmole) of sodium iodide and 33.0 g (57.00 mmole) of netupitant were added and the solution heated at 50° C. for at 6-16 h. The precipitated salts were filtered off, the acetone distilled under reduced pressure and the crude product dissolved in 43.0 g of methanol and 43.0 g 1,4-dioxane. 12.6 g of HCl 4M in dioxane (113.85 mmole) were added, and then methanol is distilled off at 40° C. under reduced pressure. The solution is cooled at 5° C. and stirred at 5° C. for at least 2 h at 5° C. The product was isolated by filtration, purified by additional slurry in acetone (238 g), and filtered and washed with acetone (47 g) and pentane (2×72 g).
• [0198]
  The product was finally dried under reduced pressure at 60° C. to afford 22-30 g of white-yellowish solid (Yield: 50-70%)
• [0199]
  ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 7.02 (s, 1H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 7.74 (s, 2H), 7.33-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.27 (m, 1H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.16 (d, 1H, J=8.2 Hz), 5.27 (d, 2H, J_PH=7.9 Hz), 4.29 (m, 2H), 4.05 (m, 2H), 3.85 (m, 2H), 3.74 (m, 2H), 3.35 (s, 3H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 1.38 (s, 6H). ³¹P-NMR (CD₃OD, 161 MHz) δ −2.81 (t, IP, J_PH=7.9 Hz).

PATENT

US 8,426,450

PATENT

US 9,403,772

SYN

https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.201901840

The synthesis of fosnetupitant (195) was developed by the Swiss company Helsinn (Scheme 34).[58] The synthesis started with the reaction of 6-chloronicotinic acid (196) with o-tolylmagnesium chloride followed by manganese(III) acetate to give acid derivative 197. This was converted to amide 198 after reaction with thionyl chloride and ammonium hydroxide. Next, reaction with N-methylpiperazine furnished intermediate 199, which was then transformed into carbamate 200 after reaction with NBS in methanol. Reduction with Red-Al followed by acylation with acyl chloride 202 afforded netupitant (203).

Finally, reaction with di-tert-butyl chloromethyl phosphate followed by the removal of the tert-butyl groups by treatment with HCl in dioxane afforded fosnetupitant (195).

L. Fadini, P. Manini, C. Pietra, C. Giuliano, E. Lovati, R. Cannella, S. Venturini, V. J. Stella, WO 082102 A1, 2013.

SYN

Fosnetupitant chloride HCl

 PATENT

Fosnetupitant is a neurokynin-1 (“NK-1”) antagonist under development by Helsinn Healthcare SA, Lugano/Pazzallo Switzerland, for the treatment of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting. The compound is known chemically as 4-(5-(2-(3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N,2-dimethylpropanamido)-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-2-yl)-l-methyl- 1 -((phosphonooxy)methyl)piperazin- 1 -ium, and has the following chemical structure in its acidic/free base form:

[004] The chloride monohydrochloride salt, and a method for its preparation, is described in WO 2013/082102. The chemical structure for this salt is reported as follows:

[005] The molecule can be challenging to manufacture, particularly in a highly pure crystalline form in a commercially acceptable yield. Solvents used in the manufacture of the product pose special challenges. Prior art processes have removed these solvents via evaporative techniques, which can degrade the fosnetupitant due to the excessive heat.

EXAMPLES

[089] In all the examples reported, unless otherwise reported, the starting compound was Form I of the chloride hydrochloride salt of 4-(5-(2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- N,2-dimethylpropanamido)-4-(o-tolyl)pyridin-2-yl)-l-methyl-l – ((phosphonooxy)methyl)piperazin-l-ium, produced substantially according to the methods described in WO 2013/082102.

EXAMPLE 1 : CHARACTERIZATION OF FOSNETUPITANT

1 . Experimental Methods

1.1 Solubility

[090] The solubility of the starting compound was determined in 25 pharmaceutically acceptable solvents (class II and III) of differing polarity. The procedure was as follows:

[091] Approximately 20 mg of material was weighed out into each glass vial.

[092] 5 volume aliquots of each solvent were added separately with stirring (i.e. 1 volume = 20 μΐ; hence, 5 volume = 100 μΐ (5 x 20 μΐ)).

[093] The mixture was stirred at RT for 5- 10 minutes. Visual checks were then made for solubility.

[094] If no solubility was achieved then steps (ii) and (iii) were repeated until either the solubility was achieved or the 50 volume aliquots of that solvent were added.

[095] Solubility was then approximated.

[096] Solubility was finally checked at the elevated temperature (40°C).

1.2 Polymorph Screen (including slurry studies)

[097] Using the information from the solubility study, the compound was slurried in the solvents outlined in Table I and two more mixtures of water/ MeOH (10:90) and water/ Acetone (1 :20) respectively with temperature cycling between 40°C and RT (4 hour periods at each temperature) over 48 hours. After the slurries the resulting solids were isolated and analyzed by Raman and XRPD (where enough material was available) for any change in physical form.

[098] The compound was also dissolved in the listed solvents and two more mixtures of water/organic solvent to yield saturated solutions, and crystallization was induced by: crash cooling (at ca. -1 8°C); evaporation (at RT); and addition of an anti-solvent. Solid materials generated were then isolated and examined by Raman and XRPD (where enough material was available).

1.3 Scale-up of any new polymorphic forms

[099] Any new potential polymorphic forms of the Form I fosnetupitant were then scaled-up to ~500mg level for further characterizations by PLM, SEM, DSC, TGA, GVS (XRPD post GVS) and NMR. Further studies of conversion between each polymorphic form were also performed. From this information, an understanding of the polymorphic space was achieved.

Synthetic Reference

Fadini, Luca; Manini, Peter; Pietra, Claudio; Giuliano, Claudio; Lovati, Emanuela; Cannella, Roberta; Venturini, Alessio; Stella, Valentino. (Assignee: Helsinn Healthcare SA, Switz). Substituted 4 – phenyl – pyridines for the treatment of nk-1 receptor related diseases. WO2013082102 (2013).

//////////Fosnetupitant, 07-PNET, Фоснетупитант , فوسنيتوبيتانت , 磷奈匹坦 , FDA 2014, EMA 2015

Devimistat

CPI-613

phase III, hematological cancer

6,8-Bis(benzylsulfanyl)octanoic acid

Octanoic acid, 6,8-bis[(phenylMethyl)thio]-

Octanoic acid, 6,8-bis((phenylmethyl)thio)-

Rafael Pharmaceuticals (formerly Cornerstone Pharmaceuticals), a subsidiary of Rafael Holdings, is developing devimistat, the lead candidate from a program of thioctans and their derivatives that act as pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate inhibitors and stimulators of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK), using the company’s proprietary Altered Energy Metabolism Directed (AEMD) platform, for the iv treatment of hematological cancer [phase III, January 2021].

Devimistat (INN; development code CPI-613) is an experimental anti-mitochondrial drug being developed by Rafael Pharmaceuticals.^[1] It is being studied for the treatment of patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer and relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Devimistat’s mechanism of action differs from other drugs, operating on the tricarboxylic acid cycle and inhibiting enzymes involved with cancer cell energy metabolism. A lipoic acid derivative different from standard cytotoxic chemotherapy, devimistat is currently being studied in combination with modified FOLFIRINOX to treat various solid tumors and heme malignancies.

Regulation

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has designated devimistat as an orphan drug for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, AML, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), peripheral T-cell lymphoma, and Burkitt’s lymphoma, and given approval to initiate clinical trials in pancreatic cancer and AML.

Clinical trials

Clinical trials of the drug are underway including a Phase III open-label clinical trial^[2] to evaluate efficacy and safety of devimistat plus modified FOLFIRINOX (mFFX) versus FOLFIRINOX (FFX) in patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.

Developed as part of Rafael’s proprietary Altered Metabolism Directed (AMD) drug platform, CPI-613^® was discovered at Stony Brook University. CPI-613^® is designed to target the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, an indispensable process essential to tumor cell multiplication and survival, selectively in cancer cells.

The attacks of CPI-613^® on the TCA cycle also substantially increases the sensitivity of cancer cells to a diverse range of chemotherapeutic agents. This synergy allows for combinations of CPI-613^® with lower doses of these generally toxic drugs to be highly effective with lower patient side effects. Combinations with CPI-613^® represent a diverse range of potential opportunities to substantially improve patient benefit in many different cancers.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has given Rafael approval to initiate pivotal clinical trials in pancreatic cancer and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and has designated CPI-613^® as an orphan drug for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, AML, Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), peripheral T-cell lymphoma and Burkitt’s lymphoma. The EMA has granted orphan drug designation to CPI-613^® for pancreatic cancer and AML.

Learn more about recent developments involving CPI-613^®: CPI-613^® (devimistat) Fact Sheet

he FDA granted a Fast Track designation to devimistat for the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia.

The FDA has granted a Fast Track designation to devimistat (CPI-613) for the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), Rafael Pharmaceuticals, announced in a press release.¹

“This designation underscores the pressing need to find new ways to combat this aggressive disease,” said Jorge Cortes, MD, director of the Georgia Cancer Center at Augusta University, and principal investigator on the phase 3 clinical trial, in a statement. “It brings hope not only to clinicians, but to patients who hear that they have been diagnosed.”

The first-in-class agent devimistat targets enzymes that are involved in cancer cell energy metabolism. This therapy substantially increases the sensitivity of cancer cells to a diverse range of chemotherapies, and this synergy allows for potential combinations that could be more effective with devimistat and lower doses of drugs that are generally toxic.

“Receiving Fast Track designation, especially during a pandemic that has created significant challenges for many trials across the globe, is a testament to the dedicated work of the Rafael team,” stated Sanjeev Luther, president and CEO of Rafael Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Devimistat combinations appear promising with a diverse range of potential opportunities to improve benefit in patients with various cancer types. Two pivotal phase 3 clinical trials, including the AVENGER 500 study in pancreatic cancer (NCT03504423) and ARMADA 2000 for AML (NCT03504410), have been approved for initiation by the FDA.

The primary end point of the multicenter, open-label, randomized ARMADA 2000 study is complete response (CR), and secondary end points include overall survival and CR plus CR with partial hematologic recovery rate. To be eligible to enroll to the study, patients must be aged ≥50 years with a documented AML diagnosis that has relapsed from or became refractory to previous standard therapy. Patients must have an ECOG performance status of 0 to 2 and an expected survival longer than 3 months.

Five hundred patients are expected to be enrolled and randomized in the study. To enroll, patients could not have received prior radiotherapy or cytotoxic chemotherapy for their current AML. Those with active central nervous system involvement, active uncontrolled bleeding, history of other malignancy, or known hypersensitivity to study drugs are ineligible to enroll to the trial as well.

This study aims to determine the safety and efficacy of devimistat in combination with high-dose cytarabine and mitoxantrone in older patients with relapsed/refractory AML compared with high-dose cytarabine and mitoxantrone therapy alone. Other control groups include patients treated with mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine and the combination of fludarabine, cytarabine, and filgrastim. The addition of devimistat is expected to improve the CR rate in patients who are aged 50 years or older with relapsed/refractory AML.

In a prior phase 1 study of devimistat plus high-dose cytarabine and mitoxantrone in patients with relapsed/refractory AML, the addition of devimistat sensitized AML cells to chemotherapy treatment.²

The objective response rate was 50% including CRs in 26 of 62 evaluable patients. Median overall survival was 6.7 months. In patients above age 60, the CR or CR with incomplete hematologic recovery rate was 47% and the median survival was 6.9 months.

This designation for this experimental anti-mitochondrial agent follows news of another Fast Track designation granted to devimistat for the treatment of patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer in November 2020, as well as an Orphan Drug designation granted in October 2020 for the treatment of patients with soft tissue sarcoma.

_References

_{1. Rafael Pharmaceuticals Receives FDA Fast Track Designation for CPI-613® (devimistat) for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). News Release. Rafael Pharmaceuticals, Inc. December 15, 2020. Accessed December 15, 2020. https://bit.ly/34g6YsR}

_{2. Pardee TS, Anderson RG, Pladna KM, et al. A Phase I Study of CPI-613 in Combination with High-Dose Cytarabine and Mitoxantrone for Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(9):2060-2073. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2282} P[APERJournal of the American Chemical Society (1954), 76, 4109-12.https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01645a016
PAPERJournal of the American Chemical Society (1955), 77, 416-19.https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01607a057PAPERJustus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (1958), 614, 66-83.https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jlac.19586140108PATENTWO 2009123597WO 2009110859WO 2010110771PATENTCN 111362848

PATENT

WO-2021011334

Deuterated derivatives of 6,8-bis(benzylsulfanyl)octanoic acid (CPI-613 or devimistat ) or its salts for treating cancer.

CPI-613 (6,8-bis(benzylsulfanyl)octanoic acid) is a first-in-class investigational small-molecule (lipoate analog), which targets the altered energy metabolism unique to many cancer cells. CPI-613 is currently being evaluated in two phase III clinical trials, and has been granted orphan drug designation for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), Burkitt lymphoma and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).

[0004] One limitation to the clinical utility of CPI-613 is its very rapid metabolism. After IV dosing the half-life of 6,8-bis(benzylsulfanyl)octanoic acid is only about 1-2 hours (Pardee,

T.S. et al, Clin Cancer Res. 2014, 20, 5255-64). The short half-life limits the patient’s overall exposure to the drug and necessitates administration of relatively high doses. For safety reasons, CPI-613 is administered via a central venous catheter as an IV infusion over 30-120 minutes, with higher doses requiring longer infusion times.

The terms“6,8-bis(benzylsulfanyl)octanoic acid” and“ 6,8-bis-benzylthio-octanoic acid” refer to the compound known as CPI-613 or devimistat, having the chemical structure

PATENT

WO2020132397

claiming the use of CPI-613 in combination with an autophagy inhibitor eg chloroquine for treating eg cancers.

CPI-613 (6,8-bis-benzylthio-octanoic acid) is a first-in-class investigational small-molecule (lipoate analog), which targets the altered energy metabolism that is common to many cancer cells. CPI-613 has been evaluated in multiple phase I, I/II, and II clinical studies, and has been granted orphan drug designation for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), Burkitt lymphoma and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).

PAPER

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/op200091t

An Efficient, Economical Synthesis of the Novel Anti-tumor Agent CPI-613

• Frank S. Gibson^*

Cite this: Org. Process Res. Dev. 2011, 15, 4, 855–857

Publication Date:May 2, 2011
https://doi.org/10.1021/op200091t

An efficient and practical synthesis of the novel anti-tumor compound 6,8-dithiobenzyl octanoic acid, CPI-613 (2), was developed and executed on a practical scale. CPI-613 can be made in a single vessel from (±)-lipoic acid (1) via reductive opening of the disulfide ring followed by benzylation of the sulfhydryls with benzyl bromide. CPI-613 was isolated by simple crystallization in high yield and purity. The process is scaleable and has been demonstrated at up to 100 kg.CPI-613 (2) was isolated [4.7 kg (90%)] with an HPLC purity of 99.8 area %. Mp 66–67 °C. IR: 3050, 1710, 1400, 668 cm^–1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.40–7.20 (m, 10 H), 3.80–3.60 (m, 4 H), 2.60–2.50 (m, 2 H), 2.44 (t, J = 8.7, 2 H), 2.23 (t, J = 8.1, 2 H) 2.03–1.30 (m, 8 H). Anal. Calc for C₂₂H₂₈O₂S₂: C, 68.00; H, 7.26; S, 16.50. Found: C, 67.99; H, 7.31; S, 16.37. 

References

1. ^ “CPI-613”. Rafael Pharmaceuticals.
2. ^ Philip PA, Buyse ME, Alistar AT, Rocha Lima CM, Luther S, Pardee TS, Van Cutsem E (October 2019). “A Phase III open-label trial to evaluate efficacy and safety of CPI-613 plus modified FOLFIRINOX (mFFX) versus FOLFIRINOX (FFX) in patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas”. Future Oncology. 15 (28): 3189–3196. doi:10.2217/fon-2019-0209. PMC 6854438. PMID 31512497.

//////////devimistat, CPI-613, CPI 613, phase 3, hematological cancer , Fast Track designation, ORPHAN DRUG, 

OI 338

OI338GT (NN1953)

NNC0123-0000-0338

Insulin oral (NN 1953); Insulin-338-GIPET-I; LAI 338; NN 1438; NN-1953; NNC-0123-0000-0338; NNC0123-0338; OI-338GT; Oral insulin 338 C10

• OriginatorNovo Nordisk
• ClassAntihyperglycaemics; Insulins; Pancreatic hormones
• Mechanism of ActionOrnithine decarboxylase stimulants; Phosphokinase stimulants; Protein tyrosine kinase stimulants
• Phase IIType 1 diabetes mellitus; Type 2 diabetes mellitus

• 28 Jul 2018No recent reports of development identified for phase-I development in Type-1 diabetes mellitus in Germany (SC, Injection)
• 28 Jul 2018No recent reports of development identified for phase-I development in Type-2-diabetes-mellitus in Denmark (SC, Injection)
• 11 Sep 2017Efficacy and adverse events data from a phase II trial in Type-2 diabetes mellitus presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD-2017)

OI-338GT is a long-acting oral basal insulin analogue which had been in phase II clinical trials at Novo Nordisk for the treatment of patients with type 2 and type 1 diabetes. In 2016, the company discontinued the development of the product as the emergent product profile and required overall investments were not commercially viable in the increasingly challenging payer environment.

PAPERJ. Med. Chem. 2021, 64, 1, 616–628

Publication Date:December 28, 2020
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01576https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01576

Recently, the first basal oral insulin (OI338) was shown to provide similar treatment outcomes to insulin glargine in a phase 2a clinical trial. Here, we report the engineering of a novel class of basal oral insulin analogues of which OI338, 10, in this publication, was successfully tested in the phase 2a clinical trial. We found that the introduction of two insulin substitutions, A14E and B25H, was needed to provide increased stability toward proteolysis. Ultralong pharmacokinetic profiles were obtained by attaching an albumin-binding side chain derived from octadecanedioic (C18) or icosanedioic acid (C20) to the lysine in position B29. Crucial for obtaining the ultralong PK profile was also a significant reduction of insulin receptor affinity. Oral bioavailability in dogs indicated that C18-based analogues were superior to C20-based analogues. These studies led to the identification of the two clinical candidates OI338 and OI320 (10 and 24, respectively).

Oral insulin 338 (I338) is a long-acting, basal insulin analogue formulated in a tablet with the absorption-enhancer sodium caprate. We investigated the efficacy and safety of I338 versus subcutaneous insulin glargine (IGlar) in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: This was a phase 2, 8-week, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, parallel trial completed at two research institutes in Germany. Insulin-naive adult patients with type 2 diabetes, inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy or combined with other oral antidiabetic drugs (HbA1c 7·0-10·0%; BMI 25·0-40·0 kg/m(2)), were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive once-daily I338 plus subcutaneous placebo (I338 group) or once-daily IGlar plus oral placebo (IGlar group). Randomisation occurred by interactive web response system stratified by baseline treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs. Patients and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. Weekly insulin dose titration aimed to achieve a self-measured fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration of 4·4-7·0 mmol/L. The recommended daily starting doses were 2700 nmol I338 or 10 U IGlar, and maximum allowed doses throughout the trial were 16 200 nmol I338 or 60 U IGlar. The primary endpoint was treatment difference in FPG concentration at 8 weeks for all randomly assigned patients receiving at least one dose of trial product (ie, the full analysis set). The trial has been completed and is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02470039. FINDINGS: Between June 1, 2015, and Oct 19, 2015, 82 patients were screened for eligibility and 50 patients were randomly assigned to the I338 group (n=25) or the IGlar group (n=25). Mean FPG concentration at baseline was 9·7 (SD 2·8) in the I338 group and 9·1 (1·7) in the IGlar group. Least square mean FPG concentration at 8 weeks was 7·1 mmol/L (95% CI 6·4-7·8) in the I338 group and 6·8 mmol/L (6·5-7·1) in the IGlar group, with no significant treatment difference (0·3 mmol/L [-0·5 to 1·1]; p=0·46). I338 and IGlar were well tolerated by patients. Adverse events were reported in 15 (60%) patients in the I338 group and 17 (68%) patients in the IGlar group. The most common adverse events were diarrhoea (three [12%] patients in each group) and nasopharyngitis (five [20%] in the I338 group and two [8%] in the IGlar group). Most adverse events were graded mild (47 of 68 events), and no severe adverse events were reported. One patient in the IGlar group had a treatment-emergent serious adverse event (urogenital haemorrhage of moderate intensity, assessed by the investigator as unlikely to be related to treatment; the patient recovered). Incidence of hypoglycaemia was low in both groups (n=7 events in the I338 group; n=11 in the IGlar group), with no severe episodes. INTERPRETATION: I338 can safely improve glycaemic control in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes with no evidence of a difference compared with insulin glargine, a widely used subcutaneously administered basal insulin. Further development of this particular oral insulin project was discontinued because I338 doses were high and, therefore, production of the required quantities of I338 for wide public use was deemed not commercially viable. Improvement of technologies involved in the product’s development is the focus of ongoing research. FUNDING: Novo Nordisk…..Halberg, I. B.; Lyby, K.; Wassermann, K.; Heise, T.; Zijlstra, E.; Plum-Mörschel, L. Efficacy and safety of oral basal insulin versus subcutaneous insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, phase 2 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019, 7, 179– 188,  DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30372-3

ral insulin 338 is a novel tablet formulation of a long-acting basal insulin. This randomised, open-label, four-period crossover trial investigated the effect of timing of food intake on the single-dose pharmacokinetic properties of oral insulin 338. Methods: After an overnight fast, 44 healthy males received single fixed doses of oral insulin 338 administered 0, 30, 60 or 360 min before consuming a standardised meal (500 kcal, 57 energy percent [E%] carbohydrate, 13 E% fat, 30 E% protein). Blood samples for pharmacokinetic assessment were taken up to 288 h post-dose. Results: Total exposure (area under the concn.-time curve from time zero to infinity [AUCIns338,0-∞]) and max. concn. (Cmax,Ins338) of insulin 338 were both significantly lower for 0 vs. 360 min post-dose fasting (ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 0.36 [0.26-0.49], p < 0.001, and 0.35 [0.25-0.49], p < 0.001, resp.). There were no significant differences in AUCIns338,0-∞ and Cmax,Ins338 for 30 or 60 vs. 360 min post-dose fasting (ratio [95% CI] 30 vs. 360 min: 0.85 [0.61-1.21], p = 0.36, and 0.86 [0.59-1.26], p = 0.42; ratio [95% CI] 60 vs. 360 min: 0.96 [0.72-1.28], p = 0.77, and 0.99 [0.75-1.31], p = 0.95). The mean half-life was ∼ 55 h independent of the post-dose fasting period. Oral insulin 338 was well-tolerated with no safety issues identified during the trial. Conclusions: Oral insulin 338 pharmacokinetics are not affected by food intake from 30 min after dosing, implying that patients with diabetes mellitus do not need to wait more than 30 min after a morning dose of oral insulin 338 before having their breakfast. This is considered important for convenience and treatment compliance. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02304627./……Halberg, I. B.; Lyby, K.; Wassermann, K.; Heise, T.; Plum-Mörschel, L.; Zijlstra, E. The effect of food intake on the pharmacokinetics of oral basal insulin: A randomised crossover trial in healthy male subjects. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2019, 58, 1497– 1504,  DOI: 10.1007/s40262-019-00772-2

///////////////OI 338, OI338GT, NN1953, NNC0123-0000-0338, Insulin oral (NN 1953),  Insulin-338-GIPET-I,  LAI 338,  NN 1438,  NN-1953, NNC-0123-0000-0338, NNC0123-0338, OI-338GT,  Oral insulin 338 C10

RIDINILAZOLE

SMT19969

• Molecular FormulaC₂₄H₁₆N₆
• Average mass388.424 Da
• ридинилазол [Russian] [INN]ريدينيلازول [Arabic] [INN]利地利唑 [Chinese] [INN]
• リジニラゾール;

10075
2,2′-Di(4-pyridinyl)-3H,3’H-5,5′-bibenzimidazole
308362-25-6[RN]6,6′-Bi-1H-benzimidazole, 2,2′-di-4-pyridinyl-

Summit Therapeutics (formerly Summit Corp ) is developing ridinilazole the lead compound from oral narrow-spectrum, GI-restricted antibiotics, which also include SMT-21829, for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection and prevention of recurrent disease.

Ridinilazole (previously known as SMT19969) is an investigational small molecule antibiotic being evaluated for oral administration to treat Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). In vitro, it is bactericidal against C. difficile and suppresses bacterial toxin production; the mechanism of action is thought to involve inhibition of cell division.^[1] It has properties which are desirable for the treatment of CDI, namely that it is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic which exhibits activity against C. difficile while having little impact on other normal intestinal flora and that it is only minimally absorbed systemically after oral administration.^[2] At the time ridinilazole was developed, there were only three antibiotics in use for treating CDI: vancomycin, fidaxomicin, and metronidazole.^[1][2] The recurrence rate of CDI is high, which has spurred research into other treatment options with the aim to reduce the rate of recurrence.^[3][4]

As of 2019, two phase II trials have been completed and two phase III trials comparing ridinilazole to vancomycin for CDI are expected to be completed in September 2021.^[2][5][6] Ridinilazole was designated as a Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) and was granted Fast Track status by the U.S. FDA.^[2] Fast Track status is reserved for drugs designed to treat diseases where there is currently a gap in the treatment, or a complete lack thereof.^[7] The QIDP designation adds five more years of exclusivity for ridinazole upon approval.^[8]

PATENT

WO-2021009514

Process for preparing ridinilazole useful for treating Clostridium difficile infection. Also claimed is the crystalline form of a compound.

The present invention relates to processes for the preparation of 2,2′-di(pyridin-4-yl)-1/-/,T/-/-5,5′-bibenzo[d]imidazole (which may also be known as 5,5’-bis[2-(4-pyridinyl)-1/-/-benzimidazole], 2,2′-bis(4-pyridyl)-3/-/,3’/-/-5,5′-bibenzimidazole or 2-pyridin-4-yl-6-(2-pyridin-4-yl-3/-/-benzimidazol-5-yl)-1/-/-benzimidazole), referenced herein by the INN name ridinilazole, and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives, salts, hydrates, solvates, complexes, bioisosteres, metabolites or prodrugs thereof. The invention also relates to various crystalline forms of ridinilazole, to processes for their preparation and to related pharmaceutical preparations and uses thereof (including their medical use and their use in the efficient large-scale synthesis of ridinilazole).

WO2010/063996 describes various benzimidazoles, including ridinilazole, and their use as antibacterials (including in the treatment of CDAD).

WO 2011/151621 describes various benzimidazoles and their use as antibacterials

(including in the treatment of CDAD).

W02007056330, W02003105846 and W02002060879 disclose various 2-amino benzimidazoles as antibacterial agents.

W02007148093 discloses various 2-amino benzothiazoles as antibacterial agents.

W02006076009, W02004041209 and Bowser et at. (Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2007, 17, 5652-5655) disclose various substituted benzimidazole compounds useful as anti-infectives that decrease resistance, virulence, or growth of microbes. The compounds are said not to exhibit intrinsic antimicrobial activity in vitro.

US 5,824,698 discloses various dibenzimidazoles as broad-spectrum antibiotics, disclosing activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus spp.and Enterococcus spp. However, this document does not disclose activity against anaerobic spore-forming bacteria and in particular does not disclose activity against any Clostridioides spp. (including C. difficile).

US 2007/0112048 A1 discloses various bi- and triarylimidazolidines and bi- and

triarylamidines as broad-spectrum antibiotics, disclosing activity against both Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. and Clostridioides spp. However, this document does not disclose compounds of formula (I) as described herein.

Chaudhuri et al. (2007) J.Org. Chem. 72, 1912-1923 describe various bis-2-(pyridyl)-1 H-benzimidazoles (including compounds of formula I as described herein) as DNA binding agents. This document is silent as to potential antibacterial activity.

Singh et al. (2000) Synthesis 10: 1380-1390 describe a condensation reaction for producing 2,2′-di(pyridin-4-yl)-1/-/,T/-/-5,5′-bibenzo[d]imidazole using 4-pyridine

carboxaldehyde, FeCI₃, 0₂, in DMF at 120°C.

Bhattacharya and Chaudhuri (2007) Chemistry – An Asian Journal 2: 648-655 describe a condensation reaction for producing 2,2′-di(pyridin-4-yl)-1/-/,T/-/-5,5′-bibenzo[d]imidazole using 4-pyridine carboxaldehyde and nitrobenzene at 120°C.

WO2019/068383 describes the synthesis of ridinilazole by metal-ion catalyzed coupling of 3,4,3’,4’-tetraaminobiphenyl with 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde in the presence of oxygen, followed by the addition of a complexing agent.

PATENT

WO2010063996

claiming antibacterial compounds. Bicyclic heteroaromatic compounds, particularly bi-benzimidazole derivatives.

WO2007056330, WO2003105846 and WO2002060879 disclose various 2-amino benzimidazoles as antibacterial agents.

WO2007148093 discloses various 2-amino benzothiazoles as antibacterial agents.

WO2006076009, WO2004041209 and Bowser et al. (Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2007, 17, 5652-5655) disclose various substituted benzimidazole compounds useful as anti-infectives that decrease resistance, virulence, or growth of microbes. The compounds are said not to exhibit intrinsic antimicrobial activity in vitro.

US 5,824,698 discloses various dibenzimidazoles as broad-spectrum antibiotics, disclosing activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus spp.and Enterococcus spp. However, this document does not disclose activity against anaerobic spore-forming bacteria and in particular does not disclose activity against any Clostridium spp. (including C. difficile).

US 2007/0112048 A1 discloses various bi- and triarylimidazolidines and bi- and triarylamidines as broad-spectrum antibiotics, disclosing activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp.

and Clostridium spp. However, this document does not disclose compounds of general formula (I) as described herein.

Chaudhuri et al. (J.Org. Chem., 2007, 72, 1912-1923) describe various bis-2-(pyridyl)-1 H-benzimidazoles (including compounds of formula I as described herein) as DNA binding agents. This document is silent as to potential antibacterial activity.

PATENT

Product PATENT, WO2010063996 ,

protection in the EP until 2029 and expire in the US in December 2029.

PAPER

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01206/full

PAPER

Synthesis (2000), (10), 1380-1390.

https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-2000-7111

PAPERT

Chemistry – An Asian Journal (2007), 2(5), 648-655.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asia.200700014

Studies of double‐stranded‐DNA binding have been performed with three isomeric bis(2‐(n‐pyridyl)‐1H‐benzimidazole)s (n=2, 3, 4). Like the well‐known Hoechst 33258, which is a bisbenzimidazole compound, these three isomers bind to the minor groove of duplex DNA. DNA binding by the three isomers was investigated in the presence of the divalent metal ions Mg²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺. Ligand–DNA interactions were probed with fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy. These studies revealed that the binding of the 2‐pyridyl derivative to DNA is dramatically reduced in the presence of Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Cu²⁺ ions and is abolished completely at a ligand/metal‐cation ratio of 1:1. Control experiments done with the isomeric 3‐ and 4‐pyridyl derivatives showed that their binding to DNA is unaffected by the aforementioned transition‐metal ions. The ability of 2‐(2‐pyridyl)benzimidazole to chelate metal ions and the conformational changes of the ligand associated with ion chelation probably led to such unusual binding results for the ortho isomer. The addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) reversed the effects completely.

PAPER

 Journal of Organic Chemistry (2007), 72(6), 1912-1923.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo0619433

Three symmetrical positional isomers of bis-2-(n-pyridyl)-1H-benzimidazoles (n = 2, 3, 4) were synthesized and DNA binding studies were performed with these isomeric derivatives. Like bisbenzimidazole compound Hoechst 33258, these molecules also demonstrate AT-specific DNA binding. The binding affinities of 3-pyridine (m-pyben) and 4-pyridine (p-pyben) derivatized bisbenzimidazoles to double-stranded DNA were significantly higher compared to 2–pyridine derivatized benzimidazole o-pyben. This has been established by combined experimental results of isothermal fluorescence titration, circular dichroism, and thermal denaturation of DNA. To rationalize the origin of their differential binding characteristics with double-stranded DNA, computational structural analyses of the uncomplexed ligands were performed using ab initio/Density Functional Theory. The molecular conformations of the symmetric head-to-head bisbenzimidazoles have been computed. The existence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding was established in o-pyben, which confers a conformational rigidity to the molecule about the bond connecting the pyridine and benzimidazole units. This might cause reduction in its binding affinity to double-stranded DNA compared to its para and meta counterparts. Additionally, the predicted stable conformations for p-, m-, and o-pyben at the B3LYP/6-31G* and RHF/6-31G* levels were further supported by experimental pK_a determination. The results provide important information on the molecular recognition process of such symmetric head to head bisbenzimidazoles toward duplex DNA.

Patent

US 8975416

PATENT

WO 2019068383

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2019068383

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of infectious healthcare-associated diarrhoea. CDI remains a challenge to treat clinically, because of a limited number of antibiotics available and unacceptably high recurrence rates. Because of this, there has been significant demand for creating innovative therapeutics, which has resulted in the development of several novel antibiotics.

Ridinilazole (SMT19969) is the INN name of 5,5’bis[2-(4-pyridinyl)-lH-benzimidazole], which is a promising non-absorbable small molecule antibiotic intended for oral use in the treatment of CDI. It has been shown to exhibit a prolonged post-antibiotic effect and treatment with ridinilazole has resulted in decreased toxin production. A phase 1 trial demonstrated that oral ridinilazole is well tolerated and specifically targets Clostridia whilst sparing other faecal bacteria.

Ridinilazole has the following chemical structure:

Bhattacharya & Chaudhuri (Chem. Asian J., 2007, No. 2, 648-655) report performing double-stranded DNA binding with three benzimidazole derivatives, including ridinilazole. The compounds have been prepared by dissolving the reactants in nitrobenzene, heating at 120°C for 8- 1 Oh and purifying the products by column chromatography over silica gel. The compounds were obtained in 65-70% yield. Singh et al., (Synthesis, 2000, No. 10, 1380-1390) describe a catalytic redox cycling approach based on Fe(III) and molecular oxygen as co-oxidant for providing access to benzimidazole and

imidazopyridine derivatives, such as ridinilazole. The reaction is performed at high temperatures of 120°C and the product is isolated in 91% yield by using silica flash chromatography.

Both processes are not optimal, for example in terms of yield, ease of handling and scalability. Thus, there is a need in the art for an efficient and scalable preparation of ridinilazole, which overcomes the problems of the prior art processes.

Example 1 : Preparation of crude ridinilazole free base

A solution of 3,4,3′,4′-tetraaminobiphenyl (3.28 g, 15.3 mmol) and isonicotinaldehyde (3.21 g, 30.0 mmol) in DMF (40 mL) was stirred at 23 °C for one hour. Then anhydrous ferric chloride (146 mg, 0.90 mmol), water (0.10 mL, 5.4 mmol) and additional DMF (2 mL) were added and fresh air was bubbled into the solution during vigorous stirring for 5 hours at room temperature. Next, water (80 mL) and EDTA (0.29 g) were added resulting in a brownish suspension, which was stirred overnight. The product was isolated by filtration, washed with water, and dried in a desiccator in vacuo as a brown powder (5.56 g; 95%). The addition of EDTA had held iron in solution and the crude ridinilazole contained significantly lower amounts of iron than comparative example 1.

Example 12: Formation of essentially pure ridinilazole free base

To a suspension von ridinilazole tritosylate (1 10 mg, 0.12 mmol) in water (35 mL) featuring a pH value of about 4.5 stirring at 70 °C sodium bicarbonate (580 mg, 6.9 mmol) were added and caused a change of color from orange to slightly tan. The mixture, now at a pH of about 8.5, was cooled down to room temperature and the solids were separated by filtration, washed with water (1 ML) and dried in vacuo providing 40 mg (85%) essentially pure ridinilazole as a brownish powder.

Spectroscopic analysis:

¾ NMR (DMSO-de, 300 MHz): δ 7.55 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.70 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (s, 2H), 8.13 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 4H), 8.72 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 4H) ppm.

¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 75 MHz): δ 1 13.4 (2C), 1 16.4 (2C), 120.4 (4C), 121.8 (2C), 135.7 (2C), 138.7 (2C), 140.7 (2C), 141.4 (2C), 150.3 (4C), 151.1 (2C) ppm.

IR (neat): v 3033 (w), 1604 (s), 1429 (m), 1309 (m), 1217 (m), 1 1 15 (w), 998 (m), 964 (m), 824 (m), 791 (s), 690 (s), 502 (s) cm .

UV-Vis (MeOH): 257, 341 nm.

The sharp peaks in the ¾ NMR indicated that iron had been efficiently removed.

Comparative example 1 : Preparation of ridinilazole

A solution of 3,4,3′,4′-tetraaminobiphenyl (0.69 g, 3.2 mmol) and isonicotinaldehyde (0.64 g, 6.0 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was stirred at 80°C for one hour. Then ferric chloride hexahydrate (49 mg, 0.18 mmol), water (0.10 mL, 5.4 mmol) and additional DMF (2 mL) were added and fresh air was bubbled into the solution during vigorous stirring for 10 hours at 120 °C. After cooling to room temperature water (50 mL) and the mixture was stirred for one hour. A black crude product was isolated by filtration and comprised ridinilazole and iron.

References

1. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cho JC, Crotty MP, Pardo J (March 2019). “Clostridium difficile infection”. Annals of Gastroenterology. 32 (2): 134–140. doi:10.20524/aog.2018.0336. PMC 6394264. PMID 30837785.
2. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Carlson TJ, Endres BT, Bassères E, Gonzales-Luna AJ, Garey KW (April 2019). “Ridinilazole for the treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection”. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 28 (4): 303–310. doi:10.1080/13543784.2019.1582640. PMID 30767587.
3. ^ Bassères E, Endres BT, Dotson KM, Alam MJ, Garey KW (January 2017). “Novel antibiotics in development to treat Clostridium difficile infection”. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 33 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000332. PMID 28134686. These tables highlight the increased drug development directed towards CDI due to the rise in prevalence of infections and to attempt to reduce the number of recurrent infections.
4. ^ Vickers RJ, Tillotson G, Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Garey KW, Wilcox MH (August 2016). “Ridinilazole: a novel therapy for Clostridium difficile infection”. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 48 (2): 137–43. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.04.026. PMID 27283730. there exists a significant unmet and increasing medical need for new therapies to treat CDI, specifically those that can reduce the rate of disease recurrence.
5. ^ Clinical trial number NCT03595553 for “Ri-CoDIFy 1: Comparison of Ridinilazole Versus Vancomycin Treatment for Clostridium Difficile Infection” at ClinicalTrials.gov
6. ^ Clinical trial number NCT03595566 for “Ri-CoDIFy 2: To Compare Ridinilazole Versus Vancomycin Treatment for Clostridium Difficile Infection” at ClinicalTrials.gov
7. ^ “Fast Track”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2018-11-03.
8. ^ “”HHS spurs new antibiotic development for biodefense and common infections””. Public Health Emergency. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 2020-12-04.

/////////RIDINILAZOLE, SMT19969, SMT 19969, ридинилазол , ريدينيلازول , 利地利唑 , リジニラゾール , Qualified Infectious Disease Product, QIDP,  Fast Track , PHASE 3,  Clostridioides difficile infection , 

Iguratimod

• Molecular FormulaC₁₇H₁₄N₂O₆S
• Average mass374.368 Da
• UNII-4IHY34Y2NVигуратимодإيغوراتيمود艾拉莫德

123663-49-0[RN]

3-Formylamino-7-methylsulfonylamino-6-phenoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

4IHY34Y2NV8176IGU
Methanesulfonamide, N-[3-(formylamino)-4-oxo-6-phenoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-7-yl]-
N-(3-Formamido-4-oxo-6-phenoxy-4H-chromen-7-yl)methanesulfonamide

product patent US4954518 

Research Code：T-614

Trade Name：Iremod^® / Kolbet^® / Careram^®

MOA：Nuclear factor NF-κB activation inhibitor

Indication：Rheumatoid arthritis

Status：Approved

Company：Simcere (Originator) , Taisho Toyama,EisaiSales：ATC Code：

Approved Countries or Area

• JP
• CN

More

Iguratimod was first approved by China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) on August 15, 2011, then approved by Pharmaceuticals and Medicals Devices Agency of Japan (PMDA) on June 29, 2012. It was developed by Simcere and marketed as 艾得辛^®/Iremod^® by Simcere and as Kolbet^® by Taisho Toyama and by Eisai in Japan.

Iguratimod is a nuclear factor NF-κB activation inhibitor used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Iremod^® is available as tablet for oral use, containing 25 mg of free Iguratimod, and the recommended dose is 25 mg once daily or 25 mg at a time, twice daily.

Iguratimod: (Iremod)-First approval: 2009

Iguratimod is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) that was approved for use in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in China and Japan in 2009

Toyama Chemical , Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical , Eisai , Simcere and Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research have codeveloped and launched iguratimod, an inflammatory cytokine and IL-6 gene inhibiting compound that also inhibits immunoglobulin production in B cells. Iguratimod is indicated for the oral treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. 

Iguratimod is an anti-inflammatory small molecule drug used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, together with methotrexate in Japan and China.^[1] As of 2015 the biological target was not known, but it prevents NF-κB activation and subsequently selectively inhibits COX-2 and several inflammatory cytokines.^[1]

Adverse effects include elevated transaminases, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain; rashes, and itchiness.^[1]

It is a derivative of 7-methanesulfonylamino-6-phenoxychromones and is a chromone with two amide groups; it was first published in 2000.^[1][2] It was submitted for regulatory approval in Japan in 2003; the application was withdrawn in 2009, and it was resubmitted with additional data in 2011 and approved for marketing in Japan in 2012.^[1] Eisai and Toyama Chemical market it in Japan.^[3] Approval was obtained in China in 2011 by Simcere, independently of the Japanese originators.^[1][4]

During discovery and development it was called T-614 and it is marketed under the names Careram and Kolbet.^[5]

Syn

Indian Pat. Appl., 2014MU01507

SYN

Route 1

Reference：1. US4954518.Route 2

Reference：1. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2000, 48, 131-139.

2. Chin. J. New. Drugs. 2006, 15, 2042-2044.

3. Shanghai Chem. Ind. 2007, 32, 22-24.Route 3

Reference：1. CN1462748A.

2. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2000, 48, 131-139.

SYN

AU 8823489; CH 679397; FR 2621585; GB 2210879; JP 1995267943; US 4954518

The reduction of 3-nitro-4-phenoxyphenol (I) with Fe, aqueous HCl gives 3-amino-4-phenoxyphenol (II), which is acylated with methanesulfonyl chloride by means of pyridine in dichloromethane affording 3-(methylsulfonamido)-4-phenoxyphenol (III). The condensation of (III) with 3-chloropropionic acid (IV) by means of NaOH in water gives 3-[3-(methylsulfonamido)-4-phenoxyphenoxy]propionic acid (V), which is cyclized by means of polyphosphoric acid at 65-70 C yielding 7-(methylsulfonamido)-6-phenoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one (VI). The bromination of (VI) with Br2 in CHCl3 affords 3-bromo-7-(methylsulfonamido)-6-phenoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one (VII), which is treated with sodium azide in DMF at 70-75 C giving 3-amino-7-(methylsulfonamido)-6-phenoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one (VIII). Finally, this compound is formylated with formic acid in acetic anhydride.

SYN

Chem Pharm Bull 2000,48(1),131

A preparative-scale synthetic route for T-614 has been reported: The reaction of 4-chloro-3-nitroanisole (I) with potassium phenolate in hot DMF gives 4-phenoxy-3-nitroanisole (II), which is reduced to the corresponding 3-amino compound (III) by treatment with Fe and HCl. The reaction of (III) with mesyl chloride in pyridine affords the sulfonamide (IV), which is acylated with 2-aminoacetonitrile (V) and AlCl3 in nitrobenzene/HCl giving the 2-aminoacetophenone (VI). Formylation of (VI) at the NH2 with acetic formic anhydride yields the formamide (VII), which is demethylated with AlCl3 and NaI in acetonitrile affording the phenol (VIII). Finally, this compound is cyclized with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal in DMF.

SYN

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0968089614001230

Synthetic approaches to the 2012 new drugs

Hong X. Ding, … Christopher J. O’Donnell, in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2014

13 Iguratimod (Careram®, Iremod®)

Iguratimod, which was discovered by Toyama Pharmaceuticals and jointly co-developed with Eisai in Japan, was approved by the PMDA (Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency) of Japan on June 29, 2012 for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.⁸³ This drug was also independently developed by Simcere Pharmaceutical Group and is marketed as Iremod® in China. The drug exhibited inhibitory effects on granuloma inflammation, and was shown to be efficacious for the prevention of joint destruction in adjuvant arthritis.^84,85 While several synthesis of iguratimod have been published,⁸⁶ the most likely scale synthesis, which does not require chromatographic purification, is described in Scheme 14.⁸⁷

The synthesis began with commercially available 3-nitro-4-chloro anisole (78) which was reacted with potassium phenoxide (generated from phenol and potassium t-butoxide at 110 °C) to provide the corresponding nitrophenyl ether which was subsequently reduced and sulfonylated to furnish sulfonamide 79. Next, this diphenyl ether was submitted to a Friedel–Crafts reaction with aminoacetonitrile hydrochloride which gave rise to aminomethylacetophenone 80 in 90% yield. This aminoketone was then formylated with formic trimethylacetic anhydride 81 at room temperature to afford formamide 82 in 91% yield, and this material was immediately subjected to O-demethylation conditions with aluminum trichloride and sodium iodide in acetonitrile to give the phenol 83 in 95% yield. Finally, treatment of the aminomethyl acetophenone phenol 83 with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethylacetal in DMF at low temperatures furnished iguratimod (XII) in 87% yield

83. Eisai and Toyama Chemical Receive Approval to Market Anti-rheumatic Agent Iguratimod in Japan, 2012, http://www.eisai.com/news/news201239.html, [Access Date: 2012-July-29].

84. Tanaka, K.; Shimotori, T.; Makino, S.; Aikawa, Y.; Inaba, T.; Yoshida, C.; Takano, S. Arzneim.-Forsch. 1992, 42, 935.

85. Tanaka, K.; Makino, S.; Shimotori, T.; Aikawa, Y.; Inaba, T.; Yoshida, C. Arzneim.-Forsch. 1992, 42, 945.

86. Takano, S.; Yoshida, C.; Inaba, T.; Tanaka, K.; Takeno, R.; Nagaki, H.; Shimotori, T.; Makino, S. US Patent 4954518 A, 1990.

87. Inaba, T.; Tanaka, K.; Takeno, R.; Nagaki, H.; Yoshida, C.; Takano, S. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2000, 48, 131.

SYN

https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/slct.202003553A Convenient Synthesis of Iguratimod‐Amine Precursor via NHC‐Catalyzed Aldehyde‐Nitrile Cross Coupling ReactionNithya MurugeshProf. Ramasamy KarvembuDr. Seenuvasan VedachalamFirst published: 24 November 2020https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202003553

A protocol for the synthesis of iguratimod‐amine precursor has been developed using N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐catalyzed aldehyde‐nitrile cross coupling reaction with overall atom efficiency of 71 %. The first step involves a nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S_NAr) of 1‐chloro‐4‐methoxy‐2‐nitrobenzene (1) with phenol to produce 4‐methoxy‐2‐nitro‐1‐phenoxybenzene (2) which further undergoes nitro reduction followed by mesylation to produce N‐(5‐methoxy‐2‐phenoxyphenyl)methanesulfonamide (4). Furthermore, it was subjected to Vilsmeier‐Haack formylation and demethylation (using BBr₃) to produce N‐(4‐formyl‐5‐hydroxy‐2‐phenoxyphenyl)methanesulfonamide (6). Subsequently, O‐alkylation followed by NHC‐catalyzed aldehyde‐nitrile cross coupling yields the amine precursor of iguratimod (8).

N-(3-Amino-4-oxo-6-phenoxy-4H-chromen-7-yl)methanesulfonamide (8):4=4. S. Vedachalam, J. Zeng, B. K. Gorityala, M. Antonio, X.-W. Liu, Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 352–355.

Compound 7 (290 mg, 0.83 mmol) and triazolium carbene catalyst (34 mg, 0.1245 mmol) were dissolved in dry CH2Cl2 under N2 atmosphere. To this, DBU (24.7 µL, 0.16 mmol) was added at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred for 12 h. After the completion of reaction, the reaction mixture was dried, and the residue was purified by column chromatography to yield compound 8. Yield: 200 mg, 70 %; m. p. 162 ℃; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.45 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.25–7.21 (m, 3H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 4.91 (s, 2H), 3.23 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 171.2, 155.0, 152.1, 150.4, 137.9, 133.0, 132.8, 131.0 (2C), 125.9, 122.4, 121.1 (2C), 117.2, 110.0, 39.0; FTIR (KBr): v 3423, 3347, 1620, 1592, 1487, 1342, 1210, 1155, 970, 757 cm-1 ; HR-MS (ESI): m/z calcd. for C16H15N2O5S 347.0702, found 347.0714 [M+H]+ …..https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1002%2Fslct.202003553&file=slct202003553-sup-0001-misc_information.pdf

Patent

WO 2021020481

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2021020481&tab=FULLTEXT&_cid=P11-KKXGLE-06477-1The following formula (1)

[Chemical 1]

Iguratimod (chemical name: N- [3- (formylamino) -4-oxo-6-phenoxy-4H-chromen-7-yl] methanesulfonamide), which is indicated by, has excellent anti-inflammatory and antipyretic and analgesic effects. It is a very useful compound as a therapeutic agent exhibiting anti-arthritis and anti-allergic effects (see Patent Document 1). 
　A plurality of synthetic routes are known for the method for producing iguratimod and its derivatives (hereinafter, may be referred to as iguratimod derivatives as a term meaning both iguratimod and its derivatives), and all of them use intermediates of iguratimod derivatives. This is a stepwise manufacturing method. The present inventors have studied the stepwise production of intermediates of iguratimod derivatives of formulas (II) to (XI) by the following synthetic route to synthesize the iguratimod derivatives represented by formula (XII). doing. 
[Chemical formula 2]
R ¹ = hydroxyl protecting group, R ² = amino protecting group, Ar = aromatic ring group which may have a substituent, X ² = halogen atom.[Chemical 3]
Ms = methylsulfonyl group[Chemical 4]
Production Example 1
(Production of igratimodo: Patent Documents 3 and 4)
N, N-dimethylformamide 150 mL, N, N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal 40.9 g (N, N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal ) in a 1000 mL four-necked flask equipped with two stirring blades having a diameter of 10 cm ( 343 mmol) was added, and the mixture was cooled to 10 ° C. with stirring. 8.2 g (137 mmol) of glacial acetic acid and 50.0 g (137 mmol) of formylaminomethyl (2-hydroxy-4-methylsulfonylamino-5-phenoxyphenyl) ketone were sequentially added thereto, and the temperature was raised to 20 ° C. The reaction was carried out at the same temperature for 5 hours. 250 mL of methylene chloride was added to the reaction suspension, and 500 mL of water was added dropwise to the obtained solution. After adjusting the pH to 5 with a 10% aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, the mixture was stirred at 20 ° C. for 1 hour. The obtained precipitated crystals were separated, washed successively with 50 mL of methylene chloride, 50 mL of water and 50 mL of ethanol, and then dried at 50 ° C. for 12 hours. Next, the obtained crystals were dissolved in a mixed solvent of 7.7 g (137 mmol) of potassium hydroxide, 750 mL of water and 750 mL of acetone, and then neutralized with 2N hydrochloric acid water, and the obtained precipitated crystals were separated. Then, after washing with 50 mL of water, it was dried at 50 ° C. for 12 hours to obtain 42.8 g of iguratimod (iguratimod purity: 99.72%, N-methyl compound: 0.23%).

References

1. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} Tanaka K, Yamaguchi T, Hara M (May 2015). “Iguratimod for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in Japan”. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology. 11 (5): 565–73. doi:10.1586/1744666X.2015.1027151. PMID 25797025. S2CID 25134255.
2. ^ Inaba T, Tanaka K, Takeno R, Nagaki H, Yoshida C, Takano S (January 2000). “Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of 7-methanesulfonylamino-6-phenoxychromones. Antiarthritic effect of the 3-formylamino compound (T-614) in chronic inflammatory disease models”. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 48 (1): 131–9. doi:10.1248/cpb.48.131. PMID 10705489.
3. ^ Bronson J, Dhar M, Ewing W, Lonberg N (2012). “Chapter Thirty-One – To Market, To Market—2011”. Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry. 47: 499–569. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-396492-2.00031-X.
4. ^ “Iguratimod – Simcere”. AdisInsight. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
5. ^ “Iguratimod – Toyama Chemical”. AdisInsight. Retrieved 27 May 2018.

////////////IGURATIMOD, UNII-4IHY34Y2NV , игуратимод , إيغوراتيمود , 艾拉莫德 , T-614, T 614, Kolbet, Careram, Rheumatoid arthritis, JAPAN 2012, CHINA 2011

CS(=O)(=O)NC1=C(C=C2C(=C1)OC=C(C2=O)NC=O)OC3=CC=CC=C3

Telacebec

• Molecular FormulaC₂₉H₂₈ClF₃N₄O₂
• Average mass557.006 Da

Telacebec, IAP6, CAS No. 1334719-95-7телацебек [Russian] [INN]تيلاسيبيك [Arabic] [INN]特雷贝克105731334719-95-7[RN]55G92WGH3X
6-Chloro-2-ethyl-N-(4-{4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1-piperidinyl}benzyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide
Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide, 6-chloro-2-ethyl-N-[[4-[4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1-piperidinyl]phenyl]methyl]-Q203Q-203T56 AN DNJ C2 HG BVM1R D- AT6NTJ DR DOXFFF

Qurient Therapeutics and Russia licensee Infectex are developing telacebec, an oral formulation which targets QcrB subunit of the cytochrome bc1 complex, for treating multi drug resistant or extensively drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Qurient is also investigating telacebec for treating buruli ulcer (an infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans ). In January 2021, a global phase II trial was expected to begin by December 2021 for the treatment of buruli ulcer.

syn

Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 57(4), 1108-1111; 2018

PATENT

WO-2021018387

Novel crystalline forms of telacebec , processes for their preparation and compositions comprising them are claimed. Also claimed is their use for treating bacterial infection.

Different forms of 6-chloro-2-ethyl-A^T-(4-(4-(4- (trifluoromethoxy)phenvDpiperidine-i-vDbenzvDimidazolT.2-alpyridine- 3-carboxamide

The present invention relates to different forms of the compound 6-chloro-2-ethyl-lV-(4-(4-(4-(trifhioromethoxy)phenyl)piperidine-i-yl)benzyl)imidazo[i,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide and to methods of making such forms/compounds. The present invention furthermore relates to mono-acid addition salts thereof, to methods of making such mono-acid addition salts and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising any of the aforementioned compounds. Furthermore, the present invention relates to uses of any of these compounds.

Tuberculosis as a disease continues to result in millions of deaths each year. Inadequate use of chemotherapy has led to an increasing number of drug resistant cases. This situation is likely to worsen with the emergence of extremely resistant strains to all currently known drugs. Current chemotherapy consists of compounds that directly target Mycobacterium tuberculosis, either by neutralizing general information pathways and critical processes such as RNA polymerization and protein synthesis inhibition or by interfering with mycobacterial specific cell envelop synthesis. The most widely used dedicated anti-tubercular drugs isoniazid, ethionamide, and pyriazin amide are pro-drugs that first require activation. They are administered to a patient for a course of several months. Patients infected with multi-drug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis may have to undergo combination therapies for extended periods of time.

WO 2011/113606 describes various anti-tubercular compounds and their use in the treatment of bacterial infections, including compound“Q203” which chemically is 6-chloro-2-ethyl-!V-(4-(4-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)piperidine-i-yl)benzyl)imidazo[i,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide. In a publication by Pethe et al. (Nature Medicine, 19, 1157-1160 (2013), this compound is reported to be active against tuberculosis by interfering with the bacterial energy metabolism, inhibiting cytochrome bci activity which is an essential component of the electron transport chain required for synthesis of ATP.

Whilst the compound shows promise for future therapy of tuberculosis and related infections, there continues to be a need for forms thereof that are particularly suitable for pharmaceutical administration. In particular there is a need to provide forms that are showing an improved solubility in comparison to the free base of this compound. Furthermore, there is a need in the art to provide for forms that show an improved stability.

In a first aspect the present invention relates to a compound 6-chloro-2-ethyl-N-(4-(4-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)piperidine-i-yl)benzyl)imidazo[i,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide ditosylate having the structure

PATENT

WO2011113606 .

WO 2017049321

WO 2012143796

PAPER

Scientific reports (2019), 9(1), 8608.

Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2018), 57(4), 1108-1111.

European journal of medicinal chemistry (2017), 136, 420-427.

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2017), 136, 420-427.

 European journal of medicinal chemistry (2017), 125, 807-815.

Nature communications (2016), 7, 12393.

Nature medicine (2013), 19(9), 1157-60

PAPER

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2014), 57(12), 5293-5305.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm5003606J. Med. Chem. 2014, 57, 12, 5293–5305

Publication Date:May 28, 2014
https://doi.org/10.1021/jm5003606

A critical unmet clinical need to combat the global tuberculosis epidemic is the development of potent agents capable of reducing the time of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and extensively-drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis therapy. In this paper, we report on the optimization of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine amide (IPA) lead compound 1, which led to the design and synthesis of Q203 (50). We found that the amide linker with IPA core is very important for activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Linearity and lipophilicity of the amine part in the IPA series play a critical role in improving in vitro and in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile. The optimized IPAs 49 and 50 showed not only excellent oral bioavailability (80.2% and 90.7%, respectively) with high exposure of the area under curve (AUC) but also displayed significant colony-forming unit (CFU) reduction (1.52 and 3.13 log₁₀ reduction at 10 mg/kg dosing level, respectively) in mouse lung.

6-Chloro-2-ethyl-N-(4-{4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]piperidin-1-yl}benzyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide (50)

Mp = 164.0 °C; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.37 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.82–1.97 (m, 4H), 2.64–2.70 (m, 1H), 2.80–2.87 (m, 2H), 2.93 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 3.80–3.83 (m, 2H), 4.61 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 6.00 (br t, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 6.96–6.99 (m, 2H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.24–7.30 (m, 5H), 7.52 (dd, J = 9.6, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 9.53 (dd, J = 2.0, 0.8 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 13.3, 23.6, 33.4, 42.0, 43.3, 50.4, 115.4, 117.0, 121.2, 121.6, 121.9, 126.3, 128.2, 128.3, 128.7, 128.9, 144.5, 144.7, 147.7, 151.4, 151.5, 161.2; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 58.31 (s, 3F); LC/MS (ESI) m/z 557 [M + H]⁺; HRESIMS calcd for C₂₉H₂₉ClF₃N₄O₂ [M + H]⁺ 557.1926, found 557.1918.

¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 58.31 (s, 3F); 

¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 13.3, 23.6, 33.4, 42.0, 43.3, 50.4, 115.4, 117.0, 121.2, 121.6, 121.9, 126.3, 128.2, 128.3, 128.7, 128.9, 144.5, 144.7, 147.7, 151.4, 151.5, 161.2; 

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.37 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.82–1.97 (m, 4H), 2.64–2.70 (m, 1H), 2.80–2.87 (m, 2H), 2.93 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 3.80–3.83 (m, 2H), 4.61 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 6.00 (br t, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 6.96–6.99 (m, 2H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.24–7.30 (m, 5H), 7.52 (dd, J = 9.6, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 9.53 (dd, J = 2.0, 0.8 Hz, 1H);

CLIP

June 3, 2019.  Qurient press release:

SEONGNAM-SI, South Korea–(BUSINESS WIRE)– Qurient Co. Ltd. today announced positive results from the Phase 2a EBA (early bactericidal activity) clinical trial for telacebec (Q203), a first-in-class, orally-available antibiotic for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Telacebec is a selective inhibitor with high specificity for the cytochrome bc1 complex of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This complex is a critical component of the electron transport chain, and inhibition disrupts the bacterium’s ability to generate energy.

The EBA trial assessed the pharmacokinetics, safety, and activity of telacebec in three dose strength (100 mg, 200 mg and 300 mg) in the treatment of adult patients with pulmonary TB. Telacebec met the primary objective of rate of change in the time to positivity (TTP) in sputum over days 0 to 14. Telacebec was safe and well tolerated throughout the different dose strengths. Full results from EBA trial are expected to be presented at future scientific meetings.

Phase 2. EBA began July 2018 in South Africa.  As of March 2019, study is active, not enrolling.