Icosapent ethyl

330.5042 , C₂₂H₃₄O₂

cas 86227-47-6 / 73310-10-8

ethyl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoate

Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid

イコサペント酸エチル

(all-Z)-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester; Ethyl all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoate;Timnodonic acid ethyl ester; cis-Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester; Ethyl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoate; Epadel; Icosapent; EPA ethyl ester; E-EPA; Ethyl eicosapentaenoate; OMEGA-3 ACIDS ETHYL ESTER; EPA-E;

AMARIN PHARMACEUTICALS IRELAND LTD

AMR 101 / AMR-101 / AMR101

Icosapent ethyl or ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid is a synthetic derivative of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). It is used as adjunct therapy for severe hypertriglyceridemia (TG levels > 500 mg/dL). FDA approved on July 26, 2012.

In 2000, Amarin licensed exclusive U.S. rights to icosapent ethyl ester from the Scottish company Laxdale, and acquired the company in July 2004. In 2015, the product was licensed to Eddingpharm by Amarin for the development and commercialization in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Fast-track status has been granted in the U.S. for the treatment of HD. Orphan drug designation was assigned to the compound for this indication in both the U.S. and E.U.

fda

IND 107616 was submitted on 25 March 2010 for the indication of severe hypertriglyceridemia; Epanova had been previously investigated for the treatment of Crohn’s Disease under IND in the Division of Gastroenterology Products. An end-of-phase 2 (EOP2) meeting was held on 02 June 2010. Regarding the indication under consideration at this time, a special protocol assessment (SPA) for the single phase 3 trial OM-EPA-003 (also known as “EVOLVE”) was submitted 02 July 2010 and ultimately agreed upon, after amendments, on 22 October 2010. On 25 April 2012, the applicant proposed an alternative to conducting a thorough QTc study by assessing ECGs recorded during OM-EPA-003; this was found acceptable. A clinical pre-NDA meeting was held on 14 November 2012. The nonclinical development strategy was found reasonable. A clinical package containing OM-EPA-003 (pivotal) and OMEPA-004 (a 6-week phase 3 trial , with long-term safety supported by data from the former Crohn’s disease program (“EPIC” trials), was found adequate for submission. Agreement was reached regarding the clinical pharmacology portion of the submission. Details regarding data pooling for the Integrated Summary of Safety (ISS) were found acceptable

from the former Crohn’s disease program (“EPIC” trials), was found adequate for submission. Agreement was reached regarding the clinical pharmacology portion of the submission. Details regarding data pooling for the Integrated Summary of Safety (ISS) were found acceptable

CMC Drug Substance & Drug Product Chemistry, manufacturing, and controls data related to both the drug substance (omega-3- carboxylic acids) and drug product (Epanova Capsules 1 g) are detailed in the review by Martin Haber, PhD, and Xavier Ysern, PhD. They recommend the NDA for approval. There are no pending CMC issues. The drug substance at sites in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, Canada, from crude fish oil obtained from fish It is a complex mixture of PUFAs, predominantly the omega-3 acids EPA (55%), DHA (20%), and docosapentaenoic acid %). It consistently contains omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA components: total omega-3 fatty acids are limited to not less than % and total omega-6 fatty acids are limited to not more than %. The drug substance also contains 0.3% (m/m) α-tocopherol as . During purification, . Environmental pollutants (heavy metals, pesticides, are controlled by specific tests on the drug substance . Drug substance specifications include tests for acid value, saponification value, ester value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, total oxidation value, cholesterol, oligomers, , fatty acid composition (PUFAs, EPA, DHA, DPA, total omega-3 fatty acids, total omega-6 fatty acids, other polyunsaturated fatty acids, As described in the review by Drs. Haber and Ysern, the qualitative identify of the drug substance was developed by examining consistencies of peak patterns across 21 discrete lots: there are omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA peaks consistently present in the GC chromatograms (although not necessarily always above the limit of quantitation), which can be used to establish the fingerprint identity of omega-3-carboxylic acids . The quantitative fatty acid composition is given in the table below, excerpted from p. 25 of their review:

Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (E-EPA, icosapent ethyl) is a derivative of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) that is used in combination with changes in diet to lower triglyceride levels in adults with severe (≥ 500 mg/dL) hypertriglyceridemia. This was the second class of fish oil-based drug to be approved for use as a drug and was approved by the FDA in 2012. These fish oil drugs are similar to fish oil dietary supplements but the ingredients are better controlled and have been tested in clinical trials.

The company that developed this drug, Amarin Corporation, challenged the FDA’s ability to limit its ability to market the drug for off-label use and won its case on appeal in 2012, changing the way the FDA regulates pharmaceutical marketing.

Medical use

E-EPA is used in addition to changes in diet to reduce triglyceride levels in adults with severe (≥ 500 mg/dL) hypertriglyceridemia.^[1]

Intake of large doses (2.0 to 4.0 g/day) of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids as prescription drugs or dietary supplements are generally required to achieve significant (> 15%) lowering of triglycerides, and at those doses the effects can be significant (from 20% to 35% and even up to 45% in individuals with levels greater that 500 mg/dL). It appears that both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) lower triglycerides, however, DHA alone appears to raise low-density lipoprotein (the variant which drives atherosclerosis; sometimes very inaccurately called: “bad cholesterol”) and LDL-C values (always only a calculated estimate; not measured by labs from person’s blood sample for technical and cost reasons), whilst EPA alone, does not and instead lowers the parameters aforementioned.^[2]

Other fish-oil based drugs

There are other omega-3 fish oil based drugs on the market that have similar uses and mechanisms of action.^[3]

• Omega-3 acid ethyl esters (brand names Omarcor or Lovaza,^[4] Omtryg,^[5] and as of March 2016, four generic versions.^[6]
• Omega-3 carboxylic acids (Epanova)^[7]

Dietary supplements

There are many fish oil dietary supplements on the market.^[8] There appears to be little difference in effect between dietary supplements and prescription forms of omega-3 fatty acids, but EPA and DHA ethyl esters (prescription forms) work less well when taken on an empty stomach or with a low-fat meal.^[2] The ingredients of dietary supplements are not as carefully controlled as prescription products and have not been fixed and tested in clinical trials, as prescription drugs have,^[9] and the prescription forms are more concentrated, requiring fewer capsules to be taken and increasing the likelihood of compliance.^[8]

Side effects

Special caution should be taken with people who have with fish and shellfish allergies.^[1] In addition, as with other omega-3 fatty acids, taking E-EPA puts people who are on anticoagulants at risk for prolonged bleeding time.^[1][2] The most commonly reported side effect in clinical trials has been joint pain; some people also reported pain in their mouth or throat.^[1] E-EPA has not been tested in pregnant women is rated pregnancy category C; it is excreted in breast milk and the effects on infants are not known.^[1]

Pharmacology

After ingestion, E-EPA is metabolized to EPA. EPA is absorbed in the small intestine and enters circulation. Peak plasma concentration occurs about 5 hours after ingestion and the half-life is about 89 hours. EPA is metabolized mostly in the liver like other dietary fatty acids.^[1]

Mechanism of action

EPA, the active metabolite of E-EPA, like other omega-3 fatty acid based drugs, appears to reduce production of triglycerides in the liver, and to enhance clearance of triglycerides from circulating very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles; the way it does that is not clear, but potential mechanisms include increased breakdown of fatty acids; inhibition of diglyceride acyltransferase which is involved in biosynthesis of triglycerides in the liver; and increased activity of lipoprotein lipase in blood.^[1][3]

Physical and chemical properties[edit]

E-EPA is an ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid, which is an omega-3 fatty acid.^[1]

History

In July 2012, the US Food and Drug Administration approved E-EPA for severe hypertriglyceridemia as an adjunct to dietary measures; Amarin Corporation had developed the drug.^[10]

E-EPA was the second fish-oil drug to be approved, after omega-3 acid ethyl esters (GlaxoSmithKline‘s Lovaza which was approved in 2004^[11]) and sales were not as robust as Amarin had hoped. The labels for the two drugs were similar, but doctors prescribed Lovaza for people who had triglycerides lower than 500 mg/dL based on some clinical evidence. Amarin wanted to actively market E-EPA for that population as well which would have greatly expanded its revenue, and applied to the FDA for permission to do so in 2013, which the FDA denied.^[12] In response, in May 2015 Amarin sued the FDA for infringing its First Amendment rights,^[13] and in August 2015 a judge ruled that the FDA could not “prohibit the truthful promotion of a drug for unapproved uses because doing so would violate the protection of free speech.”^[14] The ruling left open the question of what the FDA would allow Amarin to say about E-EPA, and in March 2016 the FDA and Amarin agreed that Amarin would submit specific marketing material to the FDA for the FDA to review, and if the parties disagreed on whether the material was truthful, they would seek a judge to mediate.^[15]

PAPER

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FB%3ACONC.0000039128.78645.a8

Synthesis of Fatty-Acid Ethanolamides from Linum catharticum Oils and Cololabis saira Fats
Chemistry of Natural Compounds (Translation of Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii) (2004), 40, (3), 222-226

PAPER

Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 84, 173-176; 2012

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1381117712000896?via%3Dihub

STARTING MATERIAL CAS 10417-94-4

• (all-Z)-Δ^5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid
• (all-cis)-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid

PATENT

CN 104846023

https://patents.google.com/patent/CN104846023A/en

Example 1

[0041] A method for preparing a concentrated fish oil fatty acid glycerides, the process steps shown in Figure 1, comprising the steps of:

[0042] S11 using crude enzyme preparation of deep sea fish art: the ratio: (m m) of deep-sea fish through the machine crushed bone formation minced, weighed 600g yue meat, meat by:: water = 0 5.1 water was added seal, in the dark, under nitrogen flow, at 75 ° C cooking lh. Using NaOH to adjust pH to 8.0. Mass fraction of 2% trypsin (trypsin: food grade, Zhengzhou Hong Cheng Chemical Products Limited), in the dark, enzyme 17h at 20 ° C. After 20min by centrifugation 3000r / min, the upper layer was enzymolysis, namely crude fish oil;

[0043] S12 is prepared refined fish oil: Crude fish oil prepared in Step S11 is added a volume ratio of 0.5% phosphoric acid: degummed (crude phosphoric acid fish oil), a concentration of 70% phosphoric acid, followed by centrifugation speed of 3000 rpm / min, and then add a volume ratio of 1% deacidification NaOH, the NaOH concentration is 20%, after centrifugation, the rotational speed of 3000- rpm / min, to obtain refined fish oil;

. [0044] S13 of the refined fish oil fatty acid ethyl ester prepared by esterification process: step S12 is added to the fish oil refining prepared in mass ratio of 0.5% of sodium ethoxide, and a mass ratio of 0.5 in ethanol (ethanol: fish oil refining ), 40 ° C water bath for 1 hour, 1% (by mass) citric acid (citric acid: fish oil refining), standing layer, the upper layer and the liquid was washed with hot deionized water, standing layered repeated three times to give fatty acid ethyl ester.

. [0045] S14 of the fatty acid ethyl ester was extracted Separation: fatty acid ethyl ester obtained in step S13 is subjected to supercritical fluid extraction (extraction process of separation vessel as a rectification column I – separation kettle II), extraction conditions: a rectification column temperature 25-30-35-40 ° C, a pressure of 6 MPa rectification column, separation kettle I temperature 25 ° C, pressure in the separator tank I is 6 MPa, the temperature in the separation tank II 30-45 ° C, C0 2 flow rate of 151,711;

. [0046] S15 of the fatty acid ethyl ester after enzymatic extraction separation processing: The fatty acid ethyl ester obtained in step S14 using Penicillium expansum lipase enzyme, 4% of the amount of enzyme added,, reaction temperature 40 ° C , reaction pH of 10, speed 150 revolutions / min, hydrolysis time 4h, to obtain fatty acid glycerides.

[0047] Example 2

[0048] A process for preparing concentrated fish oil fatty acid glycerides, comprising the steps of:

. [0049] S21 using crude enzyme preparation of deep sea fish art: The procedure of Example 1 with reference to embodiment 11, wherein the cooking temperature is 85 ° C, hydrolysis temperature 25 ° C, centrifuge speed is 4000r / min;

. [0050] S22 refined fish oil preparation: The procedure of Example 1 with reference to embodiment 12; wherein, phosphate: the crude fish oil volume ratio is 1.5%, the phosphoric acid concentration of 75%; K0H: crude fish oil volume ratio of 3%, K0H the concentration of 30%, a centrifugal speed of 4000r / min;

. [0051] S23 of the refined fish oil fatty acid ethyl ester prepared by esterification process: The procedure of Example 1 with reference to embodiment 13; wherein, potassium ethoxide: refined fish oil mass ratio of 1 billion% ethanol: refined fish oil mass ratio of 2.0 , heat the water bath 60 ° C for 3 hours, and acetic acid is acetic acid: refined fish oil mass ratio of 3.0%;

. [0052] S24 was extracted to separate fatty acid ethyl ester: The procedure of Example 1 with reference to embodiment 14; wherein the extraction conditions: temperature rectification column 30-35-40-45 ° C, a pressure rectification column is 15 megabytes Pa, temperature of separation vessel I 35 ° C, pressure in the separator tank I is 8 MPa, the temperature in the separation tank II was 40 ° C, C0 2 flow rate of 171,711;

. [0053] S25 of the fatty acid ethyl ester after enzymatic extraction is carried out the separation treatment: The procedure of Example 1 with reference to embodiment 15; wherein 10% of the amount of enzyme added, reaction temperature 50 ° C, pH 8 hydrolysis, speed 300 rpm / min, hydrolysis time 12h, to obtain fatty acid glycerides.

[0054] Example 3

[0055] – Preparation Method Species of concentrated fish oil fatty acid glycerides, comprising the steps of:

. [0056] S31 using crude enzyme preparation of deep sea fish art: The procedure of Example 1 with reference to embodiment 11, wherein the cooking temperature is 90 ° C, hydrolysis temperature 35 ° C, centrifuge speed is 5000r / min;

. [0057] S32 prepared fine fish oil: The procedure of Example 1 with reference to embodiment 12; wherein, phosphate: the crude fish oil volume ratio of 3% phosphoric acid concentration of 85%; NaOH: crude fish oil volume ratio of 6% and the concentration of NaOH 50%, a centrifugal speed of 5000r / min;

. [0058] S33 of the refined fish oil fatty acid ethyl ester prepared by esterification process: The procedure of Example 1 with reference to embodiment 13; wherein, potassium ethoxide: refined fish oil mass ratio of 1.5%, ethanol: refined fish oil mass ratio of 4.0 heat treatment is 80 ° C water bath for 5 hours, citric acid and citric acid are added: refined fish oil mass ratio of 5.0%;

. [0059] S34 was extracted to separate fatty acid ethyl ester: The procedure of Example 1 with reference to embodiment 14; wherein the extraction conditions: temperature rectification column 30-35-40-45 ° C, pressure column 17 trillion Pa, I of separation vessel temperature 40 ° C, pressure in the separator tank I is 10 MPa, the temperature in the separation tank II is 45 ° C, C0 2 flow rate is? L / h;

. [0060] S35 of the fatty acid ethyl ester after enzymatic extraction separation processing: The procedure of Example 1 with reference to embodiment 15; wherein 20% of the amount of enzyme added, reaction temperature 60 ° C, a pH of 6.5 hydrolysis, speed 300 rpm / min, hydrolysis time 24h, to obtain fatty acid glycerides.

[0061] Comparative Example

[0062] S1 • obtaining crude fish: The procedure of Example 1 with reference to embodiment 11;

. [0063] S2 refined fish oil preparation: see Example 1, Step 12;

. [0064] S3 of refined fish oil fatty acid ethyl ester prepared by esterification process: Step 1, Example 13 process embodiment with reference, to obtain fatty acid ethyl ester.

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2014054435A1

WO 2014054435

　Therefore, there is a need for a highly unsaturated fatty acid-containing composition which not only contains the targeted highly unsaturated fatty acid at a high concentration as a raw material for pharmaceuticals and health foods but also contains a trans fatty acid content as low as possible . However, conventionally, purification of highly unsaturated fatty acids has not been conducted focusing on the stereoisomer ratio.

Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-95744
Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-242895
Patent Document 3: Japanese Patent No. 3005638

Non-patent literature

[0010]

Non-patent document 1: Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 1989, 66 (12): 1822-1830

Example 

[0035]

　Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail by way of examples, but the present invention is not limited to only these examples.

[0036]

　In the following examples, the method of composition analysis of highly unsaturated fatty acids and the method of quantitating stereoisomers are as follows.
9 μL of the measurement sample was diluted to 1.5 mL of n-hexane, and the content ratio of each fatty acid and the content ratio of isomers were analyzed using a gas chromatography analyzer (Type 6890 GC, manufactured by Agilent Technologies) under the following conditions did. The results are expressed as mass% converted from the area of the chromatogram.
<Column condition>
Column: DB-WAX 0.25 mm × 30 m manufactured by J & W Co., column temperature: 210 ° C.
He flow rate: 1.0 ml / min, He pressure: 134 kPa
<Detection condition>
H ₂ flow rate: 30 ml / min, Air flow rate : 400 ml / min
He flow rate: 10 ml / min, DET temperature: 260 ° C.
The isomer ratio in the target highly unsaturated fatty acid was obtained by the following formula.

[0037]

[Expression 1]

[0038]

(Example 1)
Raw material: 1000 mL of anhydrous ethanol solution in which 50 g of sodium hydroxide was dissolved was added to 1 kg of sardine oil, mixed and stirred at 70 to 80 ° C. for 1 hour, then 500 mL of water was added and mixed well, 1 It was left standing for a while. The separated aqueous phase was removed and the oil phase was washed several times with water to neutralize the washings to give 820 g of ethyl esterified sardine oil.
As shown in Table 1, the composition of the sardine oil was 44.09% (mass%, hereinafter the same) of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 1.52% of eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA), 1.52% of arachidonic acid (AA) 1.77%, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 6.92%. Also, the trans isomer ratio in EPA was 1.23%.
Step (1) 160 ml of n-hexane was added to 300 g of the ethyl esterified sardine oil prepared above, and the mixture was stirred well and dissolved. To this was added 500 mL of an aqueous solution containing 50% by weight of silver nitrate, and the mixture was stirred under conditions of 5 to 30 ° C. After standing, the separated n-hexane phase was removed, and the aqueous phase was recovered.
Step (2): 2000 mL of fresh n-hexane was added to the aqueous phase obtained in the step (1), and the mixture was sufficiently stirred at 50 to 69 ° C. to extract the fatty acid ethyl ester into n-hexane. After standing, the separated aqueous phase was removed and the n-hexane phase was concentrated. The crude fatty acid ethyl ester crude product contained in this n-hexane phase contained 74.54% EPA, 0.32% ETA, 0.17% AA and 14.87% DHA in total fatty acids as shown in Table 1 It was. Also, the trans isomer ratio in EPA was 0.19%.
Step (3): The n-hexane phase containing the fatty acid ethyl ester obtained in the step (2) was maintained under conditions of a top vacuum degree of 1 Pa or less and a distillation temperature of 170 to 190 ° C. using a packed tower precision distillation apparatus While performing vacuum distillation to obtain a highly purified EPA ethyl ester-containing composition in a yield of about 60%. As shown in Table 1, this EPA ethyl ester-containing composition contained 98.25% of EPA, 0.43% of ETA, 0.21% of AA, and 0.05% of DHA in total fatty acids. Also, the trans isomer ratio in EPA was 0.45%.
The yield of EPA in this example in which the steps were performed in the order of (1), (2), (3) was about 53%.

[0039]

Example 2 The
steps (1), (2) and (3) were carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the step (3) was carried out while maintaining the distillation temperature of 180 to 185 ° C., EPA ethyl ester-containing composition was obtained in a yield of about 58%. As shown in Table 1, this EPA ethyl ester-containing composition contained 98.29% of EPA, 0.40% of ETA, 0.32% of AA, and 0.05% of DHA in total fatty acids. Also, the trans isomer ratio in EPA was 0.28%, and the trans isomer was extremely small.
Comparative Example 1 An
EPA ethyl ester-containing composition was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the top vacuum degree was set to 13.3 Pa (0.1 Torr) in the step (3). As shown in Table 1, the composition contained EPA content ratio as high as 97.44% in the total fatty acid, but the trans isomer ratio in EPA was high (1.37%).

[0040]

Comparative Example 2 The
EPA ethyl ester-containing composition was obtained by performing vacuum distillation (step (3)) of ethyl esterified sardine oil and then steps (1) and (2). The conditions of each step were the same as in Example 1. As shown in Table 1, this composition contained 95.05% EPA, 0.72% ETA, 0.50% AA, 0.21% DHA in total fatty acids, the trans isomer ratio in EPA was 1.55% Met. The yield of EPA in this comparative example in which the steps were carried out in the order of (3), (1) and (2) was about 31%, and the EPA yield greatly decreased as compared with Example 1.
By changing the condition of the vacuum distillation in this Comparative Example (0.5 Pa, 185 to 195 ° C.), it was possible to raise the content of EPA in the total fatty acids in the composition to 98.12%, however, The rate further declined and the trans isomer ratio in EPA was 2.01%, further increased.

[0041]

[table 1]

[0042]

Examples 3 to 4 and Comparative Example 3 In the
step (3), the distillation temperature was 180 ° C. (Example 3), 190 ° C. (Example 4), 200 ° C. (Comparative Example 3), and the vacuum distillation time was A highly purified EPA ethyl ester-containing composition was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that various changes were made and the trans isomer ratio of EPA in the composition was determined. The results are shown in Fig. 1. 1, in Examples 3 to 4 having a distillation temperature of 190 ° C. or less, the trans isomer ratio was less than 1% by mass, but in Comparative Example 3 having a distillation temperature of 200 ° C., the trans isomer The ratio exceeds 1% by mass.

References

Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid

Names
IUPAC name Ethyl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoate
Other names Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester; Ethyl eicosapentaenoate; Eicosapent; Icosapent ethyl; EPA ethyl ester; E-EPA
Identifiers
CAS Number	86227-47-6
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:84883
ChemSpider	8007147
IUPHAR/BPS	7441
PubChem CID	9831415
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula	C22H34O2
Molar mass	330.51 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

////////////Icosapent ethyl, fda 2012, Timnodonic acid ethyl ester, Vascepa, AMR 101, AMR-101, E-EPA, Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid , Fast-track status, Orphan drug designation 

CCOC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CC

FDA approves first treatment for advanced form of the second most common skin cancer

New drug targets PD-1 pathway

BMS-986142

(2S,5R,3S)-6-fluoro-5-(3-(8-fluoro-1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydroquinazolin-3(2H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-8-carboxamide

6-Fluoro-5-(R)-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2- methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8- carboxamide

Molecular Formula, C32-H30-F2-N4-O4, Molecular Weight, 572.609, RN: 1643368-58-4
UNII: PJX9GH268R

• Originator Bristol-Myers Squibb
• Class Anti-inflammatories; Antirheumatics; Small molecules
• Mechanism of Action Agammaglobulinaemia tyrosine kinase inhibitors
• Phase II Rheumatoid arthritis; Sjogren’s syndrome

• 24 Jun 2018 Biomarkers information updated
• 07 Jun 2018 Bristol-Myers Squibb completes a phase II trial in Rheumatoid arthritis (Treatment-experienced) in Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, USA (PO) (NCT02638948) (EudraCT2015-002887-17)
• 01 Oct 2016 Phase-II clinical trials in Sjogren’s syndrome in Puerto Rico (PO) (NCT02843659) after October 2016
•  phase II clinical development at Bristol-Myers Squibb for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis and for the treatment of moderate to severe primary Sjogren’s syndrome.

BMS-986142 is a potent, selective, reversible BTK inhibitor. BMS-986142 shows BTK IC50 = 0.5nM; human WB IC50 = 90 nM. In molecule of BMS-986142, two atropisomeric centers were rotationally locked to provide a single, stable atropisomer, resulting in enhanced potency and selectivity as well as a reduction in safety liabilities. With significantly enhanced potency and selectivity, excellent in vivo properties and efficacy, and a very desirable tolerability and safety profile, BMS-986142 was advanced into clinical studies substituted tetrahydrocarbazole and 10 carbazole carboxamide compounds useful as kinase inhibitors, including the modulation of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk) and other Tec family kinases such as Itk. Provided herein are substituted tetrahydrocarbazole and carbazole carboxamide compounds, compositions comprising such compounds, and methods of their use. The invention further pertains to pharmaceutical compositions containing at least one compound 15 according to the invention that are useful for the treatment of conditions related to kinase modulation and methods of inhibiting the activity of kinases, including Btk and other Tec family kinases such as Itk, in a mammal. Protein kinases, the largest family of human enzymes, encompass well over 500 proteins. Btk is a member of the Tec family of tyrosine kinases, and is a regulator of 20 early B-cell development, as well as mature B-cell activation, signaling, and survival. B-cell signaling through the B-cell receptor (BCR) leads to a wide range of biological outputs, which in turn depend on the developmental stage of the B-cell. The magnitude and duration of BCR signals must be precisely regulated. Aberrant BCR- mediated signaling can cause disregulated B-cell activation and/or the formation of 25 pathogenic auto-antibodies leading to multiple autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases. Mutation of Btk in humans results in X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA). This disease is associated with the impaired maturation of B-cells, diminished immunoglobulin production, compromised T-cell-independent immune responses and marked attenuation of the sustained calcium signal upon BCR stimulation. 30 Evidence for the role of Btk in allergic disorders and/or autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease has been established in Btk-deficient mouse models. For example, in standard murine preclinical models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Btk deficiency has been shown to result in a marked amelioration of disease progression. Moreover, Btk deficient mice are also resistant to developing collagen-induced arthritis and are less susceptible to Staphylococcus-induced arthritis.

A large body of evidence supports the role of B-cells and the humoral immune system in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases. Protein-based therapeutics (such as RITUXAN®) developed to deplete B-cells, represent an important approach to the treatment of a number of autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases. Because of Btk’s role in B-cell activation, inhibitors of Btk can be useful as inhibitors of B-cell mediated pathogenic activity (such as autoantibody production).

Btk is also expressed in mast cells and monocytes and has been shown to be important for the function of these cells. For example, Btk deficiency in mice is associated with impaired IgE-mediated mast cell activation (marked diminution of TNF-alpha and other inflammatory cytokine release), and Btk deficiency in humans is associated with greatly reduced TNF-alpha production by activated monocytes.

Thus, inhibition of Btk activity can be useful for the treatment of allergic disorders and/or autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases including, but not limited to: SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple vasculitides, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), myasthenia gravis, allergic rhinitis, multiple sclerosis (MS), transplant rejection, type I diabetes, membranous nephritis, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thyroiditis, cold and warm agglutinin diseases, Evans syndrome, hemolytic uremic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (HUS/TTP), sarcoidosis, Sj5gren’s syndrome, peripheral neuropathies (e.g., Guillain-Barre syndrome), pemphigus vulgaris, and asthma. In addition, Btk has been reported to play a role in controlling B-cell survival in certain B-cell cancers. For example, Btk has been shown to be important for the survival of BCR-Abl-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Thus inhibition of Btk activity can be useful for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma and leukemia. In view of the numerous conditions that are contemplated to benefit by treatment involving modulation of protein kinases, it is immediately apparent that new compounds capable of modulating protein kinases such as Btk and methods of using these compounds should provide substantial therapeutic benefits to a wide variety of patients.

U.S. Patent No. 8,084,620 and WO 2011/159857 disclose tricyclic carboxamide compounds useful as kinase inhibitors, including the modulation of Btk and other Tec family kinases. There still remains a need for compounds useful as Btk inhibitors and yet having selectivity over Jak2 tyrosine kinase. Further, there still remains a need for compounds useful as Btk inhibitors that have selectivity over Jak2 tyrosine kinase and also have improved potency in the whole blood BCR-stimulated CD69 expression assay. Applicants have found potent compounds that have activity as Btk inhibitors. Further, applicants have found compounds that have activity as Btk inhibitors and are selective over Jak2 tyrosine kinase. Further still, applicants have found compounds that have activity as Btk inhibitors, are selective over Jak2 tyrosine kinase, and have improved potency in the whole blood BCR-stimulated CD69 expression assay. These compounds are provided to be useful as pharmaceuticals with desirable stability, bioavailability, therapeutic index, and toxicity values that are important to their drugability.

SYN

CLIP

Adventures in Atropisomerism: A Case Study from BMS – Not a Real Doctor

CLIP

https://cen.acs.org/pharmaceuticals/drug-development/Giving-atropisomers-another-chance/96/i33

Although the final molecule is stable as a solid, the team says that in solution, the risk of racemization is higher. Citing ongoing work in that area of development, Razler declined to elaborate on how the molecule behaves in its formulation but notes the team hopes to publish that information next year. The atropisomerism is still an issue, he says, but a fascinating one.

Paper

Organic Letters, 20(13), 3736-3740; 2018

Adventures in Atropisomerism: Total Synthesis of a Complex Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient with Two Chirality Axes

Gregory Beutner , Ronald Carrasquillo, Peng Geng, Yi Hsiao, Eric C. Huang, Jacob Janey, Kishta Katipally, Sergei Kolotuchin, Thomas La Porte, Andrew Lee, Paul Lobben, Federico Lora-Gonzalez, Brendan Mack, Boguslaw Mudryk, Yuping Qiu, Xinhua Qian, Antonio Ramirez, Thomas M. Razler* , Thorsten Rosner, Zhongping Shi, Eric Simmons , Jason Stevens, Jianji Wang, Carolyn Wei, Steven R. Wisniewski , and Ye Zhu

Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States

Org. Lett., 2018, 20 (13), pp 3736–3740

DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01218

*E-mail: thomas.razler@bms.com

A strategy to prepare compounds with multiple chirality axes, which has led to a concise total synthesis of compound 1A with complete stereocontrol, is reported.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01218/suppl_file/ol8b01218_si_001.pdf

(2S,5R)-6-fluoro-5-(3-(8-fluoro-1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,4- dihydroquinazolin-3(2H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9- tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-8-carboxamide (1A).

1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 10.78 (s, 1H), 8.07 (br. s., 1H), 7.95 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (dd, J=14.2, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (br. s., 1H), 7.42 – 7.36 (m, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.34 – 7.31 (m, 1H), 7.29 (dd, J=7.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (s, 1H), 3.73 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 3H), 2.91 (dd, J=16.8, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.48 – 2.37 (m, 1H), 1.98 – 1.89 (m, 2H), 1.87 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 1.76 (s, 3H), 1.59 (td, J=11.5, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 1.20 – 1.12 (m, 1H), 1.11 (s, 6H). 13C NMR (125.8 MHz, DMSO-d6) 168.2 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1C), 160.1 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1C), 151.9 (d, J=228.9 Hz, 1C), 150.5 (d, J=41.8 Hz, 1C), 148.7 (d, J=205.3 Hz, 1C), 139.2, 135.1, 135.0, 134.8, 131.4, 130.6, 130.0 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1C), 128.5, 127.1 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1C), 125.7, 124.3 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1C), 123.6 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1C), 123.0 (d, J=23.6 Hz, 1C), 120.8 (d, J=20.0 Hz, 1C), 118.4, 115.3 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1C), 108.8 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1C), 106.7 (d, J=28.2 Hz, 1C), 70.4, 45.4, 34.3 (d, J=14.5 Hz, 1C), 27.1, 26.8, 24.8, 24.7, 22.1, 14.5. mp 222-225 °C. IR (neat) 3487, 3418, 3375, 2967, 1651, 1394, 756 cm-1; HRMS (ESI) m/z: calcd for C32H30F2N4O4 [M+H]+ 573.2308, found 573.2312.

Chiral HPLC Analysis: Gradient: Complex Start % B: 0 7 Min. 55% 11 Min. 55% 14 Min. 100% Stop Time: 17 min Flow Rate: 1.5 ml/min Wavelength1: 225 Wavelength2: 256 Solvent Pair: S194/S195 (TFA) Solvent A: A1=0.05%TFA Water:ACN (95:5) S194 Solvent B: B1=0.05%TFA Water:ACN (5:95) S195 Column 1 : 1: Chiralcel OX-3R 3um 4.6 x 150 mm SN = OX3RCD-TE001 Oven Temperature: 50

Clip

Adventures in Atropisomerism: Development of a Robust, Diastereoselective, Lithium-Catalyzed Atropisomer-Forming Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Step

Steven R. Wisniewski* , Ronald Carrasquillo-Flores, Federico Lora Gonzalez, Antonio Ramirez, Matthew Casey, Maxime Soumeillant, Thomas M. Razler , and Brendan Mack

Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey08903, United States

Org. Process Res. Dev., Article ASAP

DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00246

*E-mail: steven.wisniewski@bms.com.

The final step in the route to BMS-986142, a reversible inhibitor of the BTK enzyme, involves the diastereoselective construction of a chiral axis during the base-mediated cyclization of the quinazolinedione fragment. Optimization of the reaction to minimize formation of the undesired atropisomer led to the discovery that the amount of base and nature of the counterion play a vital role in the diastereoselectivity of the reaction. The highest diastereoselectivities were observed with a catalytic amount of LiOt-Bu. Development of a crystallization to selectively purge the undesired atropisomer is reported. Interestingly, ripening of the crystalline API was observed and further investigated, leading to a significant increase in the purity of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.

(2S,5R)-6-fluoro-5-(3-(8-fluoro-1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,4- dihydroquinazolin-3(2H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9- tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-8-carboxamide 1A

white crystalline solid (80.52g, 6 wt % MeOH, 89.4% corrected yield).

1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 10.78 (s, 1H), 8.07 (br. s., 1H), 7.95 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (dd, J=14.2, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (br. s., 1H), 7.42 – 7.36 (m, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.34 – 7.31 (m, 1H), 7.29 (dd, J=7.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (s, 1H), 3.73 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 3H), 2.91 (dd, J=16.8, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.48 – 2.37 (m, 1H), 1.98 – 1.89 (m, 2H), 1.87 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 1.76 (s, 3H), 1.59 (td, J=11.5, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 1.20 – 1.12 (m, 1H), 1.11 (s, 6H).

13C NMR (125.8 MHz, DMSO-d6) 168.2 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1C), 160.1 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1C), 151.9 (d, J=228.9 Hz, 1C), 150.5 (d, J=41.8 Hz, 1C), 148.7 (d, J=205.3 Hz, 1C), 139.2, 135.1, 135.0, 134.8, 131.4, 130.6, 130.0 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1C), 128.5, 127.1 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1C), 125.7, 124.3 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1C), 123.6 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1C), 123.0 (d, J=23.6 Hz, 1C), 120.8 (d, J=20.0 Hz, 1C), 118.4, 115.3 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1C), 108.8 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1C), 106.7 (d, J=28.2 Hz, 1C), 70.4, 45.4, 34.3 (d, J=14.5 Hz, 1C), 27.1, 26.8, 24.8, 24.7, 22.1, 14.5.

mp 222-225 °C.

IR (neat) 3487, 3418, 3375, 2967, 1651, 1394, 756 cm-1;

HRMS (ESI) m/z: calcd for C32H30F2N4O4 [M+H]+ 573.2308, found 573.2312.

Chiral HPLC Analysis: Gradient: Complex Start % B: 0 7 Min. 55% 11 Min. 55% 14 Min. 100% Stop Time: 17 min Flow Rate: 1.5 ml/min Wavelength1: 225 Wavelength2: 256 Solvent Pair: S194/S195 (TFA) Solvent A: A1=0.05%TFA Water:ACN (95:5) S194 Solvent B: B1=0.05%TFA Water:ACN (5:95) S195 Column 1 : 1: Chiralcel OX-3R 3um 4.6 x 150 mm SN = OX3RCD-TE001 Oven Temperature: 50…..https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00246/suppl_file/op8b00246_si_001.pdf

PAPER

Discovery of 6-Fluoro-5-(R)-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-8-carboxamide (BMS-986142): A Reversible Inhibitor of Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Conformationally Constrained by Two Locked Atropisomers

Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, is a member of the Tec family of kinases. BTK plays an essential role in B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated signaling as well as Fcγ receptor signaling in monocytes and Fcε receptor signaling in mast cells and basophils, all of which have been implicated in the pathophysiology of autoimmune disease. As a result, inhibition of BTK is anticipated to provide an effective strategy for the clinical treatment of autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. This article details the structure–activity relationships (SAR) leading to a novel series of highly potent and selective carbazole and tetrahydrocarbazole based, reversible inhibitors of BTK. Of particular interest is that two atropisomeric centers were rotationally locked to provide a single, stable atropisomer, resulting in enhanced potency and selectivity as well as a reduction in safety liabilities. With significantly enhanced potency and selectivity, excellent in vivo properties and efficacy, and a very desirable tolerability and safety profile, 14f (BMS-986142) was advanced into clinical studies.

HPLC purity: 99.9%; t_r = 11.05 min (Method A); 99.9%; t_r = 10.72 min (Method B). Chiral purity: 99.8% ie;

Optical rotation: [α]_D²⁰ (c = 2.10, CHCl₃) = +63.8°;

LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C₃₂H₃₀F₂N₄O₄ [M + H]⁺ 573.2. Found: 573.5. Anal. calcd for C₃₂H₃₀F₂N₄O₄, 0.72% H₂O: C 65.56, H 5.42, N 9.55. Found: C 65.69, H 5.40, N 9.52.

 ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.78 (s, 1H), 8.07 (br. s., 1H), 7.95 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (dd, J = 14.2, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (br. s., 1H), 7.42–7.36 (m, 1H), 7.34 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.34–7.31 (m, 1H), 7.29 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (s, 1H), 3.73 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 3H), 2.91 (dd, J = 16.8, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.48–2.37 (m, 1H), 1.98–1.89 (m, 2H), 1.87 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 1.76 (s, 3H), 1.59 (td, J = 11.5, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 1.20–1.12 (m, 1H), and 1.11 (s, 6H). ¹

³C NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 168.2 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1C), 160.1 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1C), 151.9 (d, J = 228.9 Hz, 1C), 150.5 (d, J = 41.8 Hz, 1C), 148.7 (d, J= 205.3 Hz, 1C), 139.2, 135.1, 135.0, 134.8, 131.4, 130.6, 130.0 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1C), 128.5, 127.1 (d, J = 4.5 Hz, 1C), 125.7, 124.3 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1C), 123.6 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1C), 123.0 (d, J = 23.6 Hz, 1C), 120.8 (d, J = 20.0 Hz, 1C), 118.4, 115.3 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1C), 108.8 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1C), 106.7 (d, J = 28.2 Hz, 1C), 70.4, 45.4, 34.3 (d, J = 14.5 Hz, 1C), 27.1, 26.8, 24.8, 24.7, 22.1, and 14.5. 

¹⁹F-NMR (470 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ −121.49 (dt, J = 22.9, 11.4 Hz, 1F), and −129.56 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 1F).

PATENT

WO 2014210085

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf;jsessionid=850E1F706BE58D54C2B9AEE37AE6831C.wapp2nC?docId=WO2014210085&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&queryString=EN_ALL%3Anmr+AND+PA%3A%28Bristol-Myers+Squibb%29+&recNum=19&maxRec=4726

Atropisomers are stereoisomers resulting from hindered rotation about a single bond axis where the rotational barrier is high enough to allow for the isolation of the individual rotational isomers. (LaPlante et al., J. Med. Chem., 54:7005-7022 (2011).)

Th compounds of Formula (A):

have two stereogenic axes: bond (a) between the tricyclic tetrahydrocarbazole/carbazole group and the phenyl group; and bond (b) between the asymmetric heterocyclic dione group Q and the phenyl group. Due to the non-symmetric nature of the substitutions on the rings connected by the single bonds labeled a and b, and due to limited rotation about these bonds caused by steric hindrance, the compounds of Formula (A) can form rotational isomers. If the rotational energy barriers are sufficiently high, hindered rotations about bond (a) and/or bond (b) occur at rates that are slow enough to allow isolation of the separated atropisomers as different compounds. Thus, the compounds of Formula (A) can form four rotational isomers, which under certain conditions, such as chromatography on a chiral stationary phase, can be separated into individual atropisomers. In solution, the compounds of Formula (A) can be provided as a mixture of four diastereomers, or mixtures of two pairs of diastereomers, or single atropisomers.

For the compounds of Formula (A), the pair of rotational isomers formed by hindered rotation about stereogenic axis (a) can be represented by the compounds of Formula (I) and Formula (B) having the structures:

The compounds of Formula (I) and the compounds of Formula (B) were found to be separable and stable in solution at ambient and physiological temperatures. Additionally, rotational isomers are formed by hindered rotation about stereogenic axis (b). These two atropisomers of the compounds of Formula (I) were also found to be separable and stable in solution at ambient and physiological temperatures.

Chiral compounds, such as the compounds of Formula (A), can be separated by various techniques including Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). SFC, which is form of normal phase HPLC, is a separation technique that uses super/subcritical fluid CO₂ and polar organic modifiers such as alcohols as mobile phases. (White et al, J. Chromatography A, 1074: 175-185 (2005).

Example 28

6-Fluoro-5-(R)-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2- methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8- carboxamide (single atropisomer)

(28)

Following the procedure used to prepare Example 27, (S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro- lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (single enantiomer) [Intermediate 26] (0.045 g, 0.122 mmol) and 8-fluoro-l-methyl-3-(S)-(2-methyl-3-(4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)quinazoline-2,4(lH,3H)-dione

[Intermediate 10] (0.065 g, 0.158 mmol) were converted into 6-fluoro-5-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-1 -methyl-2,4-dioxo- 1 ,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2-

hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro- lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (mixture of two atropisomers) as a yellow solid (0.035 g, 49% yield). Separation of a sample of this material by chiral super-critical fluid chromatography, using the conditions used to separate Example 27, provided (as the first peak to elute from the column) 6-fluoro-5-(R)-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide. The chiral purity was determined to be greater than 99.5%. The relative and absolute configurations were determined by x-ray crystallography. Mass spectrum m/z 573 (M+H)⁺. ^XH NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.77 (s, 1H), 8.05 (br. s., 1H), 7.94 (dd, J=7.9, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.43 (br. s., 1H), 7.40-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.35-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.28 (dd, J=7.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (s, 1H), 3.75-3.70 (m, 3H), 2.90 (dd, J=16.8, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.47-2.39 (m, 1H), 1.93-1.82 (m, 3H), 1.74 (s, 3H), 1.57 (td, J=1 1.7, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.16-1.11 (m, 1H), and 1.10 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 6H). [a]_D: +63.8° (c 2.1, CHC1₃). DSC melting point onset temperature = 202.9 °C (heating rate = 10 °C/min.).

The absolute configuration of Example 28 was confirmed by single crystal x-ray analysis of crystals prepared by dissolving the compound in excess methanol and slowly evaporating the solvent at room temperature to provide a di-methanol solvate (crystalline form M2-1). Unit cell dimensions: a = 9.24 A, b = 7.97 A, c = 22.12 A, a = 90.0°, β = 94.1°, γ = 90.0°; Space group: P2i; Molecules of Example 28/asymmetric unit: 1 ;

Volume/Number of molecules in the unit cell = 813 A³; Density (calculated) = 1.301 g/cm³. Fractional atomic coordinates at 173 K are given in Table 6, and a depiction of the structure is given in Figure 5.

Alternative Synthesis of Example 28:

A mixture of (S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide [Intermediate 1 1] (5.00 g, 13.54 mmol), 8-fluoro-l-methyl-3-(S)-(2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)quinazoline-2,4(lH,3H)-dione [Intermediate 10] (6.67 g, 16.25 mmol), tripotassium phosphate (2 M in water) (20.31 mL, 40.6 mmol), and tetrahydrofuran (25 mL) was subjected to 3 evacuate-fill cycles with nitrogen. The mixture was treated with l, l’-bis(di-/er/-butylphosphino)ferrocene palladium dichloride (0.441 g, 0.677 mmol) and the mixture was subjected to 2 more evacuate- fill cycles with nitrogen. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, then was diluted with EtOAc, washed sequentially with water and brine, and dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with EtOAc-hexanes (sequentially 50%, 62%, 75% and 85%), to provide 6-fluoro-5-(3-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3-(S)-3(4H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide as a white solid (6.58 g, 85% yield).

Material prepared by this method (40.03 g, 69.9 mmol) was separated by chiral super-critical fluid chromatography to give (2S, 5R)-6-fluoro-5-(3-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide. Further purification was achieved by suspending this material in methanol, sonicating for 5 min, collection of the solid by filtration, rinsing the collected solid with methanol and drying at room temperature under reduced pressure to give a white solid (22.0 g, 90% yield).

2R ANALOGUE

Example 27

6-Fluoro-5-(R)-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2- methylphenyl)-2-(R)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3 ,4,9-tetrahydro- 1 H-carbazole-8- carboxamide (single atropisomer)

Preparation 27A: 6-Fluoro-5-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(R)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (mixture of 2 atropisomers)

A mixture of (R)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (single enantiomer) [Intermediate 25] (5.00 g, 13.5 mmol), 8-fluoro-l-methyl-3-(S)-(2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl) quinazoline-2,4(lH,3H)-dione [Intermediate 10] (6.94 g, 16.9 mmol), 2 M aqueous K₃PO₄ (20.3 mL, 40.6 mmol) and THF (60 mL) was subjected to three evacuate-fill cycles with nitrogen. The mixture was treated with 1 , l’-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino) ferrocene palladium(II) chloride (441 mg, 677 μιηοΐ) and subjected to two more evacuate-fill cycles with nitrogen. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed sequentially with water and brine, and dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with EtOAc-hexanes (sequentially 50%, 62%, 75% and 85%), to give 6-fluoro-5-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(R)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (mixture of two atropisomers) as an off-white solid (6.77 g, 87% yield). Mass spectrum m/z 573 (M+H)⁺. ¾ NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.79-10.74 (m, 1H), 8.05 (br. s., 1H), 7.98-7.93 (m, 1H), 7.76-7.69 (m, 1H), 7.57-7.51 (m, 1H), 7.43 (br. s., 1H), 7.40-7.26 (m, 4H), 4.19-4.13 (m, 1H), 3.74-3.68 (m, 3H), 2.94-2.84 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.35 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.80 (m, 3H), 1.76-1.68 (m, 3H), 1.62-1.52 (m, 1H), and 1.12-1.06 (m, 6H).

Example 27:

A sample of 6-fluoro-5-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(R)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2, 3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (mixture of two atropisomers) was separated by chiral super-critical fluid chromatography as follows: column: CHIRALPAK® AS-H (3 x 25 cm, 5 μιη); Mobile Phase: C0₂-MeOH (70:30) at 120 mL/min, 35 °C, 100 bar; sample preparation: 9 mg/mL in MeOH; injection: 1.7 mL. The first peak eluting from the column provided 6-fluoro-5-(R)-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(R)-(2 -hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2, 3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide. The chiral purity was determined to be greater than 99.5%. Mass spectrum m/z 573 (M+H)⁺. ^XH NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.76 (s, 1H), 8.05 (br. s., 1H), 7.96 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (ddd, J=14.3, 8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (br. s., 1H), 7.40-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.35-7.28 (m, 3H), 4.18 (s, 1H), 3.72

PATENT

WO 2018118830

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/de/detail.jsf?docId=WO2018118830&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&office=&prevFilter=%26fq%3DICF_M%3A%22C07D%22%26fq%3DPAF_M%3A%22BRISTOL-MYERS+SQUIBB+COMPANY%22&sortOption=Ver%C3%B6ffentlichungsdatum+ab&queryString=&recNum=1&maxRec=1018

The present invention generally relates to processes for preparing a

tetrahydrocarbazole carboxamide compound.

Protein kinases, the largest family of human enzymes, encompass well over 500 proteins. Btk is a member of the Tec family of tyrosine kinases, and is a regulator of early B-cell development, as well as mature B-cell activation, signaling, and survival.

B-cell signaling through the B-cell receptor (BCR) leads to a wide range of biological outputs, which in turn depend on the developmental stage of the B-cell. The magnitude and duration of BCR signals must be precisely regulated. Aberrant BCR-mediated signaling can cause disregulated B-cell activation and/or the formation of pathogenic auto-antibodies leading to multiple autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases. Mutation of Btk in humans results in X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA). This disease is associated with the impaired maturation of B-cells, diminished immunoglobulin production, compromised T-cell-independent immune responses and marked attenuation of the sustained calcium signal upon BCR stimulation.

Evidence for the role of Btk in allergic disorders and/or autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease has been established in Btk-deficient mouse models. For example, in standard murine preclinical models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Btk deficiency has been shown to result in a marked amelioration of disease progression. Moreover, Btk deficient mice are also resistant to developing collagen-induced arthritis and are less susceptible to Staphylococcus-induced arthritis.

A large body of evidence supports the role of B-cells and the humoral immune system in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases. Protein-based therapeutics (such as Rituxan) developed to deplete B-cells, represent an important approach to the treatment of a number of autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases. Because of Btk’s role in B-cell activation, inhibitors of Btk can be useful as inhibitors of B-cell mediated pathogenic activity (such as autoantibody production).

Btk is also expressed in mast cells and monocytes and has been shown to be important for the function of these cells. For example, Btk deficiency in mice is

associated with impaired IgE-mediated mast cell activation (marked diminution of TNF-alpha and other inflammatory cytokine release), and Btk deficiency in humans is associated with greatly reduced TNF-alpha production by activated monocytes.

Thus, inhibition of Btk activity can be useful for the treatment of allergic disorders and/or autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases including, but not limited to: SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple vasculitides, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), myasthenia gravis, allergic rhinitis, multiple sclerosis (MS), transplant rejection, type I diabetes, membranous nephritis, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thyroiditis, cold and warm agglutinin diseases, Evan’s syndrome, hemolytic uremic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (HUS/TTP), sarcoidosis, Sjogren’s syndrome, peripheral neuropathies (e.g., Guillain-Barre syndrome), pemphigus vulgaris, and asthma.

In addition, Btk has been reported to play a role in controlling B-cell survival in certain B-cell cancers. For example, Btk has been shown to be important for the survival of BCR-Abl-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Thus inhibition of Btk activity can be useful for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma and leukemia.

Atropisomers are stereoisomers resulting from hindered rotation about a single bond axis where the rotational barrier is high enough to allow for the isolation of the individual rotational isomers. (LaPlante et al., J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 7005-7022).

US Patent 9,334,290 discloses substituted tetrahydrocarbazole and carbazole compounds useful as Btk inhibitors, including 6-fluoro-5-(R)-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide as Example 28. 6-fluoro-5-(R)-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide, referred to herein as Compound 8, has two stereogenic axes:

(i) bond “a” between the tricyclic tetrahydrocarbazole/carbazole group and the phenyl group; and (ii) bond “b” between the substituted tetrahydroquinazolinedione group and the phenyl group. Compound 8 has non-symmetric substitutions on the rings connected by the single bonds labeled “a” and “b”, and limited rotation about these bonds caused by steric hindrance. As the rotational energy barriers are sufficiently high, hindered rotations about bond (a) and bond (b) occur at rates that are slow enough to allow isolation of Compound 8 and the other atropisomers of Compound 8 as four individual diastereomeric atropisomer compounds. These four rotational isomers can be separated by

chromatography on a stationary phase to provide chiral mixtures of two atropisomers or individual atropisomers.

US Patent 9,334,290 discloses a multistep synthesis process for preparing the Compound 8. This process is shown schematically in Figures 2-4. The disclosed process includes three chiral separations from racemic mixtures including (i) a chiral separation of a racemic mixture of chiral enantiomers (FIG.2); (ii) chiral separation of a mixture of atropisomers along bond “b” between the substituted tetrahydroquinazolinedione group and the phenyl group (FIG.3); and chiral separation of a mixture of atropisomers along bond “a” between the tricyclic tetrahydrocarbazole/carbazole group and the phenyl group (FIG.4). In each one of these chiral separations, the maximum yield of the desired enantiomer or atropisomer from the racemic mixture is 50%.

There are difficulties associated with the adaptation of this multistep synthesis disclosed in US Patent 9,334,290 to a larger scale synthesis, such as production in a pilot plant or a manufacturing plant for commercial production. Additionally, it is desired to have a process that provides higher yields and/or reduces waste.

Applicants have discovered a synthesis process for the preparation of Compound 8 that provides higher yields, reduces waste, and/or is adaptable to large scale manufacturing.

he invention is illustrated by reference to the accompanying drawing described below.

FIG.1 shows the stereoselective synthesis scheme for the preparation of 6-fluoro-5-(R)-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide, Compound 8, according to the processes of second aspect, the third aspect, and the first aspect of the invention.

FIG.2 shows the synthesis scheme disclosed in US 9,334,290 for the preparation of (S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8- carboxamide, Compound 5 (Intermediate 26 in US 9,334,290).

FIG.3 shows the synthesis scheme disclosed in US 9,334,290 for the preparation of 8-fluoro-l-methyl-3-(S)-(2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl) phenyl)quinazoline-2,4(lH,3H)-dione, Intermediate 10 in US 9,334,290.

FIG.4 shows the synthesis scheme disclosed in US 9,334,290 for the preparation of Compound 8 from the coupling reaction of 8-fluoro-l -methyl-3-(S)-(2-methyl-3- (4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl) phenyl)quinazoline-2,4(lH,3H)-dione, Intermediate 10, and (S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro- lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide, Compound 5, to provide a racemic mixture of Example 27 in US 9,334,290; and the chiral separation of Example 27 to provide Compound 8.

wherein R is Ci-8 alkyl or benzyl;

in the presence of:

(i) one or more bases selected from lithium bases, sodium bases, potassium bases, cesium bases, l,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene, and 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine; and

(ii) a solvent selected from n-butyl acetate (nBuOAc), cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME), dimethoxy ethane (DME), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), dimethylformamide (DMF), 1,4-dioxane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), isobutyl acetate (iBuOAc), isopropyl acetate (IP Ac), isopropyl alcohol (IP A), methanol (MeOH), methyl acetate (MeOAc), methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MeTHF), tetrahydrofuran (THF), tetrahydropyran (THP), and mixtures thereof;

to provide said Compound 8.

Intermediate Al

2-amino-4 robenzoic acid

(Al)

5% Pt/C (50% water-wet) (60 g, 6 wt%) was charged to a nitrogen blanketed vessel containing isopropyl acetate (22 L) and 4-bromo-5-fluoro-2-nitrobenzoic acid (1.00 kg, 3.79 mol). The headspace was exchanged three times with nitrogen and followed three times with hydrogen. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 °C under an atmosphere of hydrogen. After 40 hours, the reaction was complete and the headspace was exchanged three times with nitrogen. The reaction mixture was filtered. The reaction vessel and filter train were rinsed with isopropyl acetate (5 L). The combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure to 5.0 L. The solvent was then exchanged to toluene under reduced pressure and the resulting solids were isolated by filtration, washed with toluene, and dried at 50 °C under reduced pressure to afford 0.59 kg (66% yield) of 2-amino-4-bromo-5-fluorobenzoic acid as a white to off-white crystalline solid.

Additional 2-amino-4-bromo-5-fluorobenzoic acid was obtained by washing the spent catalyst twelve times with 2.75: 1 w/w THF in water (9.0 L). Each portion of wash was allowed to soak the spent catalyst for 30 minutes. The filtrate was concentrated to 10 L. The resulting solids were isolated by filtration, washed with water (1.0 L), and dried at 40 °C under reduced pressure to afford 0.15 kg (17% yield) of 2-amino-4-bromo-5-fluorobenzoic acid as an off-white crystalline solid. ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 8.74 (br s, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-de) 5 168.2, 149.5, 148.8, 147.2, 119.9, 117.0, 116.8, 114.8, 114.6, 109.1.

HPLC Conditions: Column: Waters X-bridge C-18 (150X4.6mm, 3.5μ); Column

Temeprature: 30 °C; Solvent A: 0.05% TFA in water: acetonitrile (95:05 v/v); Solvent B: 0.05%TFA in water: acetonitrile:methanol (05:75:20 v/v); Diluent: 0.25 mg/ml in acetonitrile; Gradient: %B: 0 min. 5%; 20 min. 95%; 25 min. 95%; 26 min. 5%; stop time 30 min; Flow Rate: 0.8 ml/min; Wavelength: 230 nm; The retention time of 2-amino-4-bromo-5-fiuorobenzoic acid was 13.2 min. The retention time of 4-bromo-5-fluoro-2-nitrobenzoic acid was 12.9 min.

Intermediate A2

4-bromo-5-fluoro- -hydrazinylbenzoic acid hydrochloride

A solution of sodium nitrite (100.0 g, 6.38 mol) and water (1.8 L) was slowly charged to a cold slurry (0 °C) of 2-amino-4-bromo-5-fluorobenzoic acid (1.00 kg, 4.27 mol) in water (2.2 L) containing 35% HCl (2.1 kg, 20.15 mol). The reaction mixture slurry was stirred at 0 °C for 5 hours. The resultant cold diazonium salt slurry was charged over 4 hours to a cold solution (0 °C) of sodium bisulfite (2.66 kg, 25.0 mol in water (7.5 L). The diazonium reaction vessel was rinsed with cold water (2.5 L). The rinse water was transferred slowly to the reaction mixture. After 40 minutes, the reaction mixture was warmed to 20 °C over one hour. The reaction mixture slurry was stirred at 20 °C for 3 hours. After 3 hours, the reaction mixture was slowly transferred to a 60 °C solution of 35% HCl (15.0 kg, 144.0 mol) and water (3.0 L). The vessel was rinsed with water (2.5 L); and transferred to 35% HCl and water reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 2 hours. The product was isolated by filtration and washed with water (3.0 L). The wet cake was charged back to the reactor and was

slurried with isopropyl acetate (9.0 L) for 1 hour at 20 °C. The product was isolated by filtration, washed with isopropyl acetate (1.0 L), and dried at 45-50 °C under reduced pressure to afford 0.99 kg (81 % yield) of 4-bromo-5-fluoro-2-hydrazinylbenzoic acid hydrochloride as an off-white crystalline solid in 95% purity. ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 10.04 (br s, 3H), 9.00 (br s, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 1H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 167.3, 153.0, 150.6, 144.5, 119.2, 1 18.0, 114.6. HPLC analysis: Column: Zorbax Eclipse Plus C 18 3.5 um, 150 x 4.6 mm ID; Column Temeprature: 30 °C; Solvent A: 10 mM ammonium formate in water:MeOH (90: 10 v/v); Solvent B: MeOH : ACN (70:30 v/v); Diluent: 50% CH₃CN(aq); Gradient: %B: 0 min. 0%; 15 min. 90%; 18 min. 100%; stop time 18 min; Flow Rate: 1.0 ml/min; Wavelength: 240 nm. The retention time of the diazonium salt intermediate was 3.7 min. The retention time of the mono-sulfamic acid intermediate was 5.2 min. The retention time of 4-bromo-5-fluoro-2-hydrazinylbenzoic acid hydrochloride was 8.0 min. The retention time of 2-amino-4-bromo-5-fluorobenzoic acid was 8.7 min.

INTERMEDIATE Bl

(3-amino-2-methylphenyl)boronic acid hydrochloride

A 500 mL ChemGlass reactor (Reactor A) was equipped with mechanical stirrer and a nitrogen inlet. To the reactor was added 150 ml of methyl tetrahydrofuran. Next, Pd(OAc)2 (241 mg, 0.02 eq) was added, followed by the addition of P(o-tolyl)3 ligand (654 mg, 0.04 eq). The containers holding the Pd(OAc)2 and P(o-tolyl)3 were rinsed with 15 ml of methyl tetrahydrofuran, and the rinse solvents were added to the reactor. The reactor was sealed, evacuated to less than 150 mbar, and filled with nitrogen gas. This was repeated an additional four times to reduce the oxygen level to below 400 ppm. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. Next, 10 g (1.0 eq) of 3-bromo-2-methyl aniline was charged to the inerted reactor. The container that held the 3-bromo-2-methyl aniline was rinsed with 15 ml of Me-THF and added into the reactor. KOAc (15.6 g, 3 eq) was added to the reactor. A slurry formed. The reaction mixture was inerted by using three vacuum/nitrogen cycles to an oxygen endpoint of less than 400 ppm.

A second 500 ml ChemGlass reactor was charged with 150 mL of MeOH, followed by the addition of 7.2 g (1.5 eq) of B2(OH)4. The resultant slurry was agitated at 25 °C. After 30 min, the B2(OH)4 was fully dissolved. The homogeneous solution was inerted by using 5 vacuum/nitrogen purge cycles to reduce the oxygen level to less than 400 ppm. The B2(OH)4/MeOH solution was transferred to Reactor A under a nitrogen atmosphere.

The reactor was inerted using three vacuum/nitrogen cycles with agitation to reduce the oxygen level to less than 400 ppm. The batch was heated to 50 °C (internal batch temperature). A slurry was observed when the temperature reached 40 °C. After reacting for 3 hrs, HPLC analysis of the reaction mixture showed 0.2 AP starting material remained. N-acetyl cysteine (2.0 g, 0.2 g/g) was added to Reactor A. The reaction mixture was stirred at 50 °C (internal batch temperature) for 30 min. The reaction stream was concentrated through distillation to 5 ml/g (~ 50 ml). Methyl tetrahydrofuran (200 ml, 20 ml/g) was charged to the slurry. The slurry was then concentrated via distillation to 150 ml (15 ml/g). Methyl tetrahydrofuran (150 ml, 15 ml/g) was charged to the reaction mixture. The slurry was cooled to 20 °C (batch temperature). Brine (26 wt%, 25 ml, 2.5 ml/g) was charged followed by the addition of aqueous Na2C03 (20 wt%, 15 ml, 1.5 ml/g). The reaction mass was agitated at a moderate rate (50~75/min) for 30 min. Celite (1 g, 0.1 g/g) was charged to the bi-phasic solution. The resultant slurry was agitated for 30 min. The slurry was filtered and transferred to Reactor B. The Celite cake was washed with 10 ml of methyl tetrahydrofuran. The bottom, lean aqueous phase was split from the organic phase and discarded. Brine (26 wt%, 25 ml, 2.5 ml/g) was charged followed by the addition of aqueous Na2C03 (20 wt%, 15 ml, 1.5 ml/g) to the organic solution. The resultant bi-phasic solution was agitated at a moderate rate (75 rpm) for 30 min. The bottom, lean aqueous phase was split from the organic phase and discarded. B2(OH)4 analysis of the rich organic solution did not detect B2(OH)4.

In Reactor B, the rich organic phase was concentrated via distillation to 50 ml (5 ml/g). The concentrated solution was cooled to 0-5 °C (batch temp). Concentrated HC1 (1.06 kg, 2.0 eq) was charged to the solution over 30 min with the batch temperature maintained below 10 °C. Once the concentrated HC1 was added, a slurry formed. The

slurry was agitated for 2 h at 5 °C. The slurry was filtered. The wet cake was washed with methyl tetrahydrofuran (2 X 20 ml). The cake was collected and dried at 50 °C under 100 mbar vacuum for 6 h to afford 8.4 g of 3-amino-2-methylphenyl)boronic acid hydrochloride as a white solid (83.5 % yield). ¾ NMR (500 MHz, D₂0) δ 7.48-7.23 (m, 3H), 4.78 (br s, 5 H); 2.32 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, D2O) δ 135.2, 134.7, 130.1, 128.0, 124.3, 17.4.

HPLC analysis: Column: Zorbax Eclipse Plus CI 8 3.5 um, 150 x 4.6 mm ID; Solvent A: 10 mM ammonium formate in water: MeOH=90: 10); Solvent B: CH3CN: MeOH (30:70 v/v); Gradient: % B: 0 Min. 0%; 1 Min. 0%; 15 Min. 90%; 15.1 Min. 0%; Stop Time: 20 min; Flow Rate: 1 ml/min; wavelength: 240 nm. The retention time of (3-amino-2-methylphenyl)boronic acid hydrochloride was 4.4 min. The retention time of (3-amino-2-methylphenyl)boronic acid hydrochloride was 17.8 min.

Intermediate CI

7-fluoro-l-methylindoline-2,3-dione

N,N-dimethylformamide (540.0 mL, 6980 mmol, 100 mass%) was added to a 2-L ChemGlass reactor equipped with a mechanical agitator, a temperature probe, and a cooling/heating circulator. Next, 7-fluoroindoline-2,3-dione (135.0 g, 817.6 mmol, 100 mass%) was added at 25 °C and dissolved to form a dark red solution. The charging ports and the beaker that contained the 7-fluoroindoline-2,3-dione were washed with N,N-dimethylformamide (135.0 mL, 1750 mmol, 100 mass%) and the rinse solution was poured into the reactor. Next, cesium carbonate 60-80 mesh (203.66 g, 625.05 mmol, 100 mass%) was added portion-wise to the reaction mixture. The addition was exothermic and the temperature of the reaction mixture increased from 20 to 25.5 °C. The color of the reaction mixture changed from a dark red solution to a black solution. The reactor jacket temperature was set to 0 °C. Next, iodomethane (56.5 mL, 907 mmol, 100 mass%) was added slowly via an additional funnel at ambient temperature, (iodomethane

temperature) while maintaining the batch temperature at less than 30 °C. Upon stirring, the reaction was exothermic, reaching a temperature of 29.3 °C. The batch temperature decreased to 26.3 °C after 85% of iodomethane was added, and the reaction mixture turned from black to an orange. After the addition of the iodomethane was completed, the jacket temperature was raised to 25.5 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 2 hrs.

The reddish orange-colored reaction mixture was transferred to a 1 L Erlenmeyer flask. The reaction mixture was filtered through a ceramic Buchner funnel with a No.1 Whatman filter paper to remove solid CS2CO3 and other solid by-products. In addition to a light-colored powder, there were yellow to brown colored rod-shaped crystals on top of the cake, which were water soluble. The filtrate was collected in a 2-L Erlenmeyer flask. The solids cake was washed with N,N-dimethylformamide (100.0 mL, 1290 mmol, 100 mass%). The DMF filtrate was collected in a 2-L Erlenmeyer flask.

To a separate 5-L ChemGlass reactor was charged water (3000.0 mL, 166530 mmol, 100 mass%). Next, 1.66 g of 7-fluoro-l-methylindoline-2,3-dione was added as seed to the water to form an orange colored suspension. The DMF filtrate was charged to the 5-L reactor slowly while maintaining the batch temp, at less than 29 °C over a period of 60 min. Stirring was maintained at 290 rpm. The orange solids precipitated instantly. The 2-L Erlenmeyer flask was rinsed with N,N-dimethylformamide (55.0 mL, 711 mmol, 100 mass%) and charged to the 5-L reactor. The slurry was cooled to 25 °C and agitated at 200 rpm for 12 hrs. The mixture remained as a bright orange-colored suspension. The slurry was filtered over a No. l Whatman filter paper in a 9 cm diameter ceramic Buchner funnel to a 4L Erlenmeyer flask to provide a bright orange-colored cake. The cake was washed with 1200 mL of water via rinsing the 5000 mL reactor (400 mL x 2), followed by 300 mL of deionized water introduced directly on the orange cake. The wet cake was dried under suction for 40 min at ambient temperature until liquid was not observed to be dripping from the cake. The cake was introduced into a vacuum oven (800 mbar) with nitrogen sweeping at ambient temperature for 1 hr, at 40-45 °C for overnight, and at 25 °C for 1 day to provide 7-fluoro-l-methylindoline-2,3-dione (Q, 130.02 g, 725.76 mmol, 100 mass%, 88.77% yield) as a bright orange-colored solid. ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 7.57 (ddd, J=12.0, 8.5, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=7.3, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (ddd, J=8.5, 7.5, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.29 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 182.3, 158.2, 148.8, 146.4, 137.2, 125.9, 124.3, 120.6, 28.7.

Intermediate C2

3-fluoro-2-(methylamino)benzoic acid

To a 1-L three neck round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical overhead agitator, a thermocouple, and an ice-water bath was charged NaOH (5.0 N) in water (140.0 mL, 700 mmol, 5.0 mol/L) followed by deionized water (140.0 mL, 7771 mmol, 100 mass%) to form a colorless transparent solution (T = 20.2 °C). 7-fluoro-l-methylindoline-2,3-dione (R, 25 g, 139.55 mmol, 100 mass%) was charged portion-wise while controlling the batch temperature at less than 24 °C with an ice-water bath to provide cooling. 7-fluoro-l-methylindoline-2,3-dione was charged and 50 mL of water was used to rinse off the charging funnel, the spatula, and the charging port. The reaction mixture was a thick yellow-green hazy suspension. The yellow-greenish suspension was cooled to 5.0 °C with an ice-water bath. The mixture was stirred for 15 min. Next, hydrogen peroxide (50% wt.) in water (11.0 mL, 179 mmol, 50 mass%) was charged to a 60 mL additional funnel with deionized (4.0 mL, 220 mmol, 100 mass%). The concentration of H2O2 post dilution was ~ 36.7%. The dilute hydrogen peroxide solution was added over a period of 11 minutes to the 1 L round bottom flask cooled with an ice-water bath and stirred at 350 rpm. The reaction mixture color was observed to become lighter in color and less viscous after 5 mL of the peroxide solution was added. After adding 10 mL of peroxide solution, the reaction mixture became clear with visible solids. At the end of addition, the reaction mixture was a green-tea colored transparent solution. The ice-water bath was removed (batch temperature was 16.6 °C), and the transparent, greenish yellow reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature (21.0 °C), stirred for 1 hr.

After the reaction was complete, (1.0 hr), the reaction mixture was cooled to 4.3 °C with an ice-water bath. The reaction mixture was neutralized by the addition 6.0 N HCl (aq.) over a period of 3 hours to minimize foaming and the exotherm, resulting in the formation of a yellow-green suspension. The ice-bath was removed and the quenched reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 20 min. The yellow-green colored reaction mixture was transferred to a 2 L separatory funnel. Dichloromethane (300.0 mL, 4680 mmol, 100 mass%) was charged to the separatory funnel via rinsing the 1 L 3-necked round bottom flask. The separatory funnel was shaken vigorously, then allowed to settle (phase split was fast). Gas evolution was minor. The top aqueous layer was dark amber in color. The bottom dichloromethane layer was tea-green in color. The bottom rich dichloromethane layer was transferred to a clean 1 L Erlenmeyer flask. Next, the 1 L three necked round bottom flask was rinsed again with dichloromethane (200.0 mL, 3120 mmol, 100 mass%). The dichloromethane rinse was added to the separatory funnel. The separatory funnel was shaken vigorously and allowed to settle (phase split was fast). The top aqueous layer was amber in color (lighter); the bottom

dichloromethane layer was lighter green. The bottom rich dichloromethane layer was transferred to the 1 L Erlenmeyer flask. Dichloromethane (200.0 mL, 3120 mmol, 100 mass%) was charged to the separatory funnel and the separatory funnel was shaken vigorously. The contents were allowed to settle (phase split was fast). The bottom rich dichloromethane layer was transferred to the same 1 L Erlenmeyer flask. Peroxide test strip showed > 10 mg/Liter peroxide concentration. The total volume of the aqueous layer was 540 mL.

In a separate 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask was added sodium thiosulfate

pentahydrate (20.0 g, 80.6 mmol, 100 mass%) followed by deionized water (180.0 mL, 9992 mmol, 100 mass%) to form a colorless solution (10% wt. solution). The sodium thiosulfate solution was added to the combined dichloromethane rich solution in the 1 L Erlenmeyer flask. The contents of the flask were stirred vigorously for 10 hrs at ambient temperature. Peroxide strip did not detect the presence of peroxides in the bottom DCM layer. The top Na2S203 layer was amber in color, the bottom dichloromethane layer was much lighter in color, but was still amber in color. After 10 hrs, the mixture was transferred to a 1 L separatory funnel. The top aqueous layer was discarded.

The dichloromethane solution was washed with 150.0 mL of saturated brine solution. After phase split, the bottom rich dichloromethane layer was transferred to a 1 L flask. The dichloromethane solution was distilled to approximately 150 mL to obtain an amber-colored solution. Next, dichloromethane (120 mL, 1872 mmol, 100 mass%) was added and the mixture was heated to 35-40 °C to fully dissolve the solids. The amber solution was filtered through a 0.45 micron PTFE membrane Zap Cap filtration unit into a 1 L flask. The filtrate was transferred into a 3-neck 1 L round bottom flask fitted with a thermocouple, a heating mantle, a mechanical agitator, and a condenser with a nitrogen inlet. To the flask was charged dichloromethane (120 mL, 1872 mmol, 100 mass%) via rinsing the 1 L flask. The contents of the flask were concentrated under reduced pressure to approximately 140 mL to afford a yellow-green-colored suspension. The mixture was heated to 40.5 °C (refluxing) with stirring at 155 rpm to form a green-colored suspension with white solid pieces. After refluxing for 5 min, heptane (100.0 mL, 683 mmol, 100 mass%) was charged to the above mixture. The batch temperature dropped from 41.3 °C to 33.8 °C and the reaction mixture was a suspension. The mixture was heated to 45 °C. The mixture remained as a suspension with supernatant being amber with white solids. The refluxing was mild. After 36 minutes, (batch temp. = 43.8 °C), heptane (120.0 mL, 819 mmol, 100 mass%) was added to the mixture. The batch temperature dropped to 38.0 °C. The reaction mixture was a suspension. The mixture was heated to 40-45 °C and seeded with 0.3 g of 3-fluoro-2-(methylamino)benzoic acid. The reaction mixture remained as a suspension with supernatant being amber and solid pieces of white color. At t = 1 h 25 min (T = 45.4 °C) heptane (100.0 mL, 683 mmol, 100 mass%) was charged to the mixture causing the temperature to drop to 41.0 °C. At t = 2 h l3 min, (T = 45.6 °C) additional heptane (100.0 mL, 683 mmol, 100 mass%) was added to the mixture causing temperature to drop to 41.7 °C. At t = 3 h 07 min, (T = 45.5 °C), the heating was stopped. The mixture was allowed to cool to 20-25 °C under a nitrogen blanket. The suspension was agitated at ambient temperature for 12 hrs. The mixture was filtered using No.1 Whatman filter paper fitted in a ceramic Buchner funnel to a 1 L Erlenmeyer flask. The solids were observed to settle quickly. The mother liquor was green in color. The bottom half of the round bottom flask was coated with a thin dark amber or brown film, which was water soluble. The 1 L round bottom flask was washed with 150 mL of heptane, and then the heptane was used to wash the collected off-white-colored solid.

The filter cake was allowed to dry at ambient temperature with suction for 10 min., then dried in a vacuum oven with nitrogen sweeping at 45-50 °C for 4 hrs, followed by drying at ambient temperature for 10 hrs, with nitrogen sweeping. 3-fluoro-2-(methylamino)benzoic acid (16.1 g) was isolated in 68.1 % yield. ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 7.61 (d, J=7.7 Hz, IH), 7.23 (dq, J=7.9, 1.6 Hz, IH), 6.57 (td, J=8.0, 4.4 Hz, IH), 3.02 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 4H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 169.5, 153.1, 150.7, 141.8, 141.7, 127.4, 127.4, 120.9, 120.7, 114.8, 114.7, 114.4, 114.3, 32.8.

Intermediate C3

3-fluoro-2-(methyl(propoxycarbonyl)amino)benzoic

A 20 L jacketed glass reactor with an overhead mechanical agitator, a

thermocouple, a nitrogen inlet, a glass baffle, and a condenser rinsed with 4 liters of dichloromethane followed by nitrogen sweeping through bottom valve overnight. To the reactor was charged 3-fluoro-2-(methylamino)benzoic acid (1004.7 g, 5939.7 mmol, 100 mass%) followed by dichloromethane (6000 mL, 93400 mmol, 99.8 mass%) to form an off-white-colored suspension. Next, cesium carbonate (1035.2 g, 3170 mmol, 99.9 mass%) was added followed the addition of water (6000 g, 333056 mmol, 99 mass%) at ambient temperature. The batch temperature rose from 17.0 °C to 29.6 °C prior to addition of the water. Gas evolution was observed during the water charging. The colorless biphasic mixture was stirred for 15 min. The batch temperature was approximately 18.8 °C. Next, n-propyl chloroformate (806.0 g, 6445.4 mmol, 98 mass%) was charged to an addition funnel. The reaction mixture was cooled to 15.0 °C with a glycol circulator. The n-propyl chloroformate was added from the addition funnel to the mixture while maintaining the batch temperature between 15.0 and 20.0 °C over 1 hr with stirring at 156 rpm. At the end of the addition, the batch temperature was 18.1 °C. The jacket temperature was increased to 20 °C. The white milky reaction mixture was agitated for 90 minutes.

The agitation was stopped and the reaction mixture was allowed to settle for phase split for 50 min. The hazy, bottom rich dichloromethane layer split from the aqueous layer and was transferred to a carboy. Next, 500 g of anhydrous Na2S04 (s) and 100 g of 60-200 mesh silica gel was added to the dichloromethane solution of 3-fluoro-2-(methyl(propoxycarbonyl)amino)benzoic acid in the carboy. The dichloromethane solution was allowed to dry overnight.

The dichloromethane solution containing the 3-fluoro-2-(methyl

(propoxycarbonyl)amino)benzoic acid was transferred from the carboy to a clean 20 L reactor via a 10 micron Cuno® in-line filter under vacuum to remove solid Na2S04 and silica gel. The carboy was rinsed with 1 liter x 2 of dichloromethane to remove residual solids. The dichloromethane was distilled off in the 20 L reactor with the jacket temperature set at 32 °C, the batch temperature at 15 °C, and vacuum set to 200-253 torr. At the end of distillation, the crude product was a thick light-amber-colored syrup. The solution was concentrated to 3 L of dichloromethane, and refilled with 3 L of dichloromethane each time to a final fill volume of 6 L. Next, 1 liter of dichloromethane was charged via vacuum to the residue in the 20-L reactor. The solution of 3-fluoro-2-(methyl(propoxycarbonyl)amino)benzoic acid became hazier. The solution was filtered using a Buchner funnel with a No.1 filter paper into a new carboy. The reactor was rinsed with 500 mL x 2 of dichloromethane and the rinse was filtered through the same Buchner funnel. All the filtrates were combined in a carboy and stored at the ambient temperature under nitrogen. Yellow-colored solids were observed to settle at the bottom of the carboy. The solution of 3-fluoro-2-(methyl (propoxycarbonyl)amino)benzoic acid in dichloromethane was transferred back to the clean 20-L reactor via vacuum and a 1 micron Cuno® in-line filter. The filtrate was still slightly hazy. The carboy was rinsed with 300 mL x 3 of dichloromethane and the rinses were transferred to the reactor via the 1 micron Cuno® filter. The reactor walls were rinsed with 500-mL of dichloromethane. The dichloromethane solution was concentrated by distillation under reduced pressure until the volume was less than 2.0 liters.

The temperature of the reactor jacket was lowered to 30 °C. The vacuum was broken and the reactor was filed with nitrogen. To the reactor was added 2 liters of cyclohexane followed by 5.0 g of 3-fluoro-2-(methyl(propoxycarbonyl)amino)benzoic acid crystalline seed. The seeds did not dissolve. The mixture was allowed to stir at 30 °C for 5-10 min to form a thick slurry. Additional cyclohexane (2.0 L) was added over 2 minutes. The jacket temperature was lowered to 25 °C. The mixture was allowed to stir for 40 min. Additional cyclohexane (2.0 L) was added over 2 minutes. The j acket temperature was lowered to 23 °C. The suspension was maintained at 23 °C for 60 min. Additional cyclohexane (2.0 L) was added over 2 minutes. The suspension was stirred for 20 min. The jacket temperature was lowered to 19.0 °C. The suspension was maintained at 19-21 °C for 10 hrs. The slurry settled well after overnight aging. A sample of the supernatant was obtained and assessed for the loss based on 9.5 L total volume. The slurry was filtered to collect solids via a ceramic Buchner funnel with a No. l Whatman filter paper. The solids were crystalline and white when dry. The wet cake was washed with cyclohexane (~ 2000 mL x 3) followed by drying for 10 min. The cake volume was 4933 cm³. The wet cake was transferred to four Pyrex glass trays for heated drying. The drying was continued in a vacuum oven at ~ 35-40 °C with nitrogen sweeping for 12 hrs to afford 1302.9 g of 3-fluoro-2-(methyl(propoxycarbonyl)amino) benzoic acid in 85.9 % yield. ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) (3: 1 mixture of rotamers) δ 13.2 (br s, 1H), 7.72-7.67 (m, 1H), 7.58-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.49-7.43 (m, 1H), 4.06-3.95 (m, 0.50H), 3.90 – 3.80 (m, 1.50H) 3.12 (s 0.75H), 3.12 (s 2.25H), 1.67 – 1.58 (m, 0.50H), 1.42 – 1.34 (m5 1.50H), 0.93 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 0.75H), 0.67 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2.25H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-de) (mixture of rotamers) δ 165.8, 159.0, 156.6, 154.3, 131.6, 131.0, 128.7, 128.6, 126.3, 1 19.9, 119.7, 66.6, 66.4, 36.9, 36.4, 36.4, 21.8, 21.5, 10.0, 9.8.

HPLC Analysis: Column: Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 3.5um 4.6X150 mm; Column Temeprature: 40 °C; Solvent A: 0.01M NH₄OOCH in water:MeOH (90: 10 v/v); Solvent B: O.OIM NH4OOCH in MeOH:CH₃CN (70:30 v/v); Diluent: 0.25 mg/ml in acetonitrile; Gradient: %B: 0 min. 10%; 10 min. 30%; 20 min. 90%; 20.1 min. 10%; stop time 25 min; Flow Rate: 1.0 ml/min; Wavelength: 220 nm;

The retention time of 7-fluoro-l-methylindoline-2,3-dione was 10.7 minutes.

The retention time of 7-fluoroindoline-2,3-dione was 6.8 minutes. The retention time of 3-fluoro-2-(methylamino)benzoic acid was 5.9 minutes. The retention time of 3-fluoro-2-(methyl(propoxycarbonyl)amino)benzoic acid was 12.0 minutes.

Compound 1

(S)-3-(prop-l -en-2-yl)cyclohexan-l-one

Catalyst Preparation: Rhodium (I) (S)-(+)-5,5′-bis[di(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl) phosphino] -4,4′-bi- 1 ,3-benzodioxole

Methanol (320 mL) was charged into a 0.5 L inerted reactor equipped with an overhead agitator, nitrogen sparging tube and an outlet connected to an oxygen meter. The reactor was inerted by sparging nitrogen subsurface through methanol until <300 ppm 0₂ was detected in the headspace. S-(+) DTBM-SEGPHOS (77.3 g, 65.6 mmol) and [Rh(cod)Cl]2 (15.4 g, 31 mmol) were charged and the nitrogen sparging continued until <300 ppm C was detected in the headspace. The mixture was agitated at room temperature under constant positive nitrogen pressure for 30 min by sweeping a low flow of nitrogen through the headspace. The initial yellow slurry gradually transformed into a deep-red solution containing a small amount of solids (excess ligand). The ligation completion was confirmed by ¹P NMR by disappearance of the ligand peak at 13.1 ppm (s) and the appearance of the new singlets at 26.10 ppm and 27.01 ppm for the ligated species.

Synthesis of the Compound I

A 20 L jacketed Chemglass reactor, equipped with an overhead agitator, a thermocouple, nitrogen sparging tube, a sampling port, a condenser connected to the glycol supply and a nitrogen outlet connected sequentially to a bubbler, flow meter and an oxygen meter, was inerted using a vigorous nitrogen sweep. A Teledyne 3110 oxygen meter was used to monitor the progress of inertion. A vigorous nitrogen sweep was implemented prior to reagent charges until the oxygen reading was <300 ppm.

Heptane (4.0 L), 2-cyclohexen-l-one (1 kg, 10.4 M) in heptane (1.0 L), isopropenyl pinacol boronate (1.92 kg, 11.4 M, 1.1 eq) in heptane (1.0 L), DIPEA (0.91 L, 0.67 kg, 0.50 eq), a solution of 2,2-dimethy 1-1, 3 -propanediol (1.19 kg, 1.1 eq) in methanol (0.12L) in water (3 L), and additional heptane (2.55L) were sequentially charged to the reactor via vacuum. Nitrogen sparging subsurface through the agitated bi phasic mixture continued after the charges until an oxygen level of <300 ppm was

reached in the headspace prior to the catalyst charge. Then the nitrogen flow was reduced to maintain a slight positive pressure in the reactor.

The catalyst light slurry was transferred from the bottom value of the 0.5 L reactor’s bottom into the 20 L reactor through an inerted Teflon tubing by applying slight positive pressure of nitrogen. The contents of the small reactor was transferred including the excess of the undissolved solid.

The jacket was set to 60 °C on the 20 L reactor and the biphasic mixture was vigorously heated and agitated under nitrogen at 55-58 °C. After the transfer, the nitrogen flow was reduced to maintain a slight positive pressure and to minimize solvent loss. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to 20-25 °C. The phases were separated and the organic phase was washed with IN HC1 aq (v=5.7 L, 0.55 eq) to remove DIPEA, and with water (2.5 L). Two back-extractions with heptane (2 x 2L) from the original aqueous phase were performed to bring back an additional 8 mol% of the product. All organic phases were combined and polished filtered back to the cleaned reactor. Heptane was removed under reduced pressure (30-40 °C at 45-55 torr) to give the crude product, which was transferred to a 2 L 4-necked round bottom flask, equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermocouple, a 30 cm Vigreaux column, a distillation adapter containing a thermocouple to measure the vapor temperature, a condenser (glycol) and a Teflon tubing attached to a receiver flask. Distillation was performed at a pressure of 10 torr with the main fraction containing the product boiling at 85-92 °C to afford 1.18 kg (85 mol % as is, 82.1 % corrected) of (S)-3-(prop-l-en-2-yl)cyclohexan-l-one. Chiral GC: Supelco AlphaDex 120 30 x 0.25 mm x 0.25 μπι, inlet 200 °C, split ratio 30: 1, carrier gas: helium, constant flow 1.9 mL/min, oven program: 80 °C to 110 °C at 2 °C /min, then 20 °C /min to 220 °C, detector: FID 250 °C; RT for the desired product: 14.4 min. Chemical purity: 97.1 GCAP. Chiral purity: ee = 99.6 %. ¾ NMR (CDCh): 1.57-1.70 (m, 12H), 1.75 (s, 3H), 1.91-1.96 (m, 1H), 2.05-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.26-2.46 (m, 5H), 4.73 (s, 1H), 4.78 (s, 1H).

Compound 2

(S,E)-4-bromo-5-fluoro-2-(2-(3-(prop-l-en-2-yl)cyclohexylidene)hydrazinyl)benzoic acid 

(S)-3 -(prop- l -en-2-yl)cyclohexan-l -one (50.00 mL, 33.4 mmol, 0.667 mmol/mL) solution in heptane was added to a Chemglass reactor. Next, 75 mL of MeOH was added. The MeOH solution was distilled at 60 torr/50 °C jacket temperature and 75 mL of constant volume with the addition of 300 mL of MeOH. The contents of the reactor were cooled to 20 °C. 2-amino-4-bromo-5-fluorobenzoic acid (8.5415 g, 29.918 mmol) was added to the reactor. The reaction mixture was stirred at 20 °C. After, 30 minutes, the solid material was dissolved to form a clear brown solution. After 2.0 h, water (25.0 mL) was added over 25 min to the reaction mixture under slow agitation (RPM = 100). After an additional 1.0 h, the slurry was filtered (fast; < 3 seconds). The cake was washed with 2×25 mL of MeOH/H20 (3:2). The cake was dried at 55 °C under vacuum overnight to afford (S,E)-4-bromo-5-fluoro-2-(2-(3-(prop-l -en-2-yl)cyclohexylidene)

hydrazinyl)benzoic acid (10.5701 g; 95.7% yield). HPLC method: Column: Zorbax Eclipse plus 1.8 um C8 (4.6 X 50 mm); inj ection volume: 10 μί; Mobile Phase A: 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile: water (5 :95, v/v); Mobile Phase B: 0.05% TFA in water: acetonitrile (5:95, v/v); Gradient (%B) 0 min (30%), 14 min (100%), 15 min (30%); Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min; Wavelength: 240 nm for IPC; Column temp: 25 °C; IPC Sample Prep:

Dissolved 10 of the reaction mixture and dilute with MeOH to 1.5 mL; HPLC results: Intermediate A2, 0.87 min; Compound 2, 9.97 min. ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 13.54 (s, 1H), 10.76 (d, J = 26.5 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (appt triplet, J = 6.32 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (dd, J = 9.35, 1.26 Hz, 1H), 4.77-4.75 (m, 2H), 2.68-2.61 (m, 1H), 2.46-2.44 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.12 (m, 2H), 2.06-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.96-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.80 (m, 1H), 1.75-1.74 (m, 3H), 1.50-1.41 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 168.67, 152.76, 152.73, 150.71 , 148.41 , 148.38, 148.20, 145.10, 117.45, 117.21 , 116.45, 1 16.40, 1 15.76, 1 15.74, 1 15.54, 1 15.52, 109.64, 109.39, 108.88, 108.85, 108.83, 108.80, 44.80, 43.72, 34.22, 30.89, 30.08, 30.05, 25.42, 25.39, 24.15, 20.60, 20.44.

Compound 3

(S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxylic acid

Zinc chloride (8.7858 g, 64.46 mmol) and (S,E)-4-bromo-5-fluoro-2-(2-(3-(prop- 1- en-2-yl)cyclohexylidene)hydrazinyl)benzoic acid (17.0011 g, 46.05 mmol) were added to a Chemglass reactor. Next, isopropyl acetate (170 mL) was added. The contents of the reactor were heated at 69.5 °C for 71 h and then cooled to room temperature. 2-MeTHF (205 mL) and HC1 (1 mol/L) in water (85 mL) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h. The layers were allowed to separate. The organic layer was washed with water (85 mL). The layers were separated and the organic layer was polish-filtered. The rich organic layer was distilled at 220 torr and 70 °C jacket temperature to 85 mL (5.0 mL/g (S,E)-4-bromo-5-fluoro-2-(2-(3-(prop-l-en-2-yl)cyclohexylidene)hydrazinyl) benzoic acid). Next, the solution was distilled at 120 mL (7.0 mL/g (S,E)-4-bromo-5-fluoro-2-(2-(3-(prop-l-en-2-yl)cyclohexylidene)hydrazinyl) benzoic acid) constant volume under 220 torr and 70 °C jacket temperature with continuous addition of acetonitrile (350 mL, 20 mL/g). Additional CFbCN was added to make the slurry volume = 153 mL (9.0 mL/g (S,E)-4-bromo-5-fluoro-2-(2-(3-(prop-l-en- 2- yl)cyclohexylidene) hydrazinyl)benzoic acid). The slurry was heated to 82 °C batch temperature. After 3.0 h, the slurry was cooled to 20 °C over 2.0 h. The slurry was stirred at 20 °C for an additional 14 h. The slurry was filtered and the cake was washed with acetonitrile (2 x 17 mL, 1.0 mL/g (S,E)-4-bromo-5-fluoro-2-(2-(3-(prop-l-en-2-yl)cyclohexylidene) hydrazinyl)benzoic acid). The wet cake was dried in a vacuum oven at a temperature range of 50-55 °C overnight to afford (S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxylic acid (7.8991 g; 48.7% yield). HPLC method: Column: Agilent Zorbax Eclipse plus 1.8 μπι C8 (4.6 X 50 mm);

Injection Volume: 10 μί; Mobile Phase A: 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile: water (5:95, v/v); Mobile Phase B: 0.05% TFA in water: acetonitrile (5:95, v/v); Gradient (%B) 0 min

(30%), 14 min (100%), 15 min (100%); Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min; Wavelength: 240 nm for IPC and Isolated product; Column temp: 25 °C; IPC Sample Prep: 1 mL/100 mL in tetrahydrofuran; Isolated Sample Prep: 0.25 mg/mL in tetrahydrofuran; HPLC results: Compound 3, 8.86 min; Compound 2, 10.0 min. ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 13.41 (s, 1H), 11.03 (s, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 9.85 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (appt d, J = 4.55Hz, 2H), 3.21-3.17 (m, 1H), 2.95 (dd, J = 17.18, 4.80 Hz, 1H), 2.91-2.83 (m, 1H), 2.61 (dd, J = 16.93, 10.61 Hz, 1H), 2.41-2.35 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.95 (m, 1H), 1.79 (s, 3H), 1.67-1.57 (m, 1H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 166.64, 166.61, 152.72, 150.42, 148.44, 139.96, 131.90, 127.44, 127.43, 112.40, 112.33, 109.67, 109.54, 109.39, 109.19, 109.14, 28.28, 27.79, 22.20, 20.69.

Compound 4

(S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(prop- -en-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide

Acetonitrile (70 mL) was added to a Chemglass reactor, followed by the addition of (S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxylic acid (7.0150 g). Next, Ι,Γ-carbonyldiimidazole (4.2165 g, 26.004 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred (RPM = 100) for 5.0 hr at 20 °C. The slurry was cooled to 3 °C. Ammonia (30 mL, 200 mmol, 30 mass%) was added in less than 2 min. The slurry was stirred at 3 °C for 17.5 h. Water (70 mL) was added over 5 min. The slurry was stirred at 3 °C for 3 h. The slurry was filtered and the wet cake was washed with 2×50 mL of CH3CN/H2O (1 : 1). The wet cake was dried at 55 °C under vacuum overnight to afford (S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (5.2941 g; 75.8% yield). HPLC Method; Column: Agilent Zorbax Eclipse plus 1.8 μιη C8 (4.6 X 50 mm); Injection Volume: 10 μί; Mobile Phase A: 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile: water (5:95, v/v); Mobile Phase B: 0.05% TFA in water: acetonitrile (5:95, v/v); Gradient (%B) 0 min (0%), 8 min (100%), 10 min (100%); Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min; Wavelength: 240 nm for IPC and Isolated product; Column temp: 25 °C; IPC Sample

Prep: Dissolved 10 of the reaction mixture into 1.0 mL 0.05 v% DBU/MeOH;

Product sample preparation: Dissolved product in MeOH at 1 mg/mL; HPLC results: Compound 4, 6.39 min; Compound 3, 6.80 min. ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 11.05 (s, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 10.36 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (br s, 1H), 4.78 (br s, 2H), 3.18 (br d, J = 14.65 Hz, 1H), 2.94 (dd, J = 16.93, 4.80 Hz, 1H), 2.88-2.82 (m, 1H), 2.62 (dd, J = 16.93, 10.61 Hz, 1H), 2.40-2.34 (m, 1H), 1.98 (d, J = 11.87 Hz, 1H), 1.78 (s, 3H), 1.66-1.56 (m, 1H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 167.64, 152.68, 150.38, 148.47, 139.47, 131.71, 127.02, 127.01, 115.36, 115.28, 109.53, 108.66, 108.61, 107.47, 107.19, 28.24, 27.87, 22.21, 20.67.

Compound 5

(S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8- carboxamide

Dichloromethane (100 mL) and (S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (PPP, 10.0016 g, 28.48 mmol) were added to a 250 mL Chemglass reactor. The slurry was cooled to 5 °C. Next, trifluoroacetic acid (14.68 g, 128.7 mmol) was added over 0.5 h with agitation (RPM = 250) while maintaining the internal temperature at less than 10 °C). The temperature was raised to 14 °C and the reaction mixture was stirred at 14 °C for 17.5 h. Next, 60 mL of MeOH was added to dissolve the thin slurry. The solution was cooled to -10 °C. The solution was distilled at 80 torr while the jacket temperature was gradually raised from -10 °C to 20 °C. The solution was distilled to about 60 mL volume. The internal temperature changed from -7 °C to -2 °C. The solution became a heavy slurry. The distillation was continued at 80 torr at 20 °C jacket temperature at 60 mL volume with the addition of 120 mL MeOH. The intemal temperature changed from -2 °C to 15 °C. The solution became a heavy slurry. The distillation became slow. The vacuum pressure was changed to 60 torr, and the distillation was continued with a 20 °C jacket temperature to 40 mL slurry volume. The batch temperature went from 12 °C to 13 °C.

MeOH (20 mL) was sprayed to wash solid crust off the reactor wall, but was not effective. Aqueous N¾ (30.0 mL, 400 mmol, 28 mass%) was sprayed to the slurry (pH = 10.59). Some solid crust on the upper reactor wall still remained. The slurry was stirred at 20 °C for 0.5 h (pH = 10.58), then heated to 70 °C in 15 min. All the solid crust on the upper reactor wall dissolved. Next, water (40 mL) was added over a period of 15 min. The solution remained as a clear solution at 70 °C.

The slurry was seeded with solid (S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2 -hydroxy propan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (~ 5 mg). The seeds remained but there was little additional crystallization was observed at 70 °C. The slurry was heated at 70 °C (jacket temperature = 80 °C) for 0.5 h, and then cooled down to 20 °C in 0.5 h. At 65 °C the mixture became cloudy. The mixture was stirred at 20 °C for 65 h. The mixture was filtered. The cake was washed with 2×15 mL of MeOH/LhO (1 : 1). The wet cake was dried at 65 °C under vacuum for 24 h, giving (S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (9.1741 g, 87.3% yield).

(S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide was recrystallization in MeOH/MTBE/n-Heptane (1 :4:8).

(S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (8.0123 g) was added to a reactor. Next, MeOH (8.0 mL) and MTBE (32.0 mL) were added. The mixture was heated to 45 °C to dissolve the slurry. Heptane (64 mL) was added over a period of 15 min at 45 °C. The slurry was stirred at 45 °C for an additional 0.5 h and then cooled to 5 °C in 1.0 h. Stirring was continued at 5 °C for an additional 1.0 h. The slurry was filtered and the wet cake was washed with 2×20 mL of n-heptane. The wet cake was dried at 65 °C under vacuum for 16 h to afford (S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (6.9541 g; 86.8%).

(S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (8.0123 g) was added to a reactor. Next, MeOH (8.0 mL) and MTBE (32.0 mL) were added. The mixture was heated to 45 °C to dissolve the slurry. Heptane (64 mL) was added over a period of 15 min at 45 °C. The slurry was stirred at 45 °C for an additional 0.5 h and then cooled to 5 °C in 1.0 h. Stirring was continued at 5 °C for an additional 1.0 h. The slurry was filtered and the wet cake was washed with 2×20 mL of n-heptane. The wet cake was dried at 65 °C under vacuum for 16 h to afford (S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (6.9541 g; 86.8%). HPLC method Column: Phenomenex Kinetex C18 2.6um 100A 4.6X150mm SN:538219-97; Injection Volume 5 μί; Mobile Phase A: 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile:water (5:95, v/v); Mobile Phase B: 0.05% TFA in

water: acetonitrile (5 :95, v/v); Gradient (%B) 0 min (32%), 5 min (38%), 1 1 min (38%), 18 min (68%), 22 min (68%), 30 min (90%), 31 min (100%); Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min; Wavelength: 220 nm for IPC and Isolated product; Column temp: 25 °C; IPC Sample Prep: 1 μΙ71 mL in tetrahydrofuran; Isolated Sample Prep: 0.25 mg/mL in

tetrahydrofuran; HPLC results: Compound 5, 9.58 min; Compound 4, 19.98 min; ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 10.99 (s, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J = 10.36 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (br s, 1H), 4.27 (s, 1H), 3.26 (dd, J = 15.66, 4.29 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (dd, J = 17.18, 4.55 Hz, 1H), 2.76-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.44 (dd, J = 16.17, 1 1.87 Hz, 1H), 2.12 (br d, J = 1 1.12 Hz, 1H), 1.69-1.62 (m, 1H), 1.31 (ddd, J = 25.01, 12.38, 5.31 Hz, 1H), 1.14 (s, 6H). ¹³C

NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 167.67, 152.64, 150.34, 140.46, 131.77, 127.03, 127.02, 1 15.28, 1 15.21, 109.09, 109.05, 107.30, 107.03, 101.43, 101.19, 70.37, 44.96, 27.17, 26.73, 24.88, 24.36, 22.85.

Compound 6

(2S)-5-(3-amino-2-methylphenyl)-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro- lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide

Catalyst activation

Into a 1 Liter Chemglass reactor (Reactor A) were added Me-THF (4 L/kg) followed by (R)-BINAP (0.0550 mol/mol, 7.45 mmol) and Pd(OAc)₂ (0.0500 mol/mol, 6.77 mmol). Additional Me-THF (1 L/kg) was added. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C

for 1 h. Next, 4-bromo-3-fluoro-7-(l-hydroxy-l-methyl-ethyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-carbazole-l-carboxamide (0.10 equiv, 13 mmol) was added into the mixture in Reactor A, followed by the addition of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (0.50 L/kg) and water (0.5 L/kg).

The overhead space of Reactor A was sparged with nitrogen at 1 mL/second for 40 min at 25 °C. The resulting mixture was then stirred at 70 °C for 3 h under a positive pressure of nitrogen (1.05 atm). The resulting mixture containing the activated catalyst was cooled to

25 °C and kept at 25 °C under a positive pressure of nitrogen before use.

To a 500 mL Chemglass reactor (Reactor B) were added water (6 L/kg) followed by K3PO4 (6 equiv., 813 mmol). The addition was exothermic. The mixture was stirred till the base was fully dissolved. The overhead space of Reactor B was sparged with nitrogen at 1 mL/second for 60 min at 25 °C. The K3PO4 solution in Reactor B was then kept under a positive pressure of nitrogen before use.

To Reactor A, which contained the activated catalyst, was added 4-bromo-3-fluoro-7-(l-hydroxy-l-methyl-ethyl)-6,7,8,94etrahydro-5H-carbazole-l-carboxarnide (0.90 equiv., 122 mmol), followed by THF (2.5 L/kg). Then (3-amino-2-methyl-phenyl)boronic acid hydrochloride (1.15 equiv., 156 mmol) and MeOH (2 L/kg) were added to Reactor A. The overhead space of Reactor A was sparged with nitrogen at 1 mL/second for 40 min. Then the reaction mixture in Reactor A was cooled to -10 °C under a positive pressure of nitrogen.

The K3PO4 aqueous solution in Reactor B was then transferred into Reactor A via a cannula while both reactors were kept under a positive pressure of N₂. The rate of transfer was controlled so that the inner temperature in Reactor A was below 0 °C throughout the operation.

The resulting biphasic reaction mixture was stirred at 5 °C under a positive pressure of nitrogen. After 2.5 h at 5 °C, HPLC analysis of the reaction mixture showed

0.3 AP starting material remained. The reaction mixture was then warmed to 25 °C and stirred at 25 °C for 30 min. HPLC analysis of the reaction mixture showed 0.0 AP starting material remained.

N-acetyl-L-cysteine (1 kg/kg, 306 mmol) and water (2.5 L/kg) were added into Reactor A. The resulting mixture was stirred at 40 °C for 2 h then cooled to 25 °C. The bottom layer (aqueous layer) was discharged and the top layer (organic layer) was retained in the reactor.

Afterwards, THF (1 L/kg) and NaCl solution (13 mass%) in water (7 L/kg) were added into Reactor A, and the resulting mixture was stirred at 25 °C for lh. The bottom layer (aqueous layer) was discharged and the top layer (organic layer) was retained in the reactor.

The organic layer was filtered through a polyethylene filter. Then the reactor was rinsed with Me-THF (0.50 L/kg). The rinse was filtered through the polyethylene filter and combined with the filtrate. The solution was transferred into a clean 1 L reactor (Reactor C).

The mixture in Reactor C was concentrated under reduced pressure to 8.8 L/kg. (2 L/kg solvent was removed by distillation). At 50 °C, n-BuOH (4 L/kg) was added slowly over 2 h. The mixture was then stirred at 50 °C for 2.5 h, and a slurry was obtained.

The solvent was swapped to n-BuOH through constant volume distillation. During this operation, n-BuOH (8 L/kg) was used and 8 L/kg solvent was removed from Reactor C. The resulting mixture was stirred at 55 °C for 1 h and cooled to 25 °C over 1 h.

The slurry in Reactor C was filtered. The reactor rinsed with n-BuOH (2 L/kg).

The cake was then washed with this reactor rinse, followed by heptane (8 L/kg). The product was dried under vacuum at 55 °C for 24 h to afford (2S,5R)-5-(3-amino-2-methylphenyl)-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide, which was isolated as an off-white solid powder (46.2 g, 86% yield).

HPLC analysis: (2S,5R)-5-(3-amino-2-methylphenyl)-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide: 98.1 AP (19.2 min); (2S,5S)-5-(3-amino-2-methylphenyl)-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide: 1.8 AP (19.9 min), (S)-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide: 0.1 AP (20.9 min). Column: Waters XBridge BEH C18 S-2.5um 150 X 4.6mm; Solvent A: 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7; Solvent B: CH₃CN:MeOH (50:50 v/v); Gradient: % B: 0 Min. 5%; 4 Min. 30%; 41 Min. 95%; 47 Min. 95%; Stop Time: 48 min; Flow Rate: 0.7 ml/min wavelength: 240 nm. ¾ NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 10.76 (s, 1H), 8.09 (br s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (br s, 1H), 6.96 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.41 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 4.19 (s, 1H), 2.91 (br dd, J=16.6, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.50-2.39 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.93 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.75 (m, 5H), 1.64-1.53 (m, 1H), 1.21-1.11 (m, 1H), 1.09 (s, 6H). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 169.0 (d, J=2.7 Hz), 152.5 (d, J=229.8 Hz), 146.7, 139.1,

134.4, 132.0, 127.7 (d, J=4.5 Hz), 125.6, 123.3 (d, J=20.0 Hz), 120.5, 119.2, 1 15.1 (d, J=7.3 Hz), 1 14.3, 109.5(d, J=4.5 Hz), 107.2 (d, J=27.3 Hz), 70.9, 45.9, 27.6, 27.2, 25.3, 25.0, 22.7, 14.7.

Compound 7

propyl (2-((3-((2S)-8-carbamoyl-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro- lH-carbazol-5-yl)-2-methylphenyl)carbamoyl)-6-fluorophenyl)(methyl)carbamate

N, N-Dimethylformamide (7.0 L, 7 L/kg) was charged into a reactor followed by the addition of (2S)-5-(3-amino-2-methylphenyl)-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (1 kg, 2528 mmol, 1.0 eq.). 3-Fluoro-2-(methyl(propoxycarbonyl)amino)benzoic acid (0.774 kg, 3034 mmol, 1.2 eq.) was added to the reactor, followed by the addition of 1 -methylimidazole (0.267 kg, 3287 mmol, 1.3 eq) and methanesulfonic acid (0.122 kg, 1264 mmol, 0.5 eq.) at 20 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred for at 20 °C for 30 min to completely dissolve the reaction contents. The reaction mixture was cooled to 10 °C and EDAC (l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride) (0.679 kg, 3540 mmol, 1.4 eq) was charged into the reactor. An exotherm of approximately 4 °C was observed. The reaction mixture was stirred at 10 °C for 4 h.

After 4 hrs, the reaction mixture was warmed to 20 °C. Isopropyl acetate (25 L, 25 L/kg) was added to the reaction mixture followed by 25 wt% aqueous sodium chloride solution (2.5 L, 2.5 L/kg) and 1.0 M aqueous hydrochloric acid (2.5 L, 2.5 L/kg). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. The agitation was stopped and the bottom aqueous layer was separated. Water (5 L, 5 L/kg) was charged to the rich organic solution and stirred for 30 min. The agitation was stopped and the bottom aqueous layer was separated. Next, 2.5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (10 L, 10 L/kg) was charged to the rich organic solution and stirred for 30 min. The agitation was stopped and the bottom aqueous layer was separated. Water (10 L, 10 L/kg) was charged to the rich organic solution and stirred for 30 min. The agitation was stopped and the bottom aqueous layer was separated. The rich organic solution was concentrated under reduced pressure (90 mbar and 40 °C jacket temperature) to 7 L/kg volume. Dichloromethane (5 L, 5 L/kg) was charged to the product rich isopropyl acetate solution at 20 °C. Seeds of propyl (2-((3-((2S)-8-carbamoyl-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazol-5-yl)-2-methylphenyl)carbamoyl)-6-fluorophenyl)(methyl)carbamate (10 g, 1%) were charged and a thin slurry formed. Heptane (7 L, 7 L/kg) was charged to the above slurry slowly over 1 hr at 25 °C and stirred for another 1 h before cooling 20 °C over 30 min. The resultant slurry was stirred for 4-6 hrs at 20 °C. The slurry was filtered over a laboratory Buchner funnel. The wet cake was washed with a dichloromethane-heptane mixture (10:7 ratio, 12 vol). The wet cake was dried in a vacuum oven at 25 mm Hg vacuum and 50 °C until the residual heptane was <13 wt% in the solid to provide 1.5 kg of propyl (2-((3-((2S)-8-carbamoyl-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazol-5-yl)-2-methylphenyl)carbamoyl)-6-fluorophenyl)(methyl) carbamate in 94% yield. The product was a mixture of four amide rotational isomers. ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 10.79 (br s, 1H), 9.96 (m, 1H), 8.07 (br s, 1H), 7.50 (m, 6H), 7.29 (m, 1H), 7.09 (m, 1H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 3.89 (m, 2H), 3.19 (br s, 1H), 3.13 (br s, 2H), 2.90 (m, 1H), 2.44 (m, 1H), 1.97 (m, 3H), 1.82 (m, 3H), 1.50 (m, 3H), 1.26 (m, 5H), 1.09 (m, 7H), 0.85 (m, 4H), 0.70 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 168.33, 168.32, 164.85, 164.55, 159.38, 159.16, 156.93, 156.69, 154.90, 154.74, 153.14, 150.86, 139, 15, 139.11, 137.96, 137.89, 137.36, 137.23, 135.75, 135.68, 135.64, 134.77, 134.68, 132.57, 132.51, 132.46, 132.42, 131.50, 128.98 (m), 128.26 (m), 127.05, 127.01, 125.99, 125,76, 124.97, 124.83, 124.06, 121.48, 121.40, 121.28, 121.20, 117.90, 117.86, 117.70, 117.65, 115.19, 115.15, 115.12, 115.07, 108.69, 108.65, 106.87, 106.60, 70.39, 66.83, 66.80, 66.73, 45.32, 37.38, 37.15, 31.23, 28.35, 27.05, 26.68, 24.85, 24.61, 22.27, 22.07, 21.84, 21.75, 14.98, 14.93, 14.86, 14.84, 13.87, 10.11, 9.89.

HPLC Analysis: Column: Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 3.5 um, 150 x 4.6 mm ID;

Solvent A: 10 mM ammonium formate in water-MeOH (90: 10); Solvent B: C¾CN :

MeOH (30:70 v/v); Gradient: % B: 0 Min. 50%; 25 Min. 81 %; 26 Min. 100%; 30 Min. 100%; Stop Time: 30 min; Flow Rate: 1 ml/min; Wavelength: 240 nm. The retention time of propyl (2-((3-((2S)-8-carbamoyl-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazol-5-yl)-2-methylphenyl)carbamoyl)-6-fluorophenyl)(methyl) carbamate wasl4.6 min. The retention time of 3-fluoro-2-(methyl(propoxycarbonyl) amino)benzoic acid was 2.6 min. The retention time of (2S)-5-(3-amino-2-methylphenyl)-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide was 6.1 min.

Compound 8

6-fluoro-5-(R)-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l ,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2- methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8- carboxamide

(₈)

To a 1 L round bottom flask with stir bar was added propyl (2-((3-((2S)-8-carbamoyl-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazol-5-yl)-2-methylphenyl)carbamoyl)-6-fluorophenyl)(methyl)carbamate (100 g, 148 mmol, 93.5 mass%) followed by MeTHF (500 mL, 4990 mmol, 100 mass%). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes to ensure complete dissolution. Next, 150 mL of MeTHF was added, and an azeotropic distillation to remove water was performed at 50 °C and 70 torr. The KF was measured to be 424 ppm. This solution is termed the “Compound 8 solution.”

To a 2 L Chemglass reactor was charged MeTHF (2000 mL, 19900 mmol, 100 mass%) followed by lithium fert-butoxide (7.9 mL, 7.9 mmol, 1 mol/L). The KF of MeTHF was measured to be 622 ppm. The Compound 8 solution was added dropwise

over 2 hours at room temperature via a Simdos pump. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was maintained at temperature for 15 minute.

MeOH (200 mL, 4940 mmol, 100 mass%) was then added to the reactor followed by the addition of acetic acid (0.5 mL, 9 mmol, 100 mass%). The reaction mixture was distilled to 5 volumes of organics (60 mbar pressure, jacket temperature = 40 °C). After the distillation, acetone (150 mL, 2000 mmol, 100 mass%) was added to the thick slurry as the solution warmed to 35 °C. Once at 35 °C, MeOH (550 mL, 13600 mmol, 100 mass%) was charged to the reactor, re-dissolving the batch to provide a yellow solution. The reaction mixture was cooled over 1 hour to 20 °C resulting in crystallization of the product. Ten heat cycles were performed. Starting at 20 °C, the batch was heated to 35 °C over 45 minutes, held at 35 °C for 10 minutes, cooled 20 °C over 60 minutes, and held at 20 °C for 10 minutes. After the heat cycles, the slurry was maintained at room temperature for 1 hour at room temperature. Heptane (1100 mL, 7510 mmol, 100 mass%) was added over 4 hours at 20 °C with agitation via a Simdos pump. After the addition, the slurry aged to 20 °C overnight. The product was isolated by vacuum filtration and washed twice with MeOH (200 mL, 4940 mmol, 100 mass%). The product was dried on a filter with vacuum for 1.5 h to afford 6-fluoro-5-(R)-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide at 89.4% corrected yield (80.52g, 6 wt % MeOH, Purity by HPLC: 99.32 AP; Retention time (11.65 min)).

¾ NMR (500MHz, DMSO-de) 10.78 (s, 1H), 8.07 (br. s., 1H), 7.95 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (dd, J=14.2, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (br. s., 1H), 7.42-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.29 (dd, J=7.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (s, 1H), 3.73 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 3H), 2.91 (dd, J=16.8, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.48-2.37 (m, 1H), 1.98-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.87 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 1.76 (s, 3H), 1.59 (td, J=l 1.5, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 1.20-1.12 (m, 1H), 1.11 (s, 6H).

¹³C NMR (126MHz, DMSO-de) 168.2 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1C), 160.1 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1C), 151.9 (d, J=228.9 Hz, 1C), 150.5 (d, J=41.8 Hz, 1C), 148.7 (d, J=205.3 Hz, 1C), 139.2, 135.1, 135.0, 134.8, 131.4, 130.6, 130.0 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1C), 128.5, 127.1 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1C), 125.7, 124.3 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1C), 123.6 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1C), 123.0 (d, J=23.6 Hz, 1C), 120.8 (d, J=20.0 Hz, 1C), 118.4, 115.3 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1C), 108.8 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1C), 106.7 (d, J=28.2 Hz, 1C), 70.4, 45.4, 34.3 (d, J=14.5 Hz, 1C), 27.1, 26.8, 24.8, 24.7, 22.1, 14.5.

HPLC Analysis: Column: Chiralcel OX-3R 3um 4.6 x 150 mm; Oven

Temperature: 50 °C; Solvent A: 0.05%TFA Water/ ACN (95:5); Solvent B: 0.05%TFA Water/ ACN (5:95); Gradient % B: 0 Min. 0%; 7 Min. 55%; 11 Min. 55%; 14 Min. 100%; Stop Time: 17 Min.; Flow Rate: 1.5 ml/min; wavelength: 225 nm. (2-((3-((2S)-8-carbamoyl-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazol-5-yl)-2-methylphenyl)carbamoyl)-6-fluorophenyl)(methyl)carbamate: 0.00 AP (9.85 min).

Alternative Preparation of Compound 8

To a 2.5 L Chemglass reactor with agitator were added 2-Me-THF (162.4 g, 1885 mmol, 100 mass%, 189 mL, 11.83) and DMF (179.5 g, 2456 mmol, 100 mass%, 190 mL, 15.41), followed by the addition of (2S)-5-(3-amino-2-methylphenyl)-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (63.03 g, 63.03 mL, 159.4 mmol, 63.03 g), 3-fluoro-2-(methyl(propoxycarbonyl)amino)benzoic acid (44.77 g, 44.77 mL, 175.4 mmol, 44.77 g), and 1 -Me-Imidazole (16.99 g, 16.48 mL, 206.9 mmol, 16.99 g). With agitation, MSA (7.66 g, 5.23 mL, 79.7 mmol, 7.66 g) was added at -20 °C, and a slight exotherm to 26 °C was observed. The reaction mixture was cooled to 10 °C and ED AC (42.73 g, 42.73 mL, 222.9 mmol, 42.73 g) was added as a solid followed by a DMF rinse (60.4 g, 63.9 mL, 826 mmol, 60.4 g). The reaction mixture was aged overnight at 10 °C with agitation. An aliquot was taken and subjected to HPLC analysis to confirm reaction completion.

The batch temperature was increased to 15 °C, and 2-Me-THF (923.96 g, 10727 mmol, 100 mass%, 1080 mL, 67.31) was charged to the reactor, followed by a saturated aqueous brine solution (158 mL, 835.8 mmol, 26 mass%, 158 mL, 5.244) and an aqueous 2.0 M HCl solution (78 mL, 78 mmol, 1.0 mol/L, 78 mL, 0.49). The batch temperature was then increased to 20 °C. The biphasic mixture was agitated for 15 min and allowed to settle for 5 min. An saturated aqueous brine solution (157 mL, 830.5 mmol, 26 mass%, 157 mL, 5.211) and an aqueous 2.0 M HCl solution (78 mL, 78 mmol, 1.0 mol/L, 78 mL, 0.49) were then added to the reactor. The biphasic mixture was agitated for 15 min, allowed to settle for 5 min, and the aqueous layer was removed. Water (634.6 g, 35230 mmol, 100 mass%, 634.6 mL, 221.0) was then added to the reactor. The biphasic mixture was agitated for 15 min, allowed to settle for 5 min, and the aqueous layer was removed. Next, 10 w/w% aqueous NaHCC solution (164.2 g, 97.73 mmol, 5 mass%,

158.2 mL, 0.6132) and water (476.3 g, 26440 mmol, 100 mass%, 476.3 mL, 165.9) were added to the reactor. The biphasic mixture was agitated for 15 min, settled for 5 min, and the aqueous layer was removed. A saturated aqueous brine solution (752.9 g, 3349 mmol, 26 mass%, 633.2 mL, 21.02) was then added to the reactor. The biphasic mixture was agitated for 30 min, allowed to settle for 5 min, and the aqueous layer was removed.

The organic stream was distilled to 6 volumes (380 mL) at a pressure of 200 mbar, a jacket temperature of 60 °C, and a batch temperature of -35 °C. 2-Me-THF (765 g, 8881.6 mmol, 100 mass%, 891 mL, 55.73) was charged to the reactor. The organic solution was distilled to 6 volumes (380 mL) at a pressure of 200 mbar, a jacket temperature of 60 °C, and a batch temperature of -35 °C. 2-Me-THF (268.5 g, 3117 mmol, 100 mass%, 313 mL, 19.56) was charged to the reactor. The organic solution was distilled to 6 volumes (380 mL) at a pressure of 200 mbar, a jacket temperature of 60 °C, and a batch temperature of -35 °C. The concentrated stream was polish filtered through a 0.4 μιη PTFE filter. The reactor was rinsed with 2-Me-THF (134.6 g, 1563 mmol, 100 mass%, 157 mL, 9.806) and the rinse was passed through the PTFE filter. This solution was termed “organic solution.”

To a clean, dry, 2.5 L Chemglass reactor were added LiOtBu 1.0 M in THF (9.91 g, 11.2 mmol, 1 mol/L, 11.2 mL, 0.0700) and 2-Me-THF (1633.3 g, 18963 mmol, 100 mass%, 1900 mL, 119.0). The organic solution was charged to the reactor, with agitation, over 2 hours (at a rate of -100 mL/h) via a sim-dos pump. The reaction mixture was aged 10 minutes upon completion of the addition. An aliquot was taken and subjected to HPLC analysis to confirm reaction completion.

Acetic acid (1.03 g, 17.2 mmol, 100 mass%, 0.983 mL, 0.108) and methanol (150 g, 4681.41 mmol, 100 mass%, 189 mL, 29.37) were charged to the reactor. The organic stream was distilled to 16.5 vol Me-THF. Acetone (638.4 g, 10990 mmol, 100 mass%, 810 mL, 68.97) was added to the reactor and the organic stream was distilled to 9 vol at a pressure of 100 mbar and ajacket temperatures of less than 40 °C. The organic stream was heated to 35 °C, and methanol (400 g, 12483.8 mmol, 100 mass%, 505 mL, 78.33) was added. The stream was cooled to 20 °C to induce crystallization.

Heat cycles were performed for -15 h by heating the batch to 35 °C over 20 min, holding for 10 min, cooling to 20 °C over 20 min, and holding 10 min. After the heat cycles, heptane (686 g, 6846.10 mmol, 100 mass%, 1000 mL, 42.96) was added over 4 hours via a sim-dos pump. The slurry was aged for 2 h. The product was filtered, washed with methanol (152.2 g, 4750 mmol, 100 mass%, 192 mL, 29.81) to afford 6-fluoro-5-(R)-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-l -methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (68.4 g, 1 19 mmol, 100 mass%, 75.0% Yield, 68.4 mL, 0.750).

Comparative Process Disclosed in US 9,334,290

Intermediates 25 and 26

(R)-5-Bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8- carboxamide (1-25), and

(S)-5-Bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8- -26)

A sample of racemic 5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide [Intermediate 24] was separated by chiral supercritical fluid chromatography as follows: column: CHIRALPAK® OD-H (3 x 25 cm, 5μηι); Mobile Phase: CC -MeOH (70:30) at 150 mL/min, 40 °C. The first peak eluting from the column provided (R)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide [Intermediate 25]. The second peak eluting from the column provided (S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide [Intermediate 26]. The mass spectra and ¾ NMR spectra of the two enantiomers were the same. Mass spectrum m/z 369, 371 (M+H)⁺. ¾ NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 10.96 (s, 1H), 8.07 (br. s., 1H), 7.55 (d, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (br. s., 1H), 4.24 (s, 1H), 3.26 (dd, J=15.8, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (dd, J=17.1, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (t, J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 2.48-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.12 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 1.70-1.62 (m, 1H), and 1.32 (qd, J=12.4, 5.3 Hz, 1H).

Alternative SFC Separation to Give Intermediate 26:

CHIRALPAK® AD-H (3 x 25 cm, 5 μηι); Mobile Phase: C0₂-MeOH (55:45) at

150 mL/min, 40 °C. The first peak eluting from the column provided (S)-5-bromo-6- fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxarnide

[Intermediate 26]. The second peak eluting from the column provided (R)-5-bromo-6- fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxarnide

[Intermediate 25].

Example 28

6-Fluoro-5-(R)-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2- methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-

Following the procedure used to prepare Example 27, (S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2- hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (single enantiomer) [Intermediate 26] (0.045 g, 0.122 mmol) and 8-fluoro-l-methyl-3-(S)-(2-methyl-3- (4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)quinazoline-2,4(lH,3H)-dione

[Intermediate 10] (0.065 g, 0.158 mmol) were converted into 6-fluoro-5-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro- l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2- hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide (mixture of two atropisomers) as a yellow solid (0.035 g, 49% yield). Separation of a sample of this material by chiral super-critical fluid chromatography, using the conditions used to separate Example 27, provided (as the first peak to elute from the column) 6-fluoro-5-(R)-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxarnide. The chiral purity was determined to be greater than 99.5%. The relative and absolute configurations were determined by x-ray crystallography. Mass spectrum m/z 573 (M+H)⁺. ¾ NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 10.77 (s, 1H), 8.05 (br. s., 1H), 7.94 (dd, J=7.9, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.43 (br. s., 1H), 7.40-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.35-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.28 (dd, J=7.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (s, 1H), 3.75-3.70 (m, 3H), 2.90 (dd, J=16.8, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.47-2.39 (m, 1H), 1.93-1.82 (m, 3H), 1.74 (s, 3H), 1.57 (td, J=l 1.7, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.16-1.11 (m, 1H), and 1.10 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 6H). [a]_D: +63.8° (c 2.1, CHCh). DSC melting point onset temperature = 202.9 °C (heating rate = 10 °C/min.).

Alternative Synthesis of Example 28:

A mixture of (S)-5-bromo-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide [Intermediate 26] (5.00 g, 13.54 mmol), 8-fluoro-l-methyl-3-(S)-(2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)quinazoline-2,4(lH,3H)-dione [Intermediate 10] (6.67 g, 16.25 mmol), tripotassium phosphate (2 M in water) (20.31 mL, 40.6 mmol), and tetrahydrofuran (25 mL) was subjected to 3 evacuate-fill cycles with nitrogen. The mixture was treated with l,l’-bis(di-fert-butylphosphino)ferrocene palladium dichloride (0.441 g, 0.677 mmol) and the mixture was subjected to 2 more evacuate-fill cycles with nitrogen. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, then was diluted with EtOAc, washed sequentially with water and brine, and dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with EtOAc-hexanes (sequentially 50%, 62%, 75% and 85%), to provide 6-fluoro-5-(3-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3-(S)-3(4H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide as a white solid (6.58 g, 85% yield).

Material prepared by this method (40.03 g, 69.9 mmol) was separated by chiral super-critical fluid chromatography to give (2S, 5R)-6-fluoro-5-(3-(8-fluoro-l-methyl-2,4-dioxo-l,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazole-8-carboxamide. Further purification was achieved

by suspending this material in methanol, sonicating for 5 min, collection of the solid by filtration, rinsing the collected solid with methanol and drying at room temperature under reduced pressure to give a white solid (22.0 g, 90% yield).

REFERENCES

1: Watterson SH, De Lucca GV, Shi Q, Langevine CM, Liu Q, Batt DG, Beaudoin Bertrand M, Gong H, Dai J, Yip S, Li P, Sun D, Wu DR, Wang C, Zhang Y, Traeger SC, Pattoli MA, Skala S, Cheng L, Obermeier MT, Vickery R, Discenza LN, D’Arienzo CJ, Zhang Y, Heimrich E, Gillooly KM, Taylor TL, Pulicicchio C, McIntyre KW, Galella MA, Tebben AJ, Muckelbauer JK, Chang C, Rampulla R, Mathur A, Salter-Cid L, Barrish JC, Carter PH, Fura A, Burke JR, Tino JA. Discovery of 6-Fluoro-5-(R)-(3-(S)-(8-fluoro-1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl )-2-methylphenyl)-2-(S)-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-8-carboxamide (BMS-986142): A Reversible Inhibitor of Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Conformationally Constrained by Two Locked Atropisomers. J Med Chem. 2016 Oct 13;59(19):9173-9200. PubMed PMID: 27583770.

////////////BMS-986142, BMS 986142, BMS986142,  phase II,  clinical development,  Bristol-Myers Squibb, rheumatoid arthritis, primary Sjogren’s syndrome,

CN1C(=O)N(C(=O)c2cccc(F)c12)c3cccc(c3C)c4c(F)cc(C(=O)N)c5[nH]c6C[C@H](CCc6c45)C(C)(C)O

WO 2013167552

Molidustat

Clinical data
Synonyms	Bay 85-3934
ATC code	None
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
CAS Number	1154028-82-6
PubChem CID	59603622
UNII	9JH486CZ13
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C13H14N8O2
Molar mass	314.31 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES[hide] C1COCCN1C2=NC=NC(=C2)N3C(=O)C(=CN3)N4C=CN=N4

//////////Molidustat, Bay 85-3934

CIFORADENANT

1202402-40-1
Chemical Formula: C20H21N7O3
Molecular Weight: 407.434

CPI-444, CPI 444, CPI444, V81444, V-81444, V 81444,

UNII 8KFO2187CP

 Corvus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. PHASE 1

(S)-7-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)-3-((6-(((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-5-amine

(73 S)-15 -methyl-6-oxa-2(7,3)-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidina-4(2,6)-pyridina-1(2)-furana-7(3)- oxolanaheptaphan-25 -amine adenosine receptor antagonist

Ciforadenant, also known as CPI-444 and V81444, is an orally administered antagonist of the adenosine A2A receptor. Upon oral administration, CPI-444 binds to adenosine A2A receptors expressed on the surface of immune cells, including T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). This prevents tumor-released adenosine from interacting with the A2A receptors on these key immune surveillance cells, thereby abrogating adenosine-induced immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment.

Ciforadenant is an antagonist of adenosine A2A being developed by Corvus , under license from Vernalis , for the oral treatment of advanced solid tumor; the company is also developing the drug in combination with atezolizumab , for non-small-cell lung cancer.

In 2015, Vernalis licensed the exclusive rights of the product for use of all therapeutic application to Corvus.

Synthesis

WO 2009156737

PATENT

WO 2009156737

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf;jsessionid=F7135D4AE9D62AF12284DD6C449A0E96.wapp1nC?docId=WO2009156737&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&queryString=EN_ALL%3Anmr+AND+PA%3Avernalis+&recNum=42&maxRec=288

US 8450328

WO2017112917

WO 2018175473

WO 2018009972

WO 2018049271

WO 2018022992

PATENT

WO 2018013951

PATENT

WO-2018183965

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2018183965&redirectedID=true

EXAMPLES

Reaction Scheme 1

[0314] Referring to Reaction Scheme 1 , the process to manufacture triazolo[4,5]pyramidine derivatives and intermediates thereof in accordance with the present disclosure, such as the compound known as CPI-444, consists of three chemical steps and uses starting materials known as CP-55, CP-56 and CP-60. The intermediate known as CP-57 is formed at step la without isolation (telescoped) and taken to the next step to form the compound known as CP-58 at step lb. Suzuki coupling using CP-60 during step 2 generates crude CPI-444 which undergoes crystallization during step 3 to form CPI-444.

[0315] Previously described processes for making triazolo[4,5]pyramidine derivatives and intermediates thereof utilized a compound known as CP-59:

[0316] Moreover, such previously described process utilize triethylamine which takes a longer time for the layers to separate where excessive rag layer is observed during phase separation. [0317] The present inventors unexpectedly and surpisingly found that the replacement of CP-59 with CP-60 improved ease of handling and improved process efficiency. In addition, the present inventors unexpectedly and surpisingly found that the use of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) during step 2 improves the phase separation and minimizes rag layer formation upon reaction completion. Finally, Step 3 employs the use of thermocycler in order to facilitate the removal of residual solvents such as isopropyl alcohol.

[0318] Accordingly, the processes in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure are an improvement over, and are more suitable for commercial scale-up, than processes previously described.

[0319] Starting material (C-55) is commercially available through Astatech, Inc., Keystone Business Park, 2525 Pearl Buck Road, Bristol, PA, 19007, USA; or Suven, SDE Serene Chambers, Road No.5, Avenue 7 Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500034, India.

[0320] CP-60 is commercially available through ARK Pharma, Inc., 3860 North Ventura Drive, Arlington Heights, IL, 60004, USA; or Boron Technology Institute, Road No. 2, Building No. 10, room No. 259, Haidian District, Beijing, China.

EXAMPLE 1. Preparation of CP-56

Reaction Scheme 1

Boc₂0, CbzCI

[0321] Preparation of Dimethyl pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate:

Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (900g, leq) is suspended in methanol(5 volume) and added H2SO4. (19g). The mixture is heated to reflux for approximately 4hr. After reaction completion, the mixture is cooled to 5- 10°C to allow the solids to precipitate. The solids are stirred for an additional hour. The solids are collected by filtration. The wet-cake is re-dissolved in DCM (3 volume) and extract in sequence with an aqueous saturated solution of NaHC0₃ (2 Volume) followed by with a 5% brine solution (2 Volume). The organic layer is concentrated to dryness to obtain dimethyl pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate; 914.85g, purity 100%, yield 87.%.

[0322] Preparation of pyridine-2,6-diyldimethanol:

Dimethyl pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate (885g, leq) is dissolved in EtOH (4425g, 5 Volume) at room temperature. The NaBH₄ (341 g, 2eq) is added slowly to the reaction while keeping the internal temperature below 30°C using an ice bath. The reaction is heated to 35°C for approximately 2hrs. After reaction completion, the mixture is cooled to room temperature and adjusted with 32% HCl solution to pH value of approximately 2.5. The mixture is stirred for

2hrs to allow the solids to precipitate. The mixture is then adjusted pH value of approximately 9 using 30% NaOH solution while maintaining an internal temperature below 30°C and stirred at room temperature for about 30 min. The solids are removed by filtration. The filtrate is concentrated at 50°C. The concentrated residual is suspended with isopropanol (4160g, 8 vol)

/water (416g, 0.8 vol) and heated to 70°C for about lhr. The solution is then cooled to room

temperature and stirred for 2hr before cooling to 5-10°C for 30min. The un-dissolved solids are

removed by filtration. The filtrate is concentrated at 50°C. The concentrated residue is charged

with dichloromefhane (2700g, 5vol) and heated to 40 °C for 30min. The suspension is cooled to 5-

10°C and stirred for 30mins. The solid is collected by filtration and dried under vacuum at 40°C to obtain pyridine-2,6-diyldimethanol; 540.77g, purity 100%, yield 85.86%.

[0323] Preparation of 2,6-6 s(chloromethyl)pyridine:

2,6-bis(chloromethyl)pyridine (400g, leq) is suspended in DCM (2000g) and then cooled to 10- 15°C. Thionyl chloride (SOCb; 775g, 3eq) is charged with CH2CI2 (775g) and then added drop- wised into the reaction vessel while maintaining the internal temperature below 20 °C. The reaction is then warmed to room temperature and held for approximately 2hrs. After reaction completion, the 15% aqueous solution of a₂C03 (9038g) is pre-cooled to 10-15°C before charging the reaction mixture into the carbonate solution while maintaining internal temperature below 20 °C. The mixture is stirred until gas-evolution is no longer observed. The organic layer is extracted with water (2 x 3200g) and then concentrated at 50°C to a crude product. The concentrated crude is purified by recrystallization using heptane (946g). The mixture is cooled to 5-10°C for 30min. The solid is collected by filtration and wet-cake is washed with heptane and dried at 40°C under vacuum to obtain 2,6-6zs(chloromethyl)pyridine; 442.6g, purity 100%, yield 87.0%.

[0324] Preparation of (3r,5r,7r)-l-((6-(chloromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-l,3,5,7-tetraazaadamantan-l-ium:

2,6-to(chloromethyl)pyridine (420g, leq) is dissolved in CH2CI2 (8400g), HMTA (336g, leq) is added into the reaction vessel. The reaction is heated to approximately 40 °C for about 3hrs. Additional HMTA (168g, 0.5eq) is added into the reaction mixture and stirred overnight at room

temperature. The product is collected by filtration. The wet-cake is washed with CthCkand dried under vacuumat 50°C to obtain (3r,5r,7r)-l -((6-(chloromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)- 1 ,3, 5,7-tetraazaadamantan- 1 -ium; 730g, purity 97.01%, yield 96.58%.

[0325] Preparation of (6-(chloromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methanamine dihydrochloride:

(3r,5r,7r)- 1 -((6-(chloromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)- 1 ,3 ,5 ,7-tetraazaadamantan- 1 -ium (730g, leq) is suspended in EtOH (4380g) before charging 37% HC1 (159g). The mixture is heated to approximately 60 °C for about lhr. After reaction completion, it is cooled to 25°C. MTBE

(1200g) is charged into the suspension. The suspension is then stirred for about 30 min and cooled to 5-10°C for about lhr. The solids are collected by filtration and washed with MTBE and dried at 50°C under vacuum to obtain (6-(chloromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methanamine dihydrochloride; 449.56g (after assay correction), purity 98.15%, yield85.23%.

[0326] Preparation of tert-butyl ((6-(chloromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)carbamate:

(6-(chloromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methanamine dihydrochloride [422.56g (after assay correction), leq] is dissolved in CH2CI2 (5600g) and pre-cooled to 10-15°C. K2CO3 (1632g) pre-dissolved in water (4000g) is charged into the reaction solution solution. The mixture is stirred for about lOmin and then cooled to 10-15°C. Boc-anhydride (603g) is pre-dissolved in CH2CI2 (1808g) before charging into the reactor. The mixture is warmed to room temperature and held for about an hour. After reaction completion, the organic layer is extracted with water (4000g), The organic layer is concentrated to dryness at 50 °C to obtain tert-butyl ((6-(chloromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)carbamate; 382.93g [after assay correction); purity 99.01%; yield 81%].

[0327] Preparation of tert-butyl ((6-(iodomethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)carbamate:

tert-butyl ((6-(chloromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)carbamat [ 382.93g (after assay correction) , leq] is dissolved in THF (1 150) and Nal (720g) is added, the reaction is at room temperature for approximately 4hr. After reaction completion, excess Nal and NaCl are filtered off and the filtrate is concentrated at 40°C. The concentrated residue is re-dissolved in ethyl acetate (2300g) and extracted with water (2900g), the organic layer is washed with 10% aqueous solution of Na2S20₃ (2600g) followed by 5% brine solution (2900g). The organic layer is concentrated to a residue. The residue is re-dissolved in ethyl acetate (4200g), and then filtered. The filtrate is oncentrated and taken up in ethyl acetate (765g) and stirred at room temperature for about 2hr before slowly adding heptane (380g). The solids are filtered and dried at 50°C under vacuum to

obtain tert-butyl ((6-(iodomethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)carbamate; 440g; purity 100%, Yield 85%.

[0328] Preparation of tert-butyl (S)-((6-(((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)carbamate:

A solution of t-BuOK (113g in THF (1.1 kg) is pre-cooled to 5- 10°C, before charging asolutionof (S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-ol (166g) in THF (220g). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for about lhr. A solution of tert-butyl ((6-(iodomethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)carbamate (440g, leq) in THF (880g) is pre-cooled to 10-15°C before. The tetrahydrofuranyl solution is slowly charged into reaction solution while maintaining an internal temperature below 1 °C. After about 1 hour another solution of pre-cooled solution of t-BuOK (50g) and (S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-ol (66g) in THF (405g) kg) is slowly added into reaction mixture while maintaining internal temperature below 10 °C. The mixture is stirred at about 10 °C for approximately 1 hour. After reaction completion, the mixture is quenched with water (2200g) and extracted with toluene (4400g). The organic layer is washed with 5% brine (2x 2200g). The organic layer is concentrated to dryness at 50°C under vacuum to obtain tert-butyl (S)-((6-(((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)carbamate; 389g, purity 89.63%, yield 105%.

[0329] Preparation of CP-56 free base:

tert-butyl (S)-((6-(((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)carbamate (389g, leq) is dissolved in CH2CI2 (1556g) and pre-cooled to 0-5°C before charging drop-wise methanesulfonic acid ( MSA; 600g) into the reaction solution while maintaining internal temperature below 20°C. The mixture is warmed to room temperature and hold for about lhr. After reaction completion, water (389g) is added and cooled to 5-10°C. 30% NaOH is charged to adjust the reactor pH to approximately 12.5. The mixture is stirred for about 30 min before extracting with CH2CI2 (1556g). The organic layer is collected and extracted with an aqueous saturated solution of brine (584g). The organic layer is concentrated under vacuum. The residue is re-dissolved in toluene (1560g andthenconcentrated. The concentrated residue is re-dissolved in toluene (1560g) and then filtered. The filtrate is concentrated to dryness at 50°C under vacuum to obtain CP-56 free base; 221g (after assay correction), purity 91%, yield 84.23%.

[0330] Preparation of CP-56:

CP-56 free base (22 lg (after assay correction), leq) is dissolved in MeOH (260g) and EtOH (1300g) and then cooled about 15°C. Oxalic acid (47), pre-dissolved in MeOH (1 lOg is charged into reaction mixture. The reaction is at 15-20°C for 3hr. The mixture is cooled to 0-5°C and

stirred for about an Ihr. The solid is collected by filtration and the wet-cake is washed with EtOH (390g). The solid is dried under vacuum at 50°C to obtain CP-56 crude. Crude CP-56 is re-crystallized from isopropanol (865g) and H₂0 (lOOg). The mixture is heated to about 70°C to obtain a solution. The solution is slowly cooled to 50°C for Ihr. The mixture is cooled to 0-5°C for about another Ihr. The solid is filtered and washed with isopropanol. The wet-cake is dried at 50°C under vacuum to obtain CP-56; 164g, purity 99%, yield 95%.

[0331] Alternatively, CP-56 can be formed using the following process:

Reaction Scheme 2

7 8 9

[0332] Preparation of Dimethyl pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate (compound 2):

Charge diacid (1; 628g) into reactor containing methanol (2Kg) and heat to reflux. After reaction completion the reaction is cooled to 30 C and stirred. The wet-cake is filtered and washed with methanol (500g). The wet-cake is dried under vacuum at about 55 °C to obtain diester (680 g, purity >99%; yield 85%).

[0333] Preparation of 6-(hydroxymethyl)picolinamide (compound 4):

Charge diester (2; 600 g) into reactor containing methanol (1.8 kg) and tetrahydrofuran (1.2 kg). Charge slowly sodium borohydride ( aBH4; about 130 g) into the reaction solution while maintaining an internal temperature below 30 °C. After reaction completion aqueous hydrochloric acid (about 350 g of 32% HC1) is charged into the reaction solution. The mixture is concentrated and then charged with dichloromethane (1.8 kg). The organic solution is extracted with water (600 g) and then concentrated to obtain the crude product (3). Crude 3 was dissolved in methanol (1.3 kg) and then charge ammonium hydroxide (20%; 1.3 kg). The solution was stirred until reaction completion before concentrating solution. The residue was taken up in water (600g) and heated to about 60 °C before cooling to 0 °C. The wet-cake was filtered, washed with water and dried in vacuum oven to obtain 6-(hydroxymethyl)picolinamide (about 220 g, >99% purity).

[0334] Preparation of 6-(chloromethyl)picolinonitrile (compound 5):

Charge 6-(hydroxymethyl)picolinamide (about 220 g) into a rector containing acetonitrile (450 g). Charge POCb (519 g and agitate at about 70 °C. After reaction completion the solution is

cooled to about 30 °C before slowly charging into a pre-cool (about 10 °C) reactor with water

(305 g). Charge toluene (1.4 kg) to extract the solution mixture. The toluene phase is washed in sequence with 20 % NaOH (600 g), saturated NaHC0₃ (300 g) and water (300 g). Toluene is concentrated to obtain crude Cl-nitrile, 5. Isopropyl alcohol (400 g) is charged to dissolve the wet-cake at about 45 °C before cooling to about 0 °C. The wet-cake was filtrated and washed with heptane (150 g) and dried in vacuum oven to obtain 6-(chloromethyl)picolinonitrile (180 g; > 99%.

[0335] Preparation of (S)-6-(((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy)methyl)picolinonitrile (compound 7):

Charge Cl-nitrile (180 g) into a rector containing THF (540 g). Charge Nal (185.7 g) to the reactor and stirred at 50 °C. After reaction completion, the reactor is cooled to 0 °C. In another

reactor, charge t-BuOK (145.6 g) and THF (320 g). Add (S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-ol (31 1.9 g) into the reactor while maintaining internal temperature below 50 °Cto deprotonate the alcohol. Stir

until t-BuOK dissolves. Add THF-OK / THF solution into 6-(iodomethyl)picolinonitrile solution (compound 6) while maintaining internal temperature below 10 °C. Stir at room

temperature until reaction completion. Concentrate the solution to remove THF solvent. Add

ethyl acetate (630 g) and wash by water (420 g). Extract water phase by ethyl acetate (630 g). Combine organic layer and concentrate to obtain oil crude 374 g. The residue was distilled under vaccum (P=3~4 torr, internal temperature 174 °C to 188 °C) to obtain (S)-6-

(((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy)methyl)picolinonitrile (compound 7) as an oily product (204g, >96% purity; 74% yield).

[0336] Preparation of (S)-(6-(((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)methanamine (compound 9):

Charge (S)-6-(((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy)methyl)picolinonitrile (180 g) into a rector containing MeOH (1620 g). Charge NaOMe (95.3 g) to the reactor and stirred for 30 min at 30 °C until

reaction completion. The methyl (S)-6-(((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy)methyl)picolinimidate solution (compound 8) was transferred to hydrogenation apparatus containing 50% Ni (60 g). Purge with N₂ and then increase the H₂ pressure. Under H₂ pressure of 5 kg / cm² and temperature of 30 °C until reaction completion. The reaction is filtered through celite. The filtrate is concentrated. Toluene is charged (1kg) and then concentrated. Then add toluene (1000 g) and filter to remove salt by-products. The filtrate was concentrated to obtain the oil residue of (S)-(6-(((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)methanamine (136 g; 85% yield, assay 80%, >91% purity).

[0337] Preparation of CP-56:

Charge (S)-(6-(((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)methanamine (170 g) into a rector containing isopropyl alcohol (600 g). Set internal temperature of 75 °C. In another reactor,

charge oxalic acid (41.1 g) and water (60 g) and heat solution. Add oxalic acid solution into

CP-56 free-base solution. Cool to 30 °C for about 4 hours and agitate. The wet-cake was filtered

and washed with isopropyl alcohol (175 g) and dried under vacuum drying with heat to obtain crude CP-56 (136.2 g). Charge CP-56 crude (123 g) into a rector containing methanol (1295 g). Stir until CP-56 was dissolved completely. Filter through celite to remove insoluble salt. The filtrate is concentrated. Charge isopropyl alcohol (500 g) and water (50 g) to dissolve CP-56 using heat. Cool to about 30 °C for about 3 hours and stir. The wet-cake was filtrated and

washed by isopropyl alcohol (165 g) and dried under vacuum drying with heat to obtain CP-56 (1 13.4 g. purity = >99 %, > 99% ee).

EXAMPLE 4. Preparation of CPI-444

CP-58 CP-60

C₁₅H₁₆CIN₇0₂ CPI-444

1H-17BO3

W: 361 .79 MW: 208.06 C20H21N O3

MW: 407.43

[0349] It is to be noted that other Pd coupling reagents can also be used such as Pd(PPh₃)4 or Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂.

[0350] A solution of CP-58 (30.0 g, 1 equiv.), CP-60 (approximately 20.8 g, 1.2 equiv.), in THF (approximately 180 mL), K₂C0₃ (approximately 17.5 g), Pd(dtbpf)Cl₂(approximately 337 mg), and water (approximately 100 mL) were stirred and heated to about 60 °C until reaction completion. The reaction was cooled to about 50 °C and the layers were allowed to separate. The aqueous layer was removed and back extracted with THF (approximately 30 mL). The THF layers were combined and water (approximately 450 ml) was added to precipitate out crude CPI-444. The slurry was cooled to about 20 °C and stirred for approximately 60 min and the slurry was filtered. The cake was washed in sequence with water (approximately 120 ml) and 2-propanol (approximately 30 ml). The wet-cake was dried in the vacuum oven to provide an off- white solid (29.74 g, 88% yield) with a purity of 98.5 %. Crude CPI-444 conforms to reference.

-444 can be prepared by the following process:

EDA and DAP are used to remove Palladium during CPI-444 formation.

[0352] The solution of CP-58 (10 g), CP-60 (6.9 g) , Pd(dtbpf)C12 (approx. 0.0015 mol eq) and K₂C0₃ (5.8 g) in THF (6V) and H₂0 (3V) is heated to approximately 60 °C. The reaction is complete after approximately 30 minutes. The solution is cooled to 50 °C and aqueous layer is separated. The aqueous layer is extracted with THF (9 mL); the THF layer is added to organic solution. The organics are cooled to 40 °C, 1 ,3-diaminopropane (DAP; approximately 50 g) or ethylene diamine (EDA; approximately 45 g) is added and the mixture stirred for 1 hour. H₂0 (15V) is added to the organic layer over 10 min. The slurry is cooled to 20 °C for 2 hours, and stirred for an additional 1 hour. The slurry is filtered and washed with H₂0 (2V x 2) and z^‘PrOH (IV). CPI-444 wet-cake is dried at 50 °C under full vacuum. (Yield = 90 %; purity > 99.0%).

[0353] Alternatively, CPI-444 can be prepared by the following process:

using cysteine in TNF to remove Palladium during CPI-444 formation

[0354] CP-58 (1 kg), K₂C0₃ (0.58 kg), water (3 kg), CP-60 (0.69 kg), and THF (5.3 kg),

Pd(dtbpf)Cb (3 g). The solution is heated to 60 °C. The reaction is complete after approximately 30 minutes. Charge THF (4.5 kg) and cool to 50 °C. The aqueous layer is separated. The organic layer is charged with cysteine (0.32 kg) and water (5 kg). The mixture is agitated. NH4OH (1.1 kg) is charged to the reaction mixture and agitate for approximately 15 minutes. The layers are allowed to separate and the lower aqueous layer is separated. The organic layer is charged with cysteine (0.32 kg) and water (5 kg). The mixture is agitated. NH4OH (1.1 kg) is charged to the reaction mixture and agitate for approximately 15 minutes. The layers are allowed to separate and the lower aqueous layer is separated. THF is distilled to approximately 7 volumes under atmospheric pressure. The solution is cooled to 50 °C before charging NH4OH (0.5 kg) and agitate for 30 min. Water (14.5 kg) is charged while maintaining the internal temperature >40 °C. The reactor is cooled to 20 °C for 2 hours and hold for an additional 1 hour. CPI-444 is filtered and washed with water followed by isopropanol. CPI-444 wet-cake is dried under vacuum at 50 °C. Purity > 99%, yield 85%.

EXAMPLE 5. Removal of Residual Palladium With Biocap Filter Cartridge

[0355] A mixture of CPI-444 crude (16.00 g), THF (approximately 190 ml), L-cysteine

(approximately 8 g), and H20 (approximately 90 ml) were mixed and heated to a solution at about 60 °C for 1 hour. A solution of 28% NH OH (approximately 20 ml) was added and heated for an additional 15 minutes. The agitation was turned off to allow the layers allowed to settle. The aqueous layer was removed; the THF layer was washed with brine solution (approximately 15 ml). The combined aqueous solutions were back extracted with THF (approximately 15 ml). A 3M Biocap filter (BC0025LR55SP; available from 3M) was pretreated with THF (approximately 150 ml) at about 50 °C. The combined organic layers were recirculated through the Biocap at about 10 ml/min for approximately 3 hours and then filtered forward. The Biocap filter was rinsed with THF (approximately 130 ml) at about 50 °C. The combined filtrates were concentrated. Water

(approximately 80 ml) was added, and distilled to remove residual THF. 2-Propanol (approximately 1 10 ml) was added to the slurry, and the mixture was heated to a solution. The solution was cooled to 20 °C and water (approximately 240 ml) was added. The slurry was performed in series by heating to about 55 °C and held that that temperature for approximately 30 minutes, cooled to 20 °C over 30 minutes, and held at 20 °C for 30 minutes. This heating cycle was repeated two more. The slurry was then held at 20 °C for approximately 12 hours. The slurry was filtered, and the product was washed with water (approximately 300 ml). The wet cake (about 23 g) was dried in the vacuum oven to obtain an off white solid (13.6 g; 85% yield;99.9% purity; Pd = 25 ppm).

[0356] Reprocess of step 4. AFC-825-106

[0357] CPI-444 (16.02 g, AFC-825-48) and THF (approximately 280 ml) were charged to a flask and heated to about 50 °C for about 30 minutes to obtain a solution. A 3M Biocap filter

(BC0025LR55SP) was pretreated with THF (approximately 150 ml) at about 50 °C . The CPI-444 solution was passed through the Biocap at aboutl O ml/min. The Biocap filter was rinsed with THF (approximately 130 ml) at about 50 °C. The combined filtrates were transferred to a reactor and concentrated. Water (approximately 80 ml) was added, and distilled to remove residual THF solvent. 2-Propanol (approximately 1 10 ml) was added to the slurry and heated to about 65 °C to obtain a solution. The solution was cooled to about 20 °C before adding water (approximately 240 ml). The slurry was heated to 55 °C over 30 minutes, held at 55 °C for 30 minutes, cooled to 20 °C over 30 minutes, and held at 20 °C for 30 minutes. This heating cycle was two more times. The slurry was then held at 20 °C for 12 hours. The slurry was filtered, and the product was washed with water (approximately 300 ml). The wet cake (26.6 g) was dried in the vacuum oven overnight to obtain 15 as a white solid (95% yield; 99% purity; Pd = 5 ppm).

EXAMPLE 6. Removal of Residual Palladium With Darco KB-G

Crude CPI-444

CPI-444 Drug Substance

[0358] Crude CPI-444 (475 g, 1.17 mol, 1.00 eq), 2-MeTHF (1 1.9 L, 25.0 vol) and WFI water (2.6 L, 5.5 vol) were charged to a 19 L jacketed reactor. The mixture was mechanically agitated under a nitrogen blanket. Nitrogen was bubbled through the solution for 20 minutes. L-Cysteine (242 g, 1.99 mol, 1.71 eq) was then charged. The solution in the reactor was heated to 55±5 °C. Upon reaching 50 °C, the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour. 28-30% NH4OH (594 mL, 1.25 vol) was charged via addition funnel, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min. Agitation was stopped and the reaction was allowed to separate for 1 hour. The aqueous layer was removed. The organic layer was allowed to cool to ambient. The organic layer was filtered and the frit was washed with 2-MeTHF (618 mL, 1.3 vol). The organics were concentrated off by rotary evaporation. WFI water (2.42 L, 5.1 vol) and IPA (2.38 L, 5.0 vol) were used to charge the concentrated slurry to a clean 19 L jacketed reactor under N₂. The mixture was heated to 65±5 °C, and then was stirred for 1 hour to obtain solution. Darco KB-G activated carbon (71.3 g, 15 wt%) was charged. The reactor was heated to 75±5 °C and stirred for 15 hours. A I L pocket filter was prepared with filter cloth and a heating jacket and heated to 70±5 °C. Reactor contents were filtered through the pocket filter using N2 pressure. The pocket filter was rinsed with a mixture of IPA/WFI water (1 : 1, 950 mL, 2 vol) followed by a mixture of IPA/WFI water (1 : 1, 1.90 L, 4 vol) and IPA/WFI water ( 1 : 1 , 1.90 L, 4 vol). Inside a 22 L three neck round bottom flask the filtrates were mechanically agitated under a N2 blanket. WFI water (7.13 L, 15 vol) was slowly added via addition funnel over 1 h at ambient temperature, and aged for 1 h. The slurry was heated to 55±5 °C and maintained the temperature for 30 min. This heating and subsequent cooling were repeated twice more. After reaching ambient

temperature the final time, the mixture was stirred for at least 2 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and the reactor rinsed with WFI water (2.38 L, 5.0 vol, 3x). The cake was dried under N₂ for 30 minutes and then transferred to a glass dish. The material was dried under full vacuum at 55±5 °C. The desired product was obtained 368.1 g (77%) as light yellow solids. This material was 99.6% pure by HPLC and had a Pd content of 3.6 ppm.

EXAMPLE 7. Removal of Residual Palladium With Polymer-Bound Thiol (SiST)

[0359] Crude CPI-444 (24.48 g, pd = 1267 ppm) and THF (244.8 mL, 10 vol) were charged to a 500 mL 4-necked flask fitted with mechanical agitation, a condenser with nitrogen balloon and a thermometer. The slurry was heated to 60 °C for 20 minutes and then slowly cooled to 45 °C. SiST (36.72 g) was added to the solution and the mixture was stirred at 42 °C for 14 h. The mixture was filtered and washed by THF (24 mL, 1 vol, twice; Pd= 13.12 ppm). H₂0 (120 mL, 5 vol) and IPA (120 mL, 5vol) were charged to the flask. The slurry was heated to 70 °C and maintained for 1 h (the slurry became solution). The solution was slowly cooled to room temperature and the slurry was added H₂0 (360 mL, 15 vol) and heated to 55 °C for 1 h. The slurry was cooled to room temperature and then heated to 55 °C for 1 h. The slurry was cooled to rt. and stirred at rt. for 2 h. The slurry was filtered and washed by H₂0 (100 mL, 4 vol, three times). The wet cake (28.36 g) was dried by 10 mmHg and 50 °C for overnight (14h) and the weight of CPI-444 was 19.31 g (79% recovery).

EXAMPLE 8. Removal of Residual Palladium By Recrystallization

[0360] CUNO Filter Cartridge 55 S

[0361] CPI-444 (5.0 g, Pd 14.06 ppm) and THF (50 mL, 10 vol) were charged to a 100 mL 3-necked flask fitted with stirring bar, a condenser with nitrogen balloon and a thermometer. The slurry was heated to 60 °C for 20 minutes and added CUNO 55S filter (0.75 g, 15w%). The mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 1 h. The mixture was filtered and washed by THF (5 mL, 1 vol, twice). The filtrate was concentrated. The solid, H₂0 (25 mL, 5 vol) and IPA (25 mL, 5vol) were charged to 250 mL 3 -necked flask fitted with stirring bar, a condenser with nitrogen balloon and a thermometer. The slurry was heated to 70 °C and maintained for 1 h (the slurry became solution). The solution was slowly cooled to rt.(40 minutes) The slurry was added H₂0 (75 mL, 15 vol) and then heated to 55 °C for 1 h. The slurry was cooled to rt. (30 minutes) and stirred at rt. for 2 h. The slurry was filtered and washed by H₂0 (20 mL, 4 vol, three times). The cake (6.355 g) was dried by 10 mmHg and 50 °C

for overnight (16 h) and the weight of CPI-444 was 4.281 g (85% recovery). Pd content(ppm) = 2.02 ppm.

[0362] Polymer-bound Thiol: SiST

[0363] CPI-444(5 g; Pd 14.06ppm) was dissolved in THF (50 mL) at 60 °C. The solution was cooled to 55 °C and SiST (7.5 g) was added to the solution. The solution was stirred at 50-55 °C for 16 h. The solution was filtered through celite and a 0.2 micron filter. The filtrate was tested for Pd content. Result: 2.43 ppm.

Catalyst

Molecular Weight: 291.6990

Molecular Weight: 337.3430

[0364] 1. A solution of S.M., CP-60, Pd(PPh₃)2Cl₂ and K₂C0₃ in THF – H₂0 (7.9 mL, 1 : 1) was put in oil-bath at 70-75 °C.

[0365] 2. After 2 h, 0.047 g CP-60 was added to the reaction at 70-75 °C.

[0366] 3. After 1 hr, the reaction was cooled to rt. and 10 mL H₂0 was added to the reaction.

[0367] 4. The reaction was filtered to provide wet cake (0.812 g).

[0368] 5. The solid wet cake was dried at 45 °C and 20 mmHg for 2h to provide weight 0.499 g. (86%).

[0369] 6. The solid wet cake was stirred in 2 mL DMF for 30 mins (slurry) and then filtered. The solid was dried by 45 °C and 10 mmHg for 12h to provide weight 0.40 g; 69% yield; 98.1% purity.

//////////CIFORADENANT, CPI-444, CPI 444, CPI444, V81444, V-81444, V 81444, UNII 8KFO2187CP,  Corvus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,  PHASE 1, 

NC1=NC2=C(N=NN2CC3=NC(CO[C@H]4CCOC4)=CC=C3)C(C5=CC=C(O5)C)=N1

USFDA approval to Lumoxiti is a new treatment for hairy cell leukemia

On September 13, 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Lumoxiti (moxetumomab pasudotoxtdfk) injection for intravenous use for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL) who have received at least two prior systemic therapies, including treatment with a purine nucleoside analog 1. Lumoxiti is a CD22-directed cytotoxin and is the first of this type of treatment for patients with HCL. The efficacy of Lumoxiti was studied in a single-arm, open-label clinical trial of 80 patients who had received prior treatment for HCL with at least two systemic therapies, including a purine nucleoside analog. The trial measured durable complete response (CR), defined as maintenance of hematologic remission for more than 180 days after achievement of CR. Thirty percent of patients in the trial achieved durable CR, and the overall response rate (number of patients with partial or complete response to therapy) was 75 percent. The FDA granted this application Fast Track and Priority Review designations. Lumoxiti also received Orphan Drug designation, which provides incentives to assist and encourage the development of drugs for rare diseases. The FDA granted the approval of Lumoxiti to AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals. About Hairy Cell Leukemia HCL is a rare, slow-growing cancer of the blood in which the bone marrow makes too many B cells (lymphocytes), a type of white blood cells that fight infection. HCL is named after these extra B cells which look “hairy” when viewed under a microscope. As the number of leukemia cells increases, fewer healthy white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets are produced.

About Lumoxiti2 Lumoxiti (moxetumomab pasudotox) is a CD22-directed cytotoxin and a first-in-class treatment in the US for adult patients with relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) who have received at least two prior systemic therapies, including treatment with a purine nucleoside analog. Lumoxiti is not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment (CrCl ≤ 29 mL/min). It comprises the CD22 binding portion of an antibody fused to a truncated bacterial toxin; the toxin inhibits protein synthesis and ultimately triggers apoptotic cell death.

1 https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm620448.htm

2 https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2018/us-fda-approves-lumoxiti-moxetumomab-pasudotox-tdfk-for-certain-patientswith-relapsed-or-refractory-hairy-cell-leukaemia.html

/////////// Lumoxiti, moxetumomab pasudotoxtdfk, FDA 2018, Fast Track,  Priority Review ,  Orphan Drug, AstraZeneca

Cablivi is the first therapeutic approved in Europe, for the treatment of a rare blood-clotting disorder

On September 03, 2018, the European Commission has granted marketing authorization for Cablivi (caplacizumab) for the treatment of adults experiencing an episode of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (aTTP), a rare blood-clotting disorder. Cablivi is the first therapeutic specifically indicated for the treatment of aTTP   1. Cablivi was designated an ‘orphan medicine’ (a medicine used in rare diseases) on April 30, 2009. The approval of Cablivi in the EU is based on the Phase II TITAN and Phase III HERCULES studies in 220 adult patients with aTTP. The efficacy and safety of caplacizumab in addition to standard-of-care treatment, daily PEX and immunosuppression, were demonstrated in these studies. In the HERCULES study, treatment with caplacizumab in addition to standard-of-care resulted in a significantly shorter time to platelet count response (p<0.01), the study’s primary endpoint; a significant reduction in aTTP-related death, recurrence of aTTP, or at least one major thromboembolic event during study drug treatment (p<0.0001); and a significantly lower number of aTTP recurrences in the overall study period (p<0.001). Importantly, treatment with caplacizumab resulted in a clinically meaningful reduction in the use of PEX and length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and the hospital, compared to the placebo group. Cablivi was developed by Ablynx, a Sanofi company. Sanofi Genzyme, the specialty care global business unit of Sanofi, will work with relevant local authorities to make Cablivi available to patients in need in countries across Europe.

About aTTP aTTP is a life-threatening, autoimmune blood clotting disorder characterized by extensive clot formation in small blood vessels throughout the body, leading to severe thrombocytopenia (very low platelet count), microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (loss of red blood cells through destruction), ischemia (restricted blood supply to parts of the body) and widespread organ damage especially in the brain and heart. About Cablivi Caplacizumab blocks the interaction of ultra-large von Willebrand Factor (vWF) multimers with platelets and, therefore, has an immediate effect on platelet adhesion and the ensuing formation and accumulation of the micro-clots that cause the severe thrombocytopenia, tissue ischemia and organ dysfunction in aTTP   2.

Note – Caplacizumab is a bivalent anti-vWF Nanobody that received Orphan Drug Designation in Europe and the United States in 2009, in Switzerland in 2017 and in Japan in 2018. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has accepted for priority review the Biologics License Application for caplacizumab for treatment of adults experiencing an episode of aTTP. The target action date for the FDA decision is February 6, 2019

1 http://hugin.info/152918/R/2213684/863478.pdf

2 http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Summary_for_the_public/human/004426/WC500255075.pdf

More………….

EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGRTFS YNPMGWFRQA PGKGRELVAA ISRTGGSTYY
PDSVEGRFTI SRDNAKRMVY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCAAAG VRAEDGRVRT LPSEYTFWGQ
GTQVTVSSAA AEVQLVESGG GLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGRTF SYNPMGWFRQ APGKGRELVA
AISRTGGSTY YPDSVEGRFT ISRDNAKRMV YLQMNSLRAE DTAVYYCAAA GVRAEDGRVR
TLPSEYTFWG QGTQVTVSS
(disulfide bridge: 22-96, 153-227)

Sequence:

EU 2018/8/31 APPROVED, Cablivi

Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombosis

Caplacizumab (ALX-0081) (INN) is a bivalent VHH designed for the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and thrombosis.^[1][2]

This drug was developed by Ablynx NV.^[3] On 31 August 2018 it was approved in the European Union for the “treatment of adults experiencing an episode of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (aTTP), in conjunction with plasma exchange and immunosuppression”.^[4]

It is an anti-von Willebrand factor humanized immunoglobulin.^[5] It acts by blocking platelet aggregation to reduce organ injury due to ischemia.^[5] Results of the phase II TITAN trial have been reported.^[5]

PATENTS

WO 2006122825

WO 2009115614

WO 2011067160

WO 2011098518

WO 2011162831

WO 2013013228

WO 2014109927

WO 2016012285

WO 2016138034

WO 2016176089

WO 2017180587

WO 2017186928

WO 2018067987

References

/////////////eu 2018, Caplacizumab, nti-vWF Nanobody, Orphan Drug Designation, aTTP, Cablivi, Ablynx, Sanofi , ALX-0081, カプラシズマブ  , PEPTIDE, ALX 0081

Pirlindole

• Molecular FormulaC₁₅H₁₈N₂
• Average mass226.317 Da

Pirlindole (Lifril, Pyrazidol) is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA) which was developed and is used in Russia as an antidepressant.^[1]:337 It is structurally and pharmacologically related to metralindole.

Biovista is investigating BVA-201, a repurposed oral formulation of pirlindole mesylate, for the potential treatment of multiple sclerosis

SYN 1

SYN 2

PAPER

Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1986), 20(3), 300-3.

PATENT

U.S.S.R. (1986), SU 276060

PAPER

Sudebno-meditsinskaia ekspertiza (1989), 32(4), 49-50

PAPER

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0731708598002131

PATENT

WO2015171003 ,

claiming method for resolving racemic mixture of pirlindole hydrochloride into enantiomerically pure (S)-pirlindole and/or (R)-pirlindole,

Pirlindole, 2, 3, 3a, 4, 5, 6-hexahydro-lH-8-methyl-pyrazine

[3, 2, 1-j , k] carbazole, is a tetracyclic compound of the formula I

(I)

Pirlindole is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor being up to date useful as a medicament in the treatment of depression.

Pirlindole has an asymmetric carbon atom which implies that there are two enantiomers, (S) -pirlindole and (R) -pirlindole .

The state of the art teaches several methods for the enantiomeric separation of pirlindole. For example, The Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 18(1998) 605- 614, “Enantiomeric separation of pirlindole by liquid chromatography using different types of chiral stationary phases”, Ceccato et al, discloses the enantiomeric separation of pirlindole by liquid chromatography (LC) using three different chiral stationary phases.

Further, The Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 27(2002) 447-455, “Automated determination of pirlindole enantiomers in plasma by on-line coupling of a pre-column packed with restricted access material to a chiral liquid chromatographic column”, Chiap et al., discloses the use of a pre-column packed with restricted access material for sample clean up coupled to a column containing a cellulose based chiral stationary phase for separation and quantitative analysis of the enantiomers .

According to the prior art, Chirality 11:261-266 (1999) all attempts to obtain the enantiomers of pirlindole by selective crystallization with optically active acids failed, and it was only possible to obtain at laboratory scale (few grams) as hydrochloride salt, using derivatization technique in conjunction with preparative chromatography.

The characteristics of the process disclosed in the state of the art limit in a definitive way, its implementation on an industrial or semi-industrial scale due to the necessity to use a separation by chromatography on a large scale which makes the process very costly, difficult to implement and with poor reproducibility. .

EXAMPLE 7

(R) -Pirlindole mesylate

Starting from 10 g of (R) -pirlindole (S) -mandelate obtained in Example 1 and following the procedure described in Example 5 using methanesulfonic acid as pharmaceutical acceptable acid, ,

7.4 g (0.023 mole) of (R) -pirlindole mesylate were obtained (yield = 85.2% ). Chiral HPLC (enantiomeric purity = 98.0%).

XAMPLE 9

(S) -pirlindole mesylate

Starting from 10 g of (S) -pirlindole (R) -mandelate obtained in Example 2 and following the procedure described in Example 6 using methanesulfonic acid as pharmaceutical acceptable acid, 6.8 g (0.021 mole) of (S) -pirlindole mesylate were obtained (yield = 77.8%). Chiral HPLC (enantiomeric purity = 98.0%).

PATENT

WO-2018193415

Process for the preparation of pirlindole .  useful for treating depression.

Pirlindole (8-methyl-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-lH-pyrazino[3,2,l-jk]carbazole) of formula I

Compound Formula I

also described as Pyrazidole represents a new class of original tetracyclic antidepressants, the pyrazinocarbazole derivatives. The drug was synthesized and characterized at the end of the 1960s and was marketed as an anti-depressant in 1975. Current clinical trials have demonstrated to be a highly effective short-acting and safe drug.

[0003] Pirlindole is a selective, reversible inhibitor of MAO-A. In-vitro evidence suggest the catalytic oxidation of Pirlindole into dehydro-pirlindole by MAO-A. Dehydro-pirlindole may be a more potent slowly reversible inhibitor of MAO-A and this might explain the persistence of MAO-A inhibition in-vivo (MAO-The mother of all amine oxidases, John P.M. Finberg et al. 1998, Springer).

[0004] Pirlindole chemical structure is composed of one stereogenic centre which indicates the existence of two enantiomers, the ( ?)-Pirlindole and the (S)-Pirlindole.

[0005] Although Pirlindole pharmacological data and the clinical use were performed on the racemate, recently there have been increasing interest in the pharmacological profile of each enantiomer (WO 2015/171005 Al).

[0006] International patent publication WO 2015/171003A1 filed 9^th May 2014 discloses a resolution of racemic pirlindole into optically active pirlindole. The Resolution-Racemization-Recycle (RRR) synthesis described involves derivatization by preparation of pairs of diastereomers in the form of salts from an optically active organic acid. These diastereomers can be separated by conventional techniques such as crystallisation. Although it is a very efficient procedure to prepare laboratorial scale or pre-clinical batch of (/?)- or (S)-Pirlindole, it is not economically convenient at an industrial scale because the process relies on Pirlindole racemate as the starting material.

[0007] Andreeva et al. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry 1992, 26_., 365-369) discloses the first isolation of Pirlindole enantiomers in isolated form. ( ?)-Pirlindole of formula II

was isolated as an hydrochloride salt from a racemic base by the fractional crystallization of racemic pirlindole salt with (+)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid. (S)-Pirlindole formula III

was also isolated as an hydrochloride salt although via asymmetric synthesis from the 6-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazol-l-one IV

[0008] Compound of formula IV was reacted with chiral auxiliary (S)-(-)-a-methylbenzylamine to afford asymmetric (S)-6-methyl-N-(l-phenylethyl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazol-l-imine V

[0009] Compound of formula V was subjected to stereoselective reduction with sodium borohydride in ethanol. According to Andreeva et al. the reaction might occur through directed intramolecular hydride transfer after formation of a complex between compound of formula V and reducing agent to afford (S)-6-methyl-N-((S)-l-phenylethyl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazol-l-amine VI

[0010] Compound of formula VI is reacted with ethylene glycol ditosylate by ethylene bridge formation under alkaline conditions to yield (S)-8-methyl-3-((S)-l-phenylethyl)-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-lH-pyrazino[3,2,l-jk]carbazole VII.

[0011] Alkaline agent is sodium hydride (NaH), in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or dimethylformamide (DMF).

[0012] The ratio between alkaline agent, compound of formula VI and ethylene glycol ditosylate is 1.2:1:1.

[0013] The cyclization reaction occurs at room temperature for a period of 4.5 hours. [0014] Compound of formula VII was subjected to catalytic hydrogenolysis conditions to afford the desired hydrochloride salt of compound of formula III.

[0015] The hydrogenolysis reaction was catalysed by Palladium on charcoal (Pd content 0.1 g, 9 mol%) and was conducted in methanol. The conversion of compound of formula VII into compound of formula III was performed under a hydrogen pressure of 1.8-2.0 MPa at 22 °C for a period of 17h.

[0016] The work-up conditions for the hydrogenolysis reaction involved neutralization with ammonia solution followed by benzene recrystallization. The hydrochloride salt of compound of formula III was formed from addition of hydrochloric acid to a solution of free base in ethanol.

[0017] The process yielded (S)-Pirlindole hydrochloride with a final yield of 10% with respect to the intermediate VI.

[0018] The mixture of sodium hydride with DMSO generates dimsyl anion. This anion is very often used in laboratory scale, but because it is unstable its use on large scale should be under specific precautions. Dimsyl anion decomposition is exotermic. It is reported that dimsyl anion decomposition starts even at 20 °C, and above 40 °C it decomposes at an appreciable rate (Lyness, W. I. et ai, U.S. 3,288,860 1966, CI. 260-607).

[0019] The mixture of DMF and sodium hydride is reported in ‘Sax & Lewis’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials’ to give a violent reaction with ignition above 50 °C. Buckey, J. et ai, Chem. Eng. News 1982, 60(28), 5, describes the thermal runaway of a pilot plant reactor containing sodium hydride and DMF from 50 °C. Accelerated Rate Calorimetry (ARC) tests showed exothermic activity as low as 26 °C. Similar behaviour was also seen with DMA. De Wall, G. et ai, Chem. Eng. News 1982, 60(37), 5, reports a similar incident, wherein runaway started at 40 °C, and rose 100 °C in less than 10 minutes, boiling off most of the DMF.

[0020] There exists a need for safe, industrial- and eco-friendly processes for the preparation of Pirlindole enantiomers. These facts are disclosed in order to illustrate the technical problem addressed by the present disclosure.

[0068] In an embodiment, the preparation of (S)-8-methyl-3-((S)-l-phenylethyl)-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-lH-pyrazino[3,2,l-jk]carbazole, compound of formula VII was carried out as follow.

[0069] In an embodiment, in a 2 L three necked round bottomed flask equipped with magnetic stirrer, ethylene glycol ditosylate (73 g, 197 mmol) and DMI (240 mL) were loaded. To the resulting clear solution, NaH (60% suspension in mineral oil, 15.8 g, 394 mmol) was added carefully. To the resulting suspension a solution of VI ((S)-6-methyl-N-((S)-l-phenylethyl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazol-l-amine) (30 g, 98.5 mmol) in DMI (60 mL) was added dropwise at 60 °C. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at 60 °C. The mixture was cooled down to room temperature, then MeOH was added slowly with ice-water cooling. A white precipitation appeared, and the resulting suspension was stirred and then filtered. The filtered product was washed with water-MeOH. The product was dried under vacuum to give 24.9 g of compound of formula VII (75.2 mmol, yield: 76%). Purity >99.9area% (HPLC).

[0070] In an embodiment, the preparation of hydrochloride salt of (S)-Pirlindole, compound of formula III, was performed as follow.

[0071] In an embodiment, the free amine VII ((S)-8-methyl-3-((S)-l-phenylethyl)-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-lH-pyrazino[3,2,l-jk]carbazole) (8,32 g, 25 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (42 mL) and excess of HCI in MeOH (42 mL) was added. The solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure to dryness to give a yellow oil. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (120 mL) and was added to the dispersion of Pd/C (1,74 g, -50% water) in MeOH (20 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 50 °C under a 750 KPa (7.5 bar) pressure of hydrogen for 5h. After completion (HPLC) the suspension was filtered through a celite pad, and the filter cake was washed with MeOH. The pH of the resulting solution was checked (<3) and it was evaporated to give the crude hydrochloride salt of compound of formula III. To the crude material iPrOH was added and the suspension was allowed to stir at reflux. The suspensions were filtered, and the product was dried under vacuum to give the hydrochloride salt of (S)-Pirlindole, compound of formula III (5.11 g, 19.5 mmol, yield: 77%). Purity > 99.5% (HPLC). Enantiomeric purity 99.5% (Chiral HPLC). MS (ESI): m/z 227.2 (M+H)⁺.

PATENT

WO-2018193414

Process for the preparation of piperazine ring for the synthesis of pyrazinocarbazole derivatives, such as the antidepressant pirlindole .

Pirlindole hydrochloride is the compound represented in formula I

[0003] It is the common name of 8-methyl-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-lH-pyrazino[3,2,l-jk]carbazole hydrochloride which is an active pharmaceutical ingredient marketed with the name Pyrazidol. The compound is effective as an anti-depressant agent.

[0004] Pirlindole chemical structure belongs to the pyrazinocarbazole group. It is composed of one stereogenic centre which anticipate the existence of two enantiomers, the ( ?)-Pirlindole of formula II and the (S)-Pirlindole of formula III.

[0005] Although Pirlindole pharmacological data and the clinical use were performed on the racemate, recently there have been increasing interest in the pharmacological profile of each enantiomer (WO 2015/171005 Al).

[0006] The document WO 2015/171003Al(Tecnimede group) filed 9^th May 2014 discloses a resolution of racemic pirlindole into optically active pirlindole. The Resolution-Racemization-Recycle (RRR) synthesis described involves derivatization by preparation of pairs of diastereomers in the form of salts from an optically active organic acid. These diastereomers can be separated by conventional techniques such as crystallisation. Although it is a very efficient procedure to prepare laboratorial scale or pre-clinical batch of (/?)- or (S)-Pirlindole, it is not economically convenient at an industrial scale because the process relies on Pirlindole racemate as the starting material.

[0007] Processes to prepare Pirlindole involve the formation of a piperazine ring. The state of the art discloses different processes for piperazine ring formation but they are generally a multistep approach, and they are hampered by low yields, expensive reagents, or are reported as unsuccessful (Roderick et al. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 1966, 9, 181-185).

[0008] The first asymmetric synthesis of Pirlindole enantiomers described by Andreeva et al. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry 1992, 26, 365-369) discloses a one-step process to prepare pyrazinocarbazole piperazine ring system from a tetrahydrocarbazole-amine. The process discloses a very low yield (23.8 %) and employs the use of sodium hydride (NaH) in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or dimethyl formamide (DMF), both conditions described as generating exothermic decomposition that can cause reaction ignition or reaction thermal runaway.

[0009] The mixture of sodium hydride with DMSO generates dimsyl anion. This anion is very often used in laboratory scale, but because it is unstable its use on large scale should be under specific precautions. The dimsyl anion decomposition is exothermic. It is reported that dimsyl anion decomposition starts even at 20 °C, and above 40 °C it decomposes at an appreciable rate (Lyness et al. US 3288860).

[0010] The mixture of DMF and sodium hydride is reported in Sax & Lewis’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials to give a violent reaction with ignition above 50 °C. Buckey et al., (Chemical & Engineering News, 1982, 60(28), 5) describes the thermal runaway of a pilot plant reactor containing sodium hydride and DMF from 50 °C. Accelerated Rate Calorimetry (ARC) tests showed exothermic activity as low as 26 °C.

Similar behaviour was also seen with DMA. De Wall et al. (Chem. Eng. News, 1982, 60(37), 5) reports a similar incident, wherein runaway started at 40 °C, and rose 100 °C in less than 10 minutes, boiling off most of the DMF.

[0011] An alternative process for the preparation of a piperazine ring system of a pyrazinocarbazole derivative can involve the formation of a lactam ring in a three steps approach:

1. N-acylation reaction;

2. intramolecular indole acetamide cyclisation to afford a lactam ring;

3. lactam reduction.

[0012] Intramolecular indole chloroacetamide cyclization to yield a lactam ring has been described by Bokanov et al. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 1988, 23, 12, 1311-1315) particularly in the non-enantioselective synthesis of pyrazinocarbazolone derivatives. Bokanov et al. did not describe the lactam reduction into a piperazine ring.

[0013] Intramolecular indole chloroacetamide cyclization to yield a lactam ring has also been described both by Rubiralta et al. (Journal of Organic Chemistry 54, 23, 5591-5597) and Bennasar, et al. (Journal of Organic Chemistry 1996., 61, 4, 1239-1251), as an unexpected outcome of a photocyclization reaction. The lactam conversion was low (<11% yield).

[0014] Lactam reduction of a pyrazinone into piperazine ring systems is disclosed both by Aubry et al. (Biorganic Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2007, 17, 2598-2602) and Saito et al. (Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 30, 8213-8230) in the total synthesis of alkaloid natural products.

[0015] There exists the need for improved processes for the preparation of piperazine ring derivatives in particular enantioselective processes for the preparation of pyrazinocarbazole intermediates precursors of Pirlindole enantiomers compounds of formula II and III.

Example 1 – Preparation of (S)-8-methyl-3-((S)-l-phenylethyl)-3a,4,5,6-tetrahydro-lH-pyrazino[3,2,l-jk]carbazol-2(3H)-one – Formula IV

[00106] In an embodiment, the preparation of (S)-8-methyl-3-((S)-l-phenylethyl)-3a,4,5,6-tetrahydro-lH-pyrazino[3,2,l-jk]carbazol-2(3H)-one (Formula IV) was carried out as follows. To the solution of VI (S)-6-methyl-N-((S)-l-phenylethyl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-carbazol-l-amine (30 g, 98.5 mmol) in toluene (300 mL), 50 % (w/v) aqueous NaOH (79 g) was added dropwise at 0-5 °C, then the solution of chloroacetyl

chloride (12 mL, 148 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) in toluene (15 mL) was added dropwise at 0-5 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0-5 °C for approximately 2.5 h, and additional chloroacetyl chloride (12 mL, 148 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) in toluene (15 mL) was added dropwise at 0-5 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0-5 °C for approximately 1.5 h. Water was added to the reaction mixture keeping the temperature below 5 °C. The phases were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with toluene. The organic phase was treated with 2M aqueous HCI. The resulting suspension was filtered. The filtered solid was identified as the HCI salt of VI, which can be liberated and driven back to the chloroacetylation step. The phases of the mother liquor were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with toluene. The organic phase was dried over Na₂S0₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to about 350 mL as a solution in toluene. The toluene solution of the crude product compound of formula X was reacted in the next step.

[00107] In an embodiment, in the same reaction vessel to the toluene solution of crude intermediate obtained in previous step were added TBAB (0.394 g, 1.22 mmol, 1 w/w% for the theoretical yield of prev. step) and 50 % (w/v) aqueous NaOH (8.1 g, 10 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at 65 °C, while the reaction was complete. Water was added to the mixture at 0 °C, and the phases were separated, the organic phase was washed with aqueous HCI, and with water, then dried over Na₂S0₄, filtered and evaporated to give 32.87 g of compound IV (S)-8-methyl-3-((S)-l-phenylethyl)-3a,4,5,6-tetrahydro-lH-pyrazino[3,2,l-jk]carbazol-2(3H)-one (yield: 97% for the two steps) as a brown solid. The crude product was reacted in the next step without further purification.

Example 2 – Preparation of (S)-8-methyl-3-((S)-l-phenylethyl)-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-lH-pyrazino[3,2,l-jk]carbazole _ Formula V

[00108] In an embodiment, the preparation of (S)-8-methyl-3-((S)-l-phenylethyl)-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-lH-pyrazino[3,2,l-jk]carbazole (Formula V) was performed as follows. To the stirred solution of 32.87 g of IV, (S)-8-methyl-3-((S)-l-phenylethyl)-3a,4,5,6-tetrahydro-lH-pyrazino[3,2,l-jk]carbazol-2(3H)-one (95.4 mmol) in dry THF (170 mL) 66 mL solution of sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium hydride in toluene (70 w/w%, 237 mmol, 2.5 equiv.) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was warmed to 40 °C, and the end of the addition the mixture was stirred at 50 °C until the total consumption of the starting material. Additional 22 mL of sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium hydride solution (70 w/w%, 79 mmol, 0.8 equiv.) was added dropwise. After completion the mixture was cooled to room temperature and 5% aqueous NaOH was added carefully. Water and DCM were added to the mixture, the phases were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with DCM. The organic phase was dried over Na₂S0₄, filtered and the solvent was evaporated to get a brown solid (28.8 g). This crude product was dissolved in DCM and MeOH was added. White solid precipitated. The solid was filtered and washed with MeOH to give V (S)-8-methyl-3-((S)-l-phenylethyl)-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-lH-pyrazino[3,2,l-j^‘k]carbazole 14.6 g (yield: 46%) as an off-white cotton-like solid.

Example 3 – Preparation of (S)-Pirlindole Hydrochloride – Formula III

[00109] In an embodiment, the preparation of (S)-Pirlindole hydrochloride III was carried out as follows. The free amine V ((S)-8-methyl-3-((S)-l-phenylethyl)-2,3,3a, 4,5,6-hexahydro-lH-pyrazino[3,2,l-jk]carbazole) (8.32 g, 25 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (42 mL) and excess of HCI in MeOH (42 mL) was added. The solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure to dryness to give a yellow oil. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (120 mL) and was added to the dispersion of Pd/C (1.74 g, -50% water) in MeOH (20 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 50 °C under 750 KPa (7.5 bar) pressure of hydrogen for 5h. After completion (HPLC) the suspension was filtered through a celite pad, and the filter cake was washed with MeOH. The pH of the resulting solution was checked (<3) and it was evaporated to give the crude hydrochloride salt of compound of formula III. To the crude material iPrOH was added and the suspension was allowed to stir at reflux. The suspensions were filtered, and the product was dried under vacuum to give the hydrochloride salt of (S)-Pirlindole, compound of formula III (5.11 g, 19.5 mmol, yield: 77%). Purity > 99.5% (HPLC). Enantiomeric purity 99.5% (Chiral HPLC). MS (ESI): m/z 227.2 (M+H)⁺.

[00110] Table 1. Comparative yields

Synthesis Reference

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Pirlindole-in-treatment-depression-meta/21053988.html

General References

1. Branco JC, Tome AM, Cruz MR, Filipe A: Pirlindole in the treatment of depression and fibromyalgia syndrome. Clin Drug Investig. 2011 Oct 1;31(10):675-89. doi: 10.2165/11595410-000000000-00000. [PubMed:21877764]
2. Bruhwyler J, Liegeois JF, Geczy J: Pirlindole: a selective reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A. A review of its preclinical properties. Pharmacol Res. 1997 Jul;36(1):23-33. doi: 10.1006/phrs.1997.0196. [PubMed:9368911]
3. Psychiatry: The State of the Art Volume 3 Pharmacopsychiatry [Link]
4. Chemistry Dashboard- Pirlindole [Link]
5. Pirlindole in the Treatment of Depression and Fibromyalgia Syndrome [Link]
6. Hypertensive effect and cheese [Link]
7. Monamine oxide inhibitors [Link]

References

1. Jump up^ Medvedev AE, et al. The influence of the antidepressant pirlindole and its dehydro-derivative on the activity of monoamine oxidase A and GABAA receptor binding. Chapter 36 in MAO – The Mother of all Amine Oxidases (Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa). Eds Finberg JPM, Youdim MBH, Riederer P, Tipton KF. Special edition of Journal of Neural Transmission, Suppl. 52 1st ed. 1998 ISBN 978-3211830376

Pirlindole

Clinical data
Trade names	Pirazidol
Routes of administration	Oral
ATC code	none
Legal status
Legal status	In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	20–30%
Protein binding	95%
Metabolism	hepatic
Onset of action	2 to 8 hours
Elimination half-life	185 hours
Excretion	urine (50–70%), feces (25–45%)
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
CAS Number	60762-57-4
PubChem CID	68802
IUPHAR/BPS	6638
DrugBank	DB09244
ChemSpider	62039
UNII	V39YPH45FZ
KEGG	D08392
ChEMBL	CHEMBL32350
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C15H18N2
Molar mass	226.32 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image

//////////////Pirlindole, Lifril, Pyrazidol, 60762-57-4, DEPRESSION

CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N3CCNC4C3=C2CCC4

Eflornithine

Eflornithine, also known as α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), is an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) on the World Health Organization’s list of essential medicines. DFMO is used to treat the second stage of African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). In addition, DFMO is also used to treat opportunistic infections with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, a form of pneumonia found in people with a weak immune system suffering from conditions such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) It has also been explored as chemopreventive agent in cancer therapy with minor success. Today, its main use is to treat excessive facial hair growth on women (hirsutism). The topical cream (Vaniqa) significantly reduces the psychological burden of those affected.\

Eflornithine is a prescription drug indicated in the treatment of facial hirsutism (excessive hair growth). Eflornithine hydrochloride cream for topical application is intended for use in women suffering from facial hirsutism and is sold by Allergan, Inc. under the brand name Vaniqa. Besides being a non-mechanical and non-cosmetic treatment, eflornithine is the only non-hormonal and non-systemic prescription option available for women who suffer from facial hirsutism. Eflornithine for injection against sleeping sickness was manufactured by Sanofi Aventis and sold under the brand name Ornidyl in the USA. It is now discontinued. Eflornithine is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines.

Derivatives

Monohydrochloride

• Formula:C₆H₁₂F₂N₂O₂ • HCl
• MW:218.63 g/mol
• CAS-RN:68278-23-9
• EINECS:269-532-0

Monohydrochloride monohydrate

• Formula:C₆H₁₂F₂N₂O₂ • HCl • H₂O
• MW:236.65 g/mol
• CAS-RN:96020-91-6

Eflornithine, sold under the brand name Vaniqa among others, is a medication used to treat African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and excessive hair growth on the face in women.^[1][2] Specifically it is used for the 2nd stage of sleeping sickness caused by T. b. gambiense and may be used with nifurtimox.^[1][3] It is used by injection or applied to the skin.^[1][2]

Common side effects when applied as a cream include rash, redness, and burning.^[2] Side effects of the injectable form include bone marrow suppression, vomiting, and seizures.^[3] It is unclear if it is safe to use during pregnancy or breastfeeding.^[3] It is recommended typically for children over the age of 12.^[3]

Eflornithine was developed in the 1970s and came into medical use in 1990.^[4] It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.^[5] There is no generic version as of 2015 in the United States.^[6] In the United States the injectable form can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.^[3] In the 1990s the cost of a course of treatment in Africa was 210 USD.^[7] In regions of the world where the disease is common eflornithine is provided for free by the World Health Organization.^[8]

https://www.google.com/patents/US4330559

Medical uses

Sleeping sickness

Sleeping sickness, or trypanosomiasis, is treated with pentamidine or suramin (depending on subspecies of parasite) delivered by intramuscular injection in the first phase of the disease, and with melarsoprol and eflornithine intravenous injection in the second phase of the disease. Efornithine is commonly given in combination with nifurtimox, which reduces the treatment time to 7 days of eflornithine infusions plus 10 days of oral nifurtimox tablets.^[9]

Eflornithine is also effective in combination with other drugs, such as melarsoprol and nifurtimox. A study in 2005 compared the safety of eflornithine alone to melarsoprol and found eflornithine to be more effective and safe in treating second-stage sleeping sickness Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.^[10] Eflornithine is not effective in the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense due to the parasite’s low sensitivity to the drug. Instead, melarsoprol is used to treat Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.^[11] Another randomized control trial in Uganda compared the efficacy of various combinations of these drugs and found that the nifurtimox-eflornithine combination was the most promising first-line theory regimen.^[12]

A randomized control trial was conducted in Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda to determine if a 7-day intravenous regimen was as efficient as the standard 14-day regimen for new and relapsing cases. The results showed that the shortened regimen was efficacious in relapse cases, but was inferior to the standard regimen for new cases of the disease.^[13]

Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination treatment (NECT) is an effective regimen for the treatment of second stage gambiense African trypanosomiasis.^[14][15]

Trypanosome resistance

After its introduction to the market in the 1980s, eflornithine has replaced melarsoprol as the first line medication against Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) due to its reduced toxicity to the host.^[13] Trypanosoma brucei resistant to eflornithine has been reported as early as the mid-1980s.^[13]

The gene TbAAT6, conserved in the genome of Trypanosomes, is believed to be responsible for the transmembrane transporter that brings eflornithine into the cell.^[16] The loss of this gene due to specific mutations causes resistance to eflornithine in several trypanosomes.^[17] If eflornithine is prescribed to a patient with Human African trypanosomiasis caused by a trypanosome that contains a mutated or ineffective TbAAT6 gene, then the medication will be ineffective against the disease. Resistance to eflornithine has increased the use of melarsoprol despite its toxicity, which has been linked to the deaths of 5% of recipient HAT patients.^[13]

Excess facial hair in women

The topical cream is indicated for treatment of facial hirsutism in women.^[18] It is the only topical prescription treatment that slows the growth of facial hair.^[19] It is applied in a thin layer twice daily, a minimum of eight hours between applications. In clinical studies with Vaniqa, 81% percent of women showed clinical improvement after twelve months of treatment.^[20] Positive results were seen after eight weeks.^[21] However, discontinuation of the cream caused regrowth of hair back to baseline levels within 8 weeks.^[22]

Vaniqa treatment significantly reduces the psychological burden of facial hirsutism.^[23]

Chemo preventative therapy

It has been noted that ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) exhibits high activity in tumor cells, promoting cell growth and division, while absence of ODC activity leads to depletion of putrescine, causing impairment of RNA and DNA synthesis. Typically, drugs that inhibit cell growth are considered candidates for cancer therapy, so eflornithine was naturally believed to have potential utility as an anti-cancer agent. By inhibiting ODC, eflornithine inhibits cell growth and division of both cancerous and noncancerous cells.

However, several clinical trials demonstrated minor results.^[24] It was found that inhibition of ODC by eflornithine does not kill proliferating cells, making eflornithine ineffective as a chemotherapeutic agent. The inhibition of the formation of polyamines by ODC activity can be ameliorated by dietary and bacterial means because high concentrations are found in cheese, red meat, and some intestinal bacteria, providing reserves if ODC is inhibited.^[25] Although the role of polyamines in carcinogenesis is still unclear, polyamine synthesis has been supported to be more of a causative agent rather than an associative effect in cancer.^[24]

Other studies have suggested that eflornithine can still aid in some chemoprevention by lowering polyamine levels in colorectal mucosa, with additional strong preclinical evidence available for application of eflornithine in colorectal and skin carcinogenesis.^[24][25] This has made eflornithine a supported chemopreventive therapy specifically for colon cancer in combination with other medications. Several additional studies have found that eflornithine in combination with other compounds decreases the carcinogen concentrations of ethylnitrosourea, dimethylhydrazine, azoxymethane, methylnitrosourea, and hydroxybutylnitrosamine in the brain, spinal cord, intestine, mammary gland, and urinary bladder.^[25]

Contraindications

Topical

Topical use is contraindicated in people hypersensitive to eflornithine or to any of the excipients.^[26]

Throughout clinical trials, data from a limited number of exposed pregnancies indicate that there is no clinical evidence that treatment with Vaniqa adversely affects pregnant women or fetuses.^[26]

By mouth

When taken by mouth the risk-benefit should be assessed in people with impaired renal function or pre-existing hematologic abnormalities, as well as those with eighth-cranial-nerve impairment.^[27] Adequate and well-controlled studies with eflornithine have not been performed regarding pregnancy in humans. Eflornithine should only be used during pregnancy if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk to the fetus. However, since African trypanosomiasis has a high mortality rate if left untreated, treatment with eflornithine may justify any potential risk to the fetus.^[27]

Side effects

Eflornithine is not genotoxic; no tumour-inducing effects have been observed in carcinogenicity studies, including one photocarcinogenicity study.^[28] No teratogenic effects have been detected.^[29]

Topical

The topical form of elflornithine is sold under the brand name Vaniqa . The most frequently reported side effect is acne (7–14%). Other side effects commonly (> 1%) reported are skin problems, such as skin reactions from in-growing hair, hair loss, burning, stinging or tingling sensations, dry skin, itching, redness or rash.^[30]

Intravenous

The intravenous dosage form of eflornithine is sold under the brand name Ornidyl. Most side effects related to systemic use through injection are transient and reversible by discontinuing the drug or decreasing the dose. Hematologic abnormalities occur frequently, ranging from 10–55%. These abnormalities are dose-related and are usually reversible. Thrombocytopenia is thought to be due to a production defect rather than to peripheral destruction. Seizures were seen in approximately 8% of patients, but may be related to the disease state rather than the drug. Reversible hearing loss has occurred in 30–70% of patients receiving long-term therapy (more than 4–8 weeks of therapy or a total dose of >300 grams); high-frequency hearing is lost first, followed by middle- and low-frequency hearing. Because treatment for African trypanosomiasis is short-term, patients are unlikely to experience hearing loss.^[30]

Interactions

Topical

No interaction studies with the topical form have been performed.^[26]

Mechanism of action

Description

Eflornithine is a “suicide inhibitor,” irreversibly binding to ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and preventing the natural substrate ornithine from accessing the active site (Figure 1). Within the active site of ODC, eflornithine undergoes decarboxylation with the aid of cofactor pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP). Because of its additional difluoromethyl group in comparison to ornithine, eflornithine is able to bind to a neighboring Cys-360 residue, permanently remaining fixated within the active site.^[29]

During the reaction, eflornithine’s decarboxylation mechanism is analogous to that of ornithine in the active site, where transamination occurs with PLP followed by decarboxylation. During the event of decarboxylation, the fluoride atoms attached to the additional methyl group pull the resulting negative charge from the release of carbon dioxide, causing a fluoride ion to be released. In the natural substrate of ODC, the ring of PLP accepts the electrons that result from the release of CO₂.

The remaining fluoride atom that resides attached to the additional methyl group creates an electrophilic carbon that is attacked by the nearby thiol group of Cys-360, allowing eflornithine to remain permanently attached to the enzyme following the release of the second fluoride atom and transimination.

Evidence

The reaction mechanism of Trypanosoma brucei‘s ODC with ornithine was characterized by UV-VIS spectroscopy in order to identify unique intermediates that occurred during the reaction. The specific method of multiwavelength stopped-flow spectroscopy utilized monochromatic light and fluorescence to identify five specific intermediates due to changes in absorbance measurements.^[32] The steady-state turnover number, kcat, of ODC was calculated to be 0.5 s-1 at 4 °C.^[32] From this characterization, the rate-limiting step was determined to be the release of the product putrescine from ODC’s reaction with ornithine. In studying the hypothetical reaction mechanism for eflornithine, information collected from radioactive peptide and eflornithine mapping, high pressure liquid chromatography, and gas phase peptide sequencing suggested that Lys-69 and Cys-360 are covalently bound to eflornithine in T. brucei ODC’s active site.^[31] Utilizing fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), the structural conformation of eflornithine following its interaction with ODC was determined to be S-((2-(1-pyrroline-methyl) cysteine, a cyclic imine adduct. Presence of this particular product was supported by the possibility to further reduce the end product to S-((2-pyrrole) methyl) cysteine in the presence of NaBH4 and oxidize the end product to S-((2-pyrrolidine) methyl) cysteine (Figure 2).^[31]

Active site

Eflornithine’s suicide inhibition of ODC physically blocks the natural substrate ornithine from accessing the active site of the enzyme (Figure 3).^[29] There are two distinct active sites formed by the homodimerization of ornithine decarboxylase. The size of the opening to the active site is approximately 13.6 Å. When these openings to the active site are blocked, there are no other ways through which ornithine can enter the active site. During the intermediate stage of eflornithine with PLP, its position near Cys-360 allows an interaction to occur. As the phosphate of PLP is stabilized by Arg 277 and a Gly-rich loop (235-237), the difluoromethyl group of eflornithine is able to interact and remain fixated to both Cys-360 and PLP prior to transimination. As shown in the figure, the pyrroline ring interferes with ornithine’s entry (Figure 4). Eflornithine will remain permanently bound in this position to Cys-360. As ODC has two active sites, two eflornithine molecules are required to completely inhibit ODC from ornithine decarboxylation.

History

Eflornithine was initially developed for cancer treatment at Merrell Dow Research Institute in the late 1970s, but was found to be ineffective in treating malignancies. However, it was discovered to be highly effective in reducing hair growth,^[33] as well as in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness),^[34] especially the West African form (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense).

Hirsutism[]

In the 1980s, Gillette was awarded a patent for the discovery that topical application of eflornithine HCl cream inhibits hair growth. In the 1990s, Gillette conducted dose-ranging studies with eflornithine in hirsute women that demonstrated that the drug slows the rate of facial hair growth. Gillette then filed a patent for the formulation of eflornithine cream. In July 2000, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted a New Drug Application for Vaniqa. The following year, the European Commission issued its Marketing Authorisation.

Sleeping sickness treatment

The drug was registered for the treatment of gambiense sleeping sickness on November 28, 1990.^[35] However, in 1995 Aventis (now Sanofi-Aventis) stopped producing the drug, whose main market was African countries, because it did not make a profit.^[36]

In 2001, Aventis and the WHO formed a five-year partnership, during which more than 320,000 vials of pentamidine, over 420,000 vials of melarsoprol, and over 200,000 bottles of eflornithine were produced by Aventis, to be given to the WHO and distributed by the association Médecins sans Frontières (also known as Doctors Without Borders)^[37][38] in countries where sleeping sickness is endemic.

According to Médecins sans Frontières, this only happened after “years of international pressure,” and coinciding with the period when media attention was generated because of the launch of another eflornithine-based product (Vaniqa, for the prevention of facial-hair in women),^[36]while its life-saving formulation (for sleeping sickness) was not being produced.

From 2001 (when production was restarted) through 2006, 14 million diagnoses were made. This greatly contributed to stemming the spread of sleeping sickness, and to saving nearly 110,000 lives.

Society and culture

Available forms

Vaniqa is a cream, which is white to off-white in colour. It is supplied in tubes of 30 g and 60 g in Europe.^[30] Vaniqa contains 15% w/w eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate, corresponding to 11.5% w/w anhydrous eflornithine (EU), respectively 13.9% w/w anhydrous eflornithine hydrochloride (U.S.), in a cream for topical administration.

Ornidyl, intended for injection, was supplied in the strength of 200 mg eflornithine hydrochloride per ml.^[39]

Cost

In 2000, the cost for the 14-day regimen was US $500; a price that many in countries where the disease is common cannot afford.^[13]

Market

Vaniqa, granted marketing approval by the US FDA, as well as by the European Commission^[40] among others, is currently the only topical prescription treatment that slows the growth of facial hair.^[19] Besides being a non-mechanical and non-cosmetic treatment, it is the only non-hormonal and non-systemic prescription option available for women who suffer from facial hirsutism.^[18] Vaniqa is marketed by Almirall in Europe, SkinMedica in the USA, Triton in Canada, Medison in Israel, and Menarini in Australia.^[40]

Ornidyl, the injectable form of eflornithine hydrochloride, is licensed by Sanofi-Aventis, but is currently discontinued in the US.^[41]

Clip

Scalable Continuous Flow Process for the Synthesis of Eflornithine Using Fluoroform as Difluoromethyl Source

Manuel Köckinger^†‡, Christopher A. Hone^†‡, Bernhard Gutmann^§, Paul Hanselmann^§, Michael Bersier^§, Ana Torvisco^∥, and C. Oliver Kappe*^†‡ 

^† Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria

^‡ Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria

^§ Microreactor Technology, Lonza AG, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland

^∥ Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria

Org. Process Res. Dev., Article ASAP

DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00318

The development of a scalable telescoped continuous flow procedure for difluoromethylation of a protected amino acid with fluoroform (CHF₃, R-23) gas and subsequent high temperature deprotection to provide eflornithine, an important Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), is described. Eflornithine is used for the treatment of sleeping sickness and hirsutism, and it is on the World Health Organization’s list of essential medicines. Fluoroform is produced in large quantities as a side product in the manufacture of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon). Fluoroform is an ozone-benign and nontoxic gas, but its release into the environment is forbidden under the Kyoto protocol owing to its high global warming potential. The existing manufacturing route to eflornithine uses chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF₂, R-22) which will be phased out under the Montreal protocol; therefore, the use of the fluoroform presents a viable cost-effective and more sustainable alternative. The process parameters and equipment setup were optimized on laboratory scale for the two reaction steps to improve product yield and scalability. The telescoped flow process utilizing fluoroform gas was operated for 4 h to afford the target molecule in 86% isolated yield over two steps with a throughput of 24 mmol/h.

1hydrochloride monohydrate as colorless powder. (17.05 g, 72.3 mmol, 86% yield). Mp. 228 °C;

¹H NMR (300.36 MHz, D₂O): δ = 6.46 (t, ²J_HF = 52.8 Hz, 1H), 3.05 (t,³J_HH = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.25–1.97 (m, 2H), 1.96–1.79 (m, 1H), 1.76–1.59 (m, 1H) ppm.

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, D₂O): δ = 167.8 (d, ³J_CF = 6.4 Hz), 114.0 (dd, ¹J_CF = 249.7 Hz, ¹J_CF = 247.0 Hz), 64.5 (dd, ²J_CF = 20.4 Hz, ²J_CF = 18.7 Hz), 38.8 (d, ³J_CF = 7.3 Hz), 31.6 (d, ⁴J_CF = 3.2 Hz), 20.8 ppm.

¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, D₂O): δ = −126.28 (dd, ²J_FF = 283.5 Hz, ²J_HF = 52.4 Hz), – 131.76 (dd, ²J_FF = 283.5 Hz, ²J_HF = 52.4 Hz) ppm.

  

References

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28. Jump up^ Malhotra B, Noveck R, Behr D, Palmisano M (September 2001). “Percutaneous absorption and pharmacokinetics of Eflornithine HCI 13.9% cream in women with unwanted facial hair”. J Clin Pharmacol. 41 (9): 972–978. doi:10.1177/009127000104100907(inactive 2018-09-12). PMID 11549102. Archived from the original on 2016-11-12.
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32. ^ Jump up to:^a b Brooks, HB; Phillips, MA (Dec 9, 1997). “Characterization of the reaction mechanism for Trypanosoma brucei ornithine decarboxylase by multiwavelength stopped-flow spectroscopy”. Biochemistry. 36 (49): 15147–55. doi:10.1021/bi971652b. PMID 9398243.
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External links

• History of Drug Development for African Sleeping Sickness

References

• • Bey, P. et al.: J. Org. Chem. (JOCEAH) 44, 2732 (1979).
  • Metcalf, B.W. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. (JACSAT) 100, 2551 (1978).
  • US 4 413 141 (Merrell-Toraude; 1.11.1983; appl. 17.9.1982; prior. 11.7.1977, 2.7.1979).
  • US 4 330 559 (Merrell-Toraude; 18.5.1982; appl. 3.2.1981; prior. 11.7.1977, 10.4.1979).

• synthesis of (–)-isomer:

  • EP 357 029 (Merrell Dow; appl. 30.8.1989; USA-prior. 31.8.1988).

• pharmaceutical composition:

  • BE 881 209 (Merrell-Toraude; appl. 16.5.1980; USA-prior. 10.4.1979).

• combination with interferon:

  • US 4 499 072 (Merrell Dow; 12.2.1985; appl. 24.1.1983; prior. 29.11.1982).

Eflornithine

Clinical data
Trade names	Vaniqa, others
Synonyms	α-difluoromethylornithine or DFMO
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
License data	EU EMA: by INN US FDA: Eflornithine
Pregnancy category	C
Routes of administration	intravenous, topical
ATC code	D11AX16 (WHO) P01CX03 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	100% (Intravenous) Negligible (Dermal)
Metabolism	Not metabolised
Elimination half-life	8 hours
Excretion	Kidneys
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
CAS Number	70052-12-9
PubChem CID	3009
IUPHAR/BPS	5176
DrugBank	DB06243
ChemSpider	2902
UNII	ZQN1G5V6SR
KEGG	D07883
ChEBI	CHEBI:41948
ChEMBL	CHEMBL830
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C6H12F2N2O2
Molar mass	182.17 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES[hide] FC(F)C(N)(C(=O)O)CCCN

/////////////ZQN1G5V6SR, эфлорнитин , إيفلورنيثين , 依氟鸟氨酸 , Eflornithine, エフロルニチン

Nemorexant

ACT-541468, UNII LMQ24G57E9

Nemorexant (developmental code name ACT-541468) is a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) which was originated by Actelion Pharmaceuticals and is under development by Idorsia Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of insomnia.^[1][2] It acts as a selective dual antagonist of the orexin receptors OX₁ and OX₂.^[1][2] As of June 2018, nemorexant is in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of insomnia.^[1]

Idorsia is developing nemorexant, a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA), for the oral treatment of insomnia and investigating the program for the treatment of COPD. In May 2018, a phase III study was initiated in subjects with insomnia disorder and in September 2018, a phase I trial was initiated in COPD.

PATENT

WO2013182972 ,

PATENT

WO2015083094 ,

Patent

WO 2015083070

Synthesis of nemorexant, using 2-methyl-L-proline hydrochloride as the starting material

N-Protection of 2-methyl-L-proline hydrochloride with Boc2O gives N-Boc-2-methyl-L-proline,

Which upon condensation with 4-chloro-3-methylbenzene-1,2-diamine using HATU and DIEA in CH2Cl2 affords the corresponding amide.

Cyclization of diamine in the presence of AcOH at 100 °C provides imidazole derivative,

Whose Boc moiety is removed by means of HCl in dioxane to yield 5-chloro-4-methyl-2-[2(S)-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]benzimidazole hydrochloride.

N-Acylation of pyrrolidine derivative with 5-methoxy-2-(1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid  using HATU and DIEA in CH2Cl2 produces Nemorexant

5-methoxy-2-(1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid (prepared by the coupling of 2-iodo-5-methoxybenzoic acid with 1,2,3-triazole using CuI and Cs2CO3 in DMF)

PATENT

WO 2016020403

PATENT

WO 2015083071

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf;jsessionid=E3DE4EDE68FD728AEE93D43C4BCBF8DA.wapp2nC?docId=WO2015083071&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&maxRec=1000

Reference Example 1

1) Synthesis of 5-methoxy-2-(2H-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid

2-lodo-5-methoxy benzoic acid (15.0 g; 53.9 mmol) is dissolved in anhydrous DMF (45 ml) followed by the addition of 1 H-1 ,2,3-triazole (7.452 g; 108 mmol) and cesium carbonate (35.155 g; 108 mmol). By the addition of cesium carbonate the temperature of the reaction mixture increases to 40°C and gas evolved from the reaction mixture. Copper(l)iodide (514 mg; 2.7 mmol) is added. This triggers a strongly exothermic reaction and the temperature of the reaction mixture reaches 70°C within a few seconds. Stirring is continued for 30 minutes. Then the DMF is evaporated under reduced pressure followed by the addition of water (170 ml) and EtOAc (90 ml). The mixture is vigorously stirred and by the addition of citric acid monohydrate the pH is adjusted to 3-4. The precipitate is filtered off and washed with water and EtOAc and discarded. The filtrate is poured into a separation funnel and the phases are separated. The water phase is extracted again with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are dried over MgS0₄, filtered and the solvent is evaporated to give 7.1 g of 5-methoxy-2-(2H-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid as a white powder of 94% purity (6 % impurity is the regioisomerically N1-linked triazolo-derivative); t_R [min] = 0.60; [M+H]⁺ = 220.21

2) Synthesis of (S)-1 -(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-methylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

2-Methyl-L-proline hydrochloride (99.7 g; 602 mmol) is dissolved in a 1/1-mixture of MeCN and water (800 ml) and triethylamine (254 ml; 1810 mmol) is added. The temperature of the reaction mixture slightly rises. The reaction mixture is cooled to 10°C to 15°C followed by careful addition of a solution of Boc₂0 (145 g; 662 mmol) in MeCN (200 ml) over 10 minutes.

Stirring at RT is continued for 2 hours. The MeCN is evaporated under reduced pressure and aq. NaOH solution (2M; 250 ml) is added to the residual aq. part of the reaction mixture. The water layer is washed with Et₂0 (2x 300 ml) then cooled to 0°C followed by slow and careful addition of aq. HCI (25%) to adjust the pH to 2. During this procedure a suspension forms.

The precipitate is filtered off and dried at HV to give 1 10.9 g of the title compound as a beige powder; t_R [min] = 0.68; [M+H]⁺ = 230.14

3) Synthesis of (S)-tert-butyl 2-((2-amino-4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)carbamoyl)-2-

(S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-methylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (60 g; 262 mmol) and HATU (100 g; 264 mmol) is suspended in DCM (600 ml) followed by the addition of DIPEA (84.6 g; 654 mmol) and 6-chloro-2,3-diaminotoluene (41 g; 262 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 14 hours then concentrated under reduced pressure and to the residue is added water followed by the extraction of the product with EtOAc (3x). The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over MgS0₄, filtered and the solvent is evaporated under

reduced pressure to give 185 g of the title compound as a dark brownish oil, which is used in the next step without further purification; t_R [min] = 0.89; [M+H]⁺ = 368.01

4) Synthesis of (S)-tert-butyl 2-(5-chloro-4-methyl-1 H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2-methylpyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate

(S)-tert-butyl 2-((2-amino-4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)carbamoyl)-2-methylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (185 g; 427 mmol) are dissolved in AcOH (100%; 611 ml), heated to 100°C and stirring continued for 90 minutes. The AcOH is evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue is dissolved in DCM followed by careful addition of saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The phases are separated, the aq. phase is extracted once more with DCM, the combined aq. phases are dried over MgS0₄, filtered and the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure to give 142.92 g of the title compound as a dark brown oil which is used in the next step without further purification; t_R [min] = 0.69; [M+H]⁺ = 350.04

5) Synthesis of (S)-5-chloro-4-methyl-2-(2-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-1 H-benzo[d]imidazole hydrochloride

(S)-tert-butyl 2-(5-chloro-4-methyl-1 H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2-methylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (355.53 g; 1.02 mol) are dissolved in dioxane (750 ml) followed by careful addition of HCI solution in dioxane (4M; 750 ml; 3.05 mol). The reaction mixture is stirred for 3 hours followed by the addition of Et₂0 (800 ml) which triggered precipitation of the product. The solid is filtered off and dried at high vacuum to give 298.84 g of the title compound as a redish powder; t_R [min] = 0.59; [M+H]⁺ = 250.23

6) Synthesis of [(S)-2-(5-chloro-4-methyl-1 H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-2-methyl-pyrrolidin-1- -(5-methoxy-2-[1,2,3]triazol-2-yl-phenyl)-methanone

(S)-5-chloro-4-methyl-2-(2-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-1 H-benzo[d]imidazole hydrochloride (62.8 g; 121 mmol) is dissolved in DCM (750 ml) followed by the addition of 5-methoxy-2-(2H-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid (62.8 g; 121 mmol) and DIPEA (103 ml; 603 mmol). Stirring is continued for 10 minutes followed by the addition of HATU (47 g; 124 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred for 16 hours at RT. The solvents are evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue is dissolved in EtOAc (1000 ml) and washed with water (3x 750 ml). The organic phase is dried over MgS0₄, filtered and the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue is purified by CC with EtOAc / hexane = 2 / 1to give 36.68 g of the title compound as an amorphous white powder. t_R [min] = 0.73; [M+H]⁺ = 450.96

Table 1 : Characterisation data for COMPOUND as free base in amorphous form

II. Preparation of crystalline forms of COMPOUND

Example 1 :

Preparation of seeding material of COMPOUND hydrochloride in crystalline Form 1

10 mg COMPOUND is mixed with 0.2 mL 0.1 M aq. HCI and 0.8 mL EtOH. The solvent is fully evaporated and 0.05 mL isopropanol is added. Alternatively 0.05 mL methyl-isobutylketone can be added. The sample is stored closed at room temperature for 4 days and crystalline material of COMPOUND hydrochloride in crystalline Form 1 is obtained. This material can be used as seeding material for further crystallization of COMPOUND hydrochloride in crystalline Form 1.

Example 2: Preparation and characterization of COMPOUND hydrochloride in crystalline form 1

5g COMPOUND is mixed with 0.9 mL 1 M aq. HCI and 20 mL EtOH. The solvent is evaporated and 25 mL isopropanol is added. Seeds of COMPOUND hydrochloride are added and the sample is allowed to stand at room temperature. After about 2 days the suspension is filtered and the solid residue is dried at reduced pressure (2 mbar for 1 hour) and allowed to equilibrate open for 2 hours at 24°C/46% relative humidity. The obtained solid is COMPOUND hydrochloride in crystalline Form 1

Table 2: Characterisation data for COMPOUND hydrochloride in crystalline form 1

PATENT

WO-2018202689

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2018202689&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&maxRec=1000

Process for the preparation of a crystalline potassium salt of a 2-(2H-[1,2,3]triazol-2-yl)-benzoic acid derivatives is claimed. Compound is disclosed to be useful for the preparation of pharmaceuticals, especially certain orexin receptor antagonists such as nemorexant .

References

External links

• Nemorexant – AdisInsight

Nemorexant

Clinical data
Synonyms	ACT-541468
Routes of administration	By mouth
Drug class	Orexin antagonist
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
CAS Number	1505484-82-1
PubChem CID	91801202
ChemSpider	64854514
UNII	LMQ24G57E9
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C23H23ClN6O2
Molar mass	450.927 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES[hide] CC1=C(C=CC2=C1N=C(N2)[C@@]3(CCCN3C(=O)C4=C(C=CC(=C4)OC)N5N=CC=N5)C)Cl
InChI[hide] InChI=1S/C23H23ClN6O2/c1-14-17(24)6-7-18-20(14)28-22(27-18)23(2)9-4-12-29(23)21(31)16-13-15(32-3)5-8-19(16)30-25-10-11-26-30/h5-8,10-11,13H,4,9,12H2,1-3H3,(H,27,28)/t23-/m0/s1 Key:NBGABHGMJVIVBW-QHCPKHFHSA-N

///////////////Nemorexant, ACT-541468, Phase III,  Insomnia

Lumateperone

• Molecular FormulaC₂₄H₂₈FN₃O
• Average mass393.497 Da

4-((6bR,10aS)-3-Methyl-2,3,6b,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1H,7H-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-yl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-butan-1-one

4- methylbenzenesulfonate. SALT

(6bR,10aS)-8-[4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl]-3-methyl-2,3,6b,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydro-1H-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-ium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate

1187020-80-9 [RN]

ITI 007

• Originator Bristol-Myers Squibb
• Develope rIntra-Cellular Therapies
• Class Antidepressants; Antipsychotics; Pyrroles; Quinoxalines; Sleep disorder therapies
• Mechanism of Action Dopamine receptor modulators; NR2B N-Methyl D-Aspartate receptor modulators; Serotonin 2A receptor antagonists; Serotonin plasma membrane transport protein inhibitors; Serotonin uptake inhibitors
• 07 Nov 2018 Intra-Cellular Therapeutics completes enrolment in the phase III Study 401 trial for Bipolar depression (Monotherapy) in USA
• 16 Oct 2018 Intra-Cellular Therapies plans to launch lumateperone for Schizophrenia in USA
• 02 Aug 2018 Intra-Cellular plans a clinical trial for Depressive disorders in 2H of 2018

Highest Development Phases

• Preregistration Schizophrenia
• Phase III Behavioural disorders; Bipolar depression
• Phase II Sleep maintenance insomnia
• Preclinical Mental disorders
• No development reported Mood disorders

Lumateperone (INN; developmental code names ITI-007, ITI-722) is an investigational atypical antipsychotic which is currently under development by Intra-Cellular Therapies, licensed from Bristol-Myers Squibb, for the treatment of schizophrenia.^[1][2] It is also being developed by Intra-Cellular Therapies for the treatment of bipolar disorder, depression, and sleep and behavioral disturbance in dementia, autism, and other neuropsychiatric disorders.^[3] As of September 2015, lumateperone has passed the first of two phase IIIclinical trials for schizophrenia.^[4] In November 2017 the US FDA awarded Intra-Cellular Therapies Fast Track designation for lumateperone.^[5]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Relative to presently-available antipsychotics, lumateperone possesses a unique and novel mechanism of action.^[6][7] It acts as a 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist (K_i = 0.54 nM), a partial agonist of presynaptic D₂ receptors and an antagonist of postsynaptic D₂ receptors (K_i = 32 nM), and a serotonin transporter blocker (K_i = 61 nM).^[6][8] It also possesses affinity for the D₁ receptor (K_i = 52 nM) and lower affinity for the α_1A– and α_1B-adrenergic receptors (K_i = 73 nM at α₁), 5-HT_2C receptor (K_i = 173 nM), and D₄ receptor.^[6] Lumateperone does not significantly bind to the 5-HT_2B, H₁ (K_i > 1,000 nM), muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, or many other sites (K_i > 100 nM).^[6]

Lumateperone shows a 60-fold difference in its affinities for the 5-HT_2A and D₂ receptors, which is far greater than that of most or all existing atypical antipsychotics, such as risperidone (12-fold), olanzapine (12.4-fold), and aripiprazole (0.18-fold).^[6][9] It is thought that this property may improve the effectiveness and reduce the side effect profile of lumateperone relative to currently-available antipsychotics, a hypothesis which is supported by the observation of minimal catalepsy in mice treated with the drug.^[6][9] Moreover, it has been expressed that this property could result in full occupancy and blockade of the 5-HT_2A at low doses, with dose-dependent adjustable modulation of the D₂ receptor, as well as the SERT, possible with increasing doses, which would uniquely allow for clinical optimization of efficacy and side effect incidence.^[6][9]

Unlike most current antipsychotics, such as haloperidol, risperidone, and olanzapine, lumateperone does not disrupt striatal dopamine signaling, a property which is likely due to its partial agonism of presynaptic D₂ receptors.^[6] In accordance, similarly to aripiprazole, which is also a partial agonist of presynaptic D₂ receptors, lumateperone showed no striatum-based motor side effects (i.e., catalepsy) in animals.^[6]

Clinical studies

In phase II clinical trials, lumateperone showed statistically-significant efficacy in improvement of psychosis at a dose of 60 mg daily.^[2] In addition, it distinguished itself from its comparator risperidone in reducing negative symptoms, including improvement in social function, as well as in alleviating depressive symptoms in schizophrenia patients with comorbid depression, whereas risperidone had no effect.^[2][10] Lumateperone also distinguished itself from risperidone in that it produced little or no weight gain, did not negatively affect metabolic parameters (i.e., insulin, glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels), did not increase prolactin levels, and did not show a rate of the side effect of akathisia that differed from placebo.^[2][10] In addition, lumateperone did not produce any changes in cardiovascular function, such as QTc prolongation, and unlike risperidone, it did not produce a measurable increase heart rate.^[7] Due to its favorable influence on metabolic parameters, it was concluded that lumateperone, unlike many other available antipsychotics such as risperidone, may not cause an increase in the risk of diabetes or cardiovascular disease, and hence may prove to be a significant improvement relative to many existing antipsychotic drugs in terms of long-term safety and tolerability.^[2]

Lumateperone, at a dose of 60 mg per day, was not found to be associated with any statistically significant treatment-emergent side effects relative to placebo.^[10] At a dose of 120 mg daily, the most frequent adverse effect observed was sedation/somnolence, reported by 32.5% of patients.^[10] There was no evidence of extrapyramidal symptoms or increase in suicidal ideation or behavior.^[10]

SYNTHESIS

MEDCHEM

PAPER

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm401958n

dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm401958n | J. Med. Chem. 2014, 57, 2670−2682

5 (367 mg, 53%yield) as a gray solid.

1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 500 MHz) δ 9.10 (br, 1H),8.10−8.01 (m, 2H), 7.48 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.42−7.33 (m, 2H), 7.11 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.65−6.57 (m, 1H), 6.51 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.42 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (dd, J = 12.2, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.52−3.37 (m, 3H), 3.37−3.28 (m, 2H), 3.25−3.20 (m, 1H), 3.18−2.99 (m, 5H), 2.81 (s, 3H), 2.71 (td, J = 10.2, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 2.63−2.52 (m, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.27−2.22 (m, 1H), 2.15−1.93 (m, 3H).

13C NMR (DMSOd6, 126 MHz) δ 197.2, 165.1 (d, JCF = 252 Hz), 145.6, 137.6, 137.3, 135.2, 133.1, 130.9 (d, JCF = 10 Hz), 128.1, 126.7, 125.5, 120.6, 115.7 (d, JCF = 22 Hz), 112.5, 109.3, 62.2, 55.5, 52.5, 49.8, 47.8, 43.7, 38.6, 37.0, 34.9, 21.7, 20.8, 18.0.

MS (ESI) m/z 394.2 [M + H]+.

HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C24H29FN3O [M + H]+, 394.2295; found, 394.2292. UPLC purity, 97.7%; retention time, 2.06 min (method A).

PATENT

WO 2000077002

WO 2000077010

US 20040220178

WO 2008112280

WO 2009114181

WO 2011133224

PATENT

WO 2017172811

0003] l-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-((6bR,10aS)-3-methyl-2,3,6b,9,10,10a-hexahydro-lH,7H- pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[l,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-yl)-butan-l-one (sometimes referred to as 4- ((6bR,10aS)-3-methyl-2,3,6b,9,10,10a-hexahydro-lH-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[l,2,3- de]quinoxalin-8(7H)-yl)-l-(4-fluorophenyl)-l-butanone, or as ITI-007), has the following structure:

[0004] ITI-007 is a potent 5-HT2A receptor ligand (Ki=0.5 nM) with strong affinity for dopamine (DA) D2 receptors (Ki=32 nM) and the serotonin transporter (SERT) (Ki=62 nM) but negligible binding to receptors (e.g., HI histaminergic, 5-HT2C, and muscarinic) associated with cognitive and metabolic side effects of antipsychotic drugs. ΠΊ-007 is currently in clinical trials, i.a., for treatment of schizophrenia. While ITI-007 is a promising drug, its production and formulation present challenges. In free base form, ITI-007 is an oily, sticky solid, with poor solubility, not only in water but also in many organic solvents. Making salts of the compound has proven to be unusually difficult. A hydrochloride salt form of ITI-007 was disclosed in US 7183282, but this salt is hygroscopic and shows poor stability. A toluenesulfonic acid addition salt (tosylate) of ITI- 007 was finally identified and described in WO 2009/114181.

[0005] There is a need for alternative stable, pharmaceutically acceptable solid forms of ITI-007, which can be readily incorporated into galenic formulations.

XAMPLES

[0027] The following equipment and methods are used to isolate and characterize the exemplified co-crystal forms:

[0028] X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD): The X-ray powder diffraction studies are performed using a Bruker AXS D2 PHASER in Bragg-Brentano configuration, equipment #1549 / #2353. The equipment uses a Cu anode at 30kV, 10 mA; sample stage standard rotating; monochromatization by a Κβ-filter (0.5% Ni). Slits: fixed divergence slits 1.0mm (=0.61°), primary axial Soller slit 2.5°, secondary axial Soller slit 2.5°. Detector: Linear detector LYNXEYE with receiving slit 5° detector opening. The standard sample holder (0.1 mm cavity in (510) silicon wafer) has a minimal contribution to the background signal. Measurement conditions: scan range 5 – 45° 2Θ, sample rotation 5 rpm, 0.5s/step, 0.010°/step, 3.0mm detector slit; and all measuring conditions are logged in the instrument control file. As system suitability, corundum sample A26- B26-S (NIST standard) is measured daily. The software used for data collection is Diffrac. Commander v2.0.26. Data analysis is done using Diffrac.Eva vl.4. No background correction or smoothing is applied to the patterns.

[0029] Simultaneous thermogravimetry (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or TGA/DSC analysis: The TGA/DSC studies are performed using a Mettler Toledo TGA/DSC 1 Stare System, equipment #1547, auto-sampler equipped, using pin-holed Al- crucibles of 40 μΐ. Measurement conditions: 5 min 30.0 °C, 30.0 – 350.0 °C with 10 °C/min., N2 flow of 40 ml/min. The software used for instrument control and data analysis is STARe vl2.10.

[0030] Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): The DSC studies are performed using a Mettler Toledo DSC1 STARe System, equipment #1564. The samples are made using Al crucibles (40 μΐ; pierced). Typically 1 – 8 mg of sample is loaded onto a pre- weighed Al crucible and is kept at 30°C for 5 minutes, after which it is heated at 10°C/min from 30°C to 350 °C and kept at 350°C for 1 minute. A nitrogen purge of 40 ml/min is maintained over the sample. As system suitability check Indium and Zinc are used as references. The software used for data collection and evaluation is STARe Software vl2.10 build 5937. No corrections are applied to the thermogram.

[0031] Polarized light microscopy (PLM): The microscopy studies are performed using an Axio Vert 35M, equipped with an AxioCamERc 5s, equipment #1612. The microscope is equipped with four lenses: Zeiss A-Plan 5x/0.12, Zeiss A-Plan lOx/0.25, LD A-Plan 20x/0.30 and Achros TIGMAT 32x/0.40. Data collection and evaluation is performed using Carl Zeiss Zen Axio Vision Blue Edition Lite 2011 vl.0.0.0 software. A small amount of sample is loaded on an object glass and carefully spread until a thin layer is obtained.

[0032] Dynamic Vapour Sorption (DVS): The Dynamic Vapour Sorption studies are performed using a Surface Measurement Systems Ltd. DVS-1 No Video, equipment #2126. The sample is loaded into a balance pan, typically 20-30 mg, and equilibrated at 0% RH. After the material was dried, the RH is increased with 10% per step for 1 hour per increment, ending at 95% RH. After completion of the sorption cycle, the sample was dried using the same method. The software used for data collection is DVSWin v3.01 No Video. Data analysis is performed using DVS Standard Analysis Suite v6.3.0 (Standard).

[0033] Particle size distribution (PSD): The particle size distribution studies are performed using a Malvern Instruments Mastersizer, equipment #1712. The Mastersizer uses a 300RF lens range of 0.05 μηι – 900 mm. Polydisperse is used as analysis model. Measurement conditions: before each sample measurement a background measurement is performed, the background scan time is 12 seconds (12000 snaps). Each sample is dispersed in Multipar G, refractive index of 1.42. The obscuration range on sample dispersion is between 10%-30%. Each sample is measured 6 times at t=0 and t=30 minutes and the measurement scan time is 10 seconds (10000 snaps). The targeted stirring speed of the sample dispersion unit is 2000+10 rpm. Data collection and evaluation is performed using Mastersizer S Version 2.19 software. [0034] Capillary Melting Point: The capillary melting point is determined on a Biichi Melting Point B-545, equipment #000011, conform USP guidelines.

[0035] X-ray fluorescence (XRF): The X-ray fluorescence studies are performed using a Bruker AXS S2 RANGER, equipment #2006. Using an end-window X-ray tube with Palladium anode and an ultra-thin Beryllium window (75 μιη) for superior light element analysis. As detector the Xflash V5 detector with Cr, Ti, Al, Ta collimator (energy resolution < 129 eV FWHM at 100 000 cps Mnka) is used. The S2 Ranger is equipped with an autosampler with integrated 28 position X- Y automatic sample changer with exchangeable tray, which allows maximum sample diameter of 40 mm. Samples are mounted in steel rings of 51.5 mm diameter for automatic operation. Measurement conditions: disposable liquid cups (35 mm inner diameter, 40 mm outer diameter) with polypropylene foil 5 μιη. As system suitability check a copper disk is measured daily and a glass disk, containing several elements, is measured weekly. The software used for data collection is S2 Ranger Control Software V4.1.0. Data analysis is performed using SPECTRA EDX V2.4.3 evaluation software. No background correction or smoothing is applied to the patterns.

[0036] Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR): The FT-IR studies are performed using a Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS50, equipment # 2357. An attenuated total reflectance (ATR) technique was used with a beam splitter of KBr. Experiment setup of the collected sample is used number of scans 16 with a resolution of 4from 400 cm^“1 to 4000 cm^“1. The software OMNIC version 9.2 is used for data collection and evaluation.

[0037] Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with infrared spectroscopy (TGA-IR):

In TGA-IR, the off-gassing materials are directed through a transfer line to a gas cell, where the infrared light interacts with the gases. The temperature ramp and first derivative weight loss information from the TGA is shown as a Gram-Schmidt (GS) profile; the GS profile essentially shows the total change in the IR signal relative to the initial state. In most cases, the GS and the derivative weight loss will be similar in shape, although the intensity of the two can differ. For this experiment are two devices coupled to each other. The TGA studies are performed using a Mettler Toledo TGA/DSCl STARe System with a 34-position auto sampler, equipment #1547. The samples are made using Al crucibles (100 μΐ; pierced). Typically 20-50 mg of sample is loaded into a pre- weighed Al crucible and is kept at 30°C for 5 minutes after which it is heated at 10°C/min from 30°C to 350°C. A nitrogen purge of 40 ml/min is maintained over the sample. The TGA-IR module of the Nicolet iS50 is coupled to the TGA/DSCl. The IR studies were performed using a Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS50, equipment # 2357. Experiment setup of the collected series, the profile Gram-Schmidt is used number of scans 10 with a resolution of 4. The software OMNIC version 9.2 is used for data collection and evaluation.

[0038] High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC): The high performance liquid chromatography analyses are performed on LC-31, equipped with an Agilent 1100 series G1322A degasser equipment #1894, an Agilent 1100 series G1311A quaternary pump equipment #1895, an Agilent 1100 series G1313A ALS equipment #1896, an Agilent 1100 series G1318A column equipment #1897 and an Agilent 1100 series G1314A VWD equipment #1898 / LC-34, equipped with an Agilent 1200 series G1379B degasser equipment #2254, an Agilent 1100 series G1311A quaternary pump equipment #2255, Agilent 1100 series G1367A WPALS equipment #1656, an Agilent 1100 series G1316A column equipment #2257 and an Agilent 1100 series G1315B DAD equipment #2258. Data is collected and evaluated using Agilent ChemStation for LC systems Rev. B.04.02[96]. Solutions are prepared as follows: Mobile phase A: Add 800 ml of MilliQ water to a 1L volumetric flask. Add 1 ml of TFA and homogenize. Fill up to the mark with MilliQ; Mobile phase B: Add 800 ml of Acetonitrile to a 1L volumetric flask. Add 1 ml of TFA and homogenize. Fill up to the mark with Acetonitrile; Diluent: 50/50 MeOH/ACN.

Example 1: Co-crystal screen

[0039] Solubility of free base in various solvents is evaluated, and based on the results of the solubility range, suitable solvents are selected for the co-crystal screen. Co-crystal formation is based on hydrogen bonding and stacking of the molecules, meaning the co-former selection is based on active groups. Grinding is a method to form co-crystals, however the free base itself is an oil/ sticky solid and therefore not suitable for this method. The free base and counter ion are added to a solution in a certain ratio to give the chance to form a co-crystal, similar to salt formation. We found the best method is to add a saturated solution of the co-former to that of the free base to find an optimal ratio for co-crystal formation.

[0040] Three different experiments are performed with each of 26 candidate co-formers, which include sugar alcohols, amino acids, and other compounds identified as having potential to for co- crystals; adding solutions stepwise, slurry experiments and cooling crystallization experiments. The free base and co-former are dissolved prior to adding to each other. Co-formers are added in a 1 : 1 , 2: 1 and 1 :2 ratio to the free base. All experiments are performed using four different solvents, methanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate and toluene. All solids are characterized by XRPD. Two different ITI-007 free base co-crystals formed, with nicotinamide and with isonicotinamide. Both co-crystals were obtained by slurry experiments in methanol.

Example 2: Isonicotinamide co-crystal

[0041] Isonicotinamide forms a possible co-crystal with ITI-007 free base by slurrying the mixture in methanol and ethyl acetate, appearing as a red/brown and yellow solid respectively. TGA-DSC analysis of the experiment using isonicotinamide in methanol results in two endothermic events,

Both endothermic events do not correspond to the free base or the co-former, which means ITI-007 free base-isonicotinamide co-crystal is formed. HPLC and Ή-ΝΜΡ analyses confirm both of the free base and the co-former to be present. Using isonicotinamide in ethyl acetate, however, does not result in a co-crystal and, no endothermic event is present in the TGA/DSC analysis.

[0042] The slurry experiment in methanol is repeated at a gram scale. First, ITI-007 free base and isonicotinamide are each dissolved in methanol. Subsequently, the obtained solutions are mixed in a 1: 1 ratio and the resulting mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture remains a clear solution, which is evaporated under vacuum to give a brown sticky solid. XRPD analysis shows the brown sticky solid to be crystalline, as shown in Figure 1, ITI-007 free base-isonicotinamide co-crystal has formed. The corresponding peak list is showing in Table 1. The XRPD shows clustered peaks which is likely due to preferred orientation.

PATENT

WO 2018189646

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf;jsessionid=B7967631262D0B0FD9D0AE25DA9CE085.wapp1nC?docId=WO2018189646&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&office=&prevFilter=&sortOption=Pub+Date+Desc&queryString=&recNum=1824&maxRec=71295115

The present application relates to solid state forms of Lumateperone p-Tosylate and processes for preparation thereof.

The drug compound is having the adopted name “Lumateperone” and it has chemical name: l-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-[(6bR,10aS)-2,3,6b,9,10,10a-hexahydro-3-methyl-lH-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[l,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8(7H)-yl] 1-Butanone; and a structure depicted by Formula I.

Formula I

International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO2000077002A1, WO2009145900 A 1 and WO2013155504A1 which are incorporated herein in their entirety reported Lumateperone and its related compounds. These compounds have been found to be useful as 5-HT2 receptor agonists and antagonists used in treating disorders of the central nervous system including a disorder associated with 5HT2C or 5HT2A receptor modulation selected from obesity, anorexia, bulemia, depression, a anxiety, psychosis, schizophrenia, migraine, obsessive -compulsive disorder, sexual disorders, depression, schizophrenia, migraine, attention deficit disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, sleep disorders, conditions associated with cephalic pain, social phobias, gastrointestinal disorders such as dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract motility. International Patent Application Publication No. WO2008112280A1 disclose process(es) for preparing Lumateperone and its salts.

International Patent Application Publication No. WO2009114181A2 disclose crystalline forms of the p-Tosylate salt of compound of Formula (I), WO 2017172784 Al disclose oxalate, aminosalicylate, cyclamate salts of Lumateperone, WO 2017172811 Al

disclose co-crystal of Lumateperone with iso-nicotinamide, nicotinatinamide, WO 2018031535 Al disclose crystalline Form Fl of Lumateperone ditosylate.

Crystalline solids normally require a significant amount of energy for dissolution due to their highly organized, lattice like structures. For example, the energy required for a drug molecule to escape from a crystal is more than from an amorphous or a non-crystalline form. It is known that the amorphous forms in a number of drugs exhibit different dissolution characteristics and in some cases different bioavailability patterns compared to the crystalline form. For some therapeutic indications, one bioavailability pattern may be favored over another. Therefore, it is desirable to have amorphous forms of drugs with high purity to meet the needs of regulatory agencies and also highly reproducible processes for their preparation.

In view of the above, it is therefore, desirable to stable amorphous form of Lumateperone j?-tosylate. The amorphous form provided herein is at least stable under ordinary stability conditions with respect to purity, storage and is free flowing powder.

Amorphous solid dispersions of drugs are generally known to improve the stability and solubility of drug products. However, some of such amorphous solid dispersions are found to be unstable over time. Amorphous solid dispersions of drugs tend to convert to crystalline forms over time, which can lead to improper dosing due to differences of the solubility of crystalline drug material compared to amorphous drug material. The present invention, however provides stable amorphous solid dispersions of Lumateperone j?-tosylate with improved solubility. Moreover, the present invention provides solid dispersions of Lumateperone j?-tosylate which may be reproduced easily and is amenable for processing into a dosage form

EXAMPLE 1 : PREPARATION OF AMORPHOUS LUMATEPERONE p-TOSYLATE

Lumateperone j?-tosylate (500 mg) was dissolved in methanol (25 mL) at room temperature for clear solution and filtered to remove undissolved particles. The resultant filtrate was subjected to fast solvent evaporation using rotavapor at about 55^°C to afford the solid compound. The said solid was dried under vacuum at about 45^°C to afford the amorphous Lumateperone p-tosylate according to Figure 1.

References

External links

• ITI-007 – Intra-Cellular Therapies
• Product Pipeline – Intra-Cellular Therapies
• Lumateperone – AdisInsight

Lumateperone

Clinical data
Synonyms	ITI-007; ITI-722
Routes of administration	By mouth
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
CAS Number	313368-91-1
PubChem CID	9821941
ChemSpider	7997690
UNII	70BSQ12069
KEGG	D11169
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C24H28FN3O
Molar mass	393.496
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES[hide] c3cc(F)ccc3C(=O)CCCN5CC2C(CC5)N1CCN(C)c4c1c2ccc4

////// Lumateperone, PHASE 3, ITI-007, ITI-722

FDA approves first treatment Gamifant (emapalumab)  specifically for patients with rare and life-threatening type of immune disease 

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Gamifant (emapalumab) for the treatment of pediatric (newborn and above) and adult patients with primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) who have refractory, recurrent or progressive disease or intolerance with conventional HLH therapy. This FDA approval is the first for a drug specifically for HLH.

“Primary HLH is a rare and life-threatening condition typically affecting children and this approval fills an unmet medical need for these patients,” said Richard Pazdur, M.D., director of the FDA’s Oncology Center of Excellence and acting director of the Office of Hematology and Oncology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “We are committed to continuing to expedite the development and review of therapies that offer meaningful treatment options for …

////////////Gamifant, emapalumab, FDA 2018

https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm626443.htm?utm_campaign=112118_PR_FDA%20approves%20new%20treatment%20for%20patients%20with%20acute%20myeloid%20leukemia&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Eloqua

//////////////Daurismo, glasdegib, fda 2018, Priority Review, Orphan Drug 

Omidenepag isopropyl

DE-117

Glycine, N-(6-((((4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)methyl)(3-pyridinylsulfonyl)amino)methyl)-2-pyridinyl)-, 1-methylethyl ester

[[6-[[[4-(Pyrazol-1-yl)benzyl](pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)amino]methyl]pyridin-2-yl]amino]acetic acid isopropyl ester

C26H28N6O4S, 520.6033, CAS: 1187451-19-9

APPROVED 2018/9/21 PMDA, JAPAN 2018, Eybelis

Antiglaucoma, Prostaglandin E2 receptor agonist, Treatment of Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension

• Originator Ube Industries
• Developer Santen Pharmaceutical
• Class Eye disorder therapies; Pyrazoles; Pyridines; Small molecules; Sulfonamides
• Mechanism of Action Prostaglandin E EP2 receptor agonists

• Registered Glaucoma; Ocular hypertension

• 27 Sep 2018 Santen initiates enrolment in the phase III Spectrum 5 trial for Glaucoma and Ocular hypertension in USA (Ophthalmic) (NCT03697811)
• 21 Sep 2018 Santen Pharmaceutical and Ube Industries plan phase III trials for omidenepag isopropyl in USA in the second half of 2018
• 21 Sep 2018 Registered for Ocular hypertension and Glaucoma in Japan (Ophthalmic) – First global approval

SYNTHESIS

PATENT

WO 2009113600

WO 2010113957

JP 2011057633

PATENT

WO 2015190507

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2015190507&tab=FULLTEXT&maxRec=1000

[Example 1]
[Formula
10] 2 – {[6 – ({N-[4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl) benzyl] pyridin-3-sulfonamido} methyl) pyridin-2-yl] amino} Synthesis of isopropyl acetate

[Example 2]
[Formula
11] 2 – ({6 – [(N-benzyl-3-sulfonamido) methyl] pyridin-2-yl} amino) -acetic acid isopropyl

Example 3 Synthesis
of
2 – {[6 – ({N- [4- (1 H-pyrazol-1 -yl) benzyl] pyridine-3-sulfonamido} methyl) pyridin- Synthesis of isopropyl acetate

PAPER

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2018), 61(15), 6869-6891.

Identification of a Selective, Non-Prostanoid EP2 Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Glaucoma: Omidenepag and its Prodrug Omidenepag Isopropyl

Ryo Iwamura*^† , Masayuki Tanaka^†, Eiji Okanari^†, Tomoko Kirihara^‡, Noriko Odani-Kawabata^‡, Naveed Shams^‡§, and Kenji Yoneda^†

^† Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratory, UBE Industries, Ltd., 1978-5 Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8633, Japan

^‡ R&D Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Grand Front Osaka Tower A 4-20, Ofukacho, Kita-ku, Osaka 530-8552, Japan

^§ R&D Division, Santen Inc., 6401 Hollis Street, Suite 125, Emeryville, California 94608, United States

J. Med. Chem., 2018, 61 (15), pp 6869–6891

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00808

*Phone: (+81)836-31-6432. Fax: (+81)836-31-4383. E-mail: 30487u@ube-ind.co.jp.

EP2 receptor agonists are expected to be effective ocular hypotensive agents; however, it has been suggested that agonism to other EP receptor subtypes may lead to undesirable effects. Through medicinal chemistry efforts, we identified a scaffold bearing a (pyridin-2-ylamino)acetic acid moiety as a promising EP2-selective receptor agonist. (6-((4-(Pyrazol-1-yl)benzyl)(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)aminomethyl)pyridin-2-ylamino)acetic acid 13ax (omidenepag, OMD) exerted potent and selective activity toward the human EP2 receptor (h-EP2). Low doses of omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI), a prodrug of 13ax, lowered intraocular pressure (IOP) in ocular normotensive monkeys. OMDI was selected as a clinical candidate for the treatment of glaucoma.

Isopropyl (6-((4-(Pyrazol-1-yl)benzyl)(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)aminomethyl)pyridin-2- ylamino)acetate (OMDI)

//////////////Omidenepag isopropyl, JAPAN 2018, オミデネパグイソプロピル , DE-117, UBE, SANTEN

CC(C)OC(=O)CNc1cccc(CN(Cc2ccc(cc2)n3cccn3)S(=O)(=O)c4cccnc4)n1

 Conferred prestigious award at event ABP News Presents Healthcare Leadership Awards 26th November, 2018 at Taj Lands End, Mumbai India
Dedicated to Shobha Crasto​ Aishal crasto Lionel crasto
Service to education is service to humanity
Society recognises efforts done towards it

/////////////award,  event ABP News, Healthcare, Leadership,  26th, November, 2018, Taj Lands End, Mumbai,  India, education, anthony crasto