Piracetam

• ATC:N06BX03

• MW:142.16 g/mol
• CAS-RN:7491-74-9
• InChI Key:GMZVRMREEHBGGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
• InChI:InChI=1S/C6H10N2O2/c7-5(9)4-8-3-1-2-6(8)10/h1-4H2,(H2,7,9)
• EINECS:231-312-7
• LD₅₀:9200 mg/kg (M, i.v.); 2 g/kg (M, p.o.)

CAS Registry Number: 7491-74-9 
CAS Name: 2-Oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide 
Additional Names: 2-pyrrolidoneacetamide; 2-pyrrolidinoneacetamide; 2-ketopyrrolidine-1-ylacetamide; 1-acetamido-2-pyrrolidinone 
Manufacturers’ Codes: UCB-6215 
Trademarks: Avigilen (Riemser); Axonyl (Pfizer); Cerebroforte (Azupharma); Encetrop (Alpharma); Gabacet (Sanofi-Synthelabo); Geram (UCB); Nootrop (UCB); Nootropil (UCB); Nootropyl (UCB); Norzetam (UCB); Normabraïn (UCB); Piracebral (Hexal); Piracetrop (Holsten); Sinapsan (Rodleben)Molecular Formula: C6H10N2O2 
Molecular Weight: 142.16 
Percent Composition: C 50.69%, H 7.09%, N 19.71%, O 22.51% 
Literature References: Prepn: H. Morren, NL6509994; eidem,US3459738 (1966, 1969 both to U.C.B.). Pharmacology: Giurgea et al.,Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther.166, 238 (1967); Giurgea, Moyersoons, ibid.188, 401 (1970); Giurgea et al.,Psychopharmacologia20, 160 (1971). Metabolism and biochemical studies: Gobert, J. Pharm. Belg.27, 281 (1972). Clinical studies: W. J. Oosterveld, Arzneim.-Forsch.30, 1947 (1980); G. Chouinard et al.,Psychopharmacol. Bull.17, 129 (1981); in dyslexia: M. Di Ianni et al.,J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.5, 272 (1985).Properties: Crystals from isopropanol, mp 151.5-152.5°. 
Melting point: mp 151.5-152.5° 
Therap-Cat: Nootropic. 
Keywords: Nootropic.

Piracetam is in the racetams group, with chemical name 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide. It is a derivative of the neurotransmitter GABA^[5] and shares the same 2-oxo-pyrrolidone base structure with pyroglutamic acid. Piracetam is a cyclic derivative of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). Related drugs include the anticonvulsants levetiracetam and brivaracetam, and the putative nootropics aniracetam and phenylpiracetam.Piracetam is a drug marketed as a treatment for myoclonus^[3] and a cognitive enhancer.^[4] Evidence to support its use is unclear, with some studies showing modest benefits in specific populations and others showing minimal or no benefit.^[5][6] Piracetam is sold as a medication in many European countries. Sale of piracetam is not illegal in the United States, although it is not regulated nor approved by the FDA so it must be marketed as a dietary supplement.^[4]

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Efficacy

Dementia

A 2001 Cochrane review concluded that there was not enough evidence to support piracetam for dementia or cognitive problems.^[6] A 2005 review found some evidence of benefit in older subjects with cognitive impairment.^[5] In 2008, a working group of the British Academy of Medical Sciences noted that many of the trials of piracetam for dementia were flawed.^[7]

There is no good evidence that piracetam is of benefit in treating vascular dementia.^[8]

Depression and anxiety

Some sources suggest that piracetam’s overall effect on lowering depression and anxiety is higher than on improving memory.^[9] However, depression is reported to be an occasional adverse effect of piracetam.^[10]

Other

Piracetam may facilitate the deformability of erythrocytes in capillary which is useful for cardiovascular disease.^[5][3]

Peripheral vascular effects of piracetam have suggested its use potential for vertigo, dyslexia, Raynaud’s phenomenon and sickle cell anemia.^[5][3] There is no evidence to support piracetam’s use in sickle cell crisis prevention^[11] or for fetal distress during childbirth.^[12] There is no evidence for benefit of piracetam with acute ischemic stroke,^[13] though there is debate as to its utility during stroke rehabilitation.^[14][15]

Anti-vasospasm

Piracetam has been found to diminish erythrocyte adhesion to vascular wall endothelium, making any vasospasm in the capillary less severe. This contributes to its efficacy in promoting microcirculation, including to the brain and kidneys.^[5][3]

Side effects

Symptoms of general excitability, including anxiety, insomnia, irritability, headache, agitation, nervousness, tremor, and hyperkinesia, are occasionally reported.^[10][16][17] Other reported side effects include somnolence, weight gain, clinical depression, weakness, increased libido, and hypersexuality.^[10]

According to a 2005 review, piracetam has been observed to have the following side effects: hyperkinesia, weight gain, nervousness, somnolence, depression and asthenia.^[5]

Piracetam reduces platelet aggregation as well as fibrinogen concentration, and thus is contraindicated to patients suffering from cerebral hemorrhage.^[5][3]

Toxicity

Piracetam does not appear to be acutely toxic at the doses used in human studies.^[6][18][19]

The LD₅₀ for oral consumption in humans has not been determined.^[20] The LD₅₀ is 5.6 g/kg for rats and 20 g/kg for mice, indicating extremely low acute toxicity.^[21] For comparison, in rats the LD₅₀ of vitamin C is 12 g/kg and the LD₅₀ of table salt is 3 g/kg.

Mechanisms of action

Piracetam’s mechanism of action, as with racetams in general, is not fully understood. The drug influences neuronal and vascular functions and influences cognitive function without acting as a sedative or stimulant.^[5] Piracetam is a positive allosteric modulator of the AMPA receptor, although this action is very weak and its clinical effects may not necessarily be mediated by this action.^[22] It is hypothesized to act on ion channels or ion carriers, thus leading to increased neuron excitability.^[20] GABA brain metabolism and GABA receptors are not affected by piracetam^[23]

Piracetam improves the function of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine via muscarinic cholinergic (ACh) receptors^{[citation needed]}, which are implicated in memory processes.^[24] Furthermore, piracetam may have an effect on NMDA glutamate receptors, which are involved with learning and memory processes. Piracetam is thought to increase cell membrane permeability.^[24][25] Piracetam may exert its global effect on brain neurotransmission via modulation of ion channels (i.e., Na⁺, K⁺).^[20] It has been found to increase oxygen consumption in the brain, apparently in connection to ATP metabolism, and increases the activity of adenylate kinase in rat brains.^[26][27] Piracetam, while in the brain, appears to increase the synthesis of cytochrome b5,^[28] which is a part of the electron transport mechanism in mitochondria. But in the brain, it also increases the permeability of some intermediates of the Krebs cycle through the mitochondrial outer membrane.^[26]

Piracetam inhibits N-type calcium channels. The concentration of piracetam achieved in central nervous system after a typical dose of 1200 mg (about 100 μM)^[29] is much higher than the concentration necessary to inhibit N-type calcium channels (IC50 of piracetam in rat neurons was 3 μM).^[30]

History

Piracetam was first made some time between the 1950s and 1964 by Corneliu E. Giurgea.^[31] There are reports of it being used for epilepsy in the 1950s.^[32]

Society and culture

In 2009 piracetam was reportedly popular as a cognitive enhancement drug among students.^[33]

Legal status

Piracetam is an uncontrolled substance in the United States meaning it is legal to possess without a license or prescription.^[34]

Regulatory status

In the United States, piracetam is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration.^[1] Piracetam is not permitted in compounded drugs or dietary supplements in the United States.^[35] Nevertheless, it is available in a number of dietary supplements.^[4]

In the United Kingdom, piracetam is approved as a prescription drug Prescription Only Medicine (POM) number is PL 20636/2524^[36] for adult with myoclonus of cortical origin, irrespective of cause, and should be used in combination with other anti-myoclonic therapies.^[37]

In Japan piracetam is approved as a prescription drug.^[38]

Piracetam has no DIN in Canada, and thus cannot be sold but can be imported for personal use in Canada.^[39]

In Hungary, piracetam was a prescription-only medication, but as of 2020, no prescription is required and piracetam is available as an over-the-counter drug under the name Memoril Mite, and is available in 600 mg pills.

According to the literature reports, the synthetic route of piracetam can be divided into four synthetic methods: α-pyrrolidone method, glycine method, succinic anhydride method and one-step synthesis method:[0009] I. α-pyrrolidone method, 2-pyrrolidone is a lactam, which can react with a strong base (sodium hydride or potassium hydride, sodium methoxide) to generate pyrrolidone metal salt, which can be further combined with halogenated ester or halogen Substitute amide reaction to generate N-alkylated product.[0010] In 1966, a method for preparing piracetam by reacting pyrrolidone and chloroacetamide in 1,4-dioxane with sodium hydrogen as a strong base was reported. The specific synthetic route is shown in Scheme 1:[0011]

[0012] In this process, due to the high price of dioxane, industrial production is still difficult. On the basis of the above process, Xu Yungen used dimethyl sulfoxide as the solvent and sodium methoxide as the acid binding agent to synthesize piracetam in the presence of the phase transfer catalyst benzyltriethylammonium chloride. Due to the difficulty of solvent recovery, the cost of this route is relatively high.[0013] In 1981, Zhou Renxing et al. used sodium methoxide as a strong base to extract methanol in toluene by fractional distillation to convert pyrrolidone into the corresponding sodium salt, and then react with ethyl chloroacetate. The resulting ethyl pyrrolidone ethyl acetate was subjected to ammonolysis. Piracetam can be produced. The specific synthetic route is shown in Scheme 2.[00141

[0015] Because the ammonolysis is carried out in a methanol solution of ammonia, the calculated amount of ethanol generated during the ammonolysis contaminates the methanol solution of ammonia used, which affects the recycling of the methanol solution of ammonia, and is therefore not conducive to process production.[0016] 2. Glycine method, glycine and its derivatives can be used as starting materials for the synthesis of pyroacetamide. Glycine can be prepared by γ-chlorination butylation, amination and cyclization.[0017] According to a British patent report in 1979, glycine trimethylsilyl ester was first condensed with γ-chlorobutyryl chloride, and the corresponding acid chloride was subjected to ammonolysis, and finally cyclized to produce piracetam. The specific synthesis method is as Scheme 3 Shown[0018]

[0019] In this type of synthesis route, some raw materials are not easily available, which restricts industrial production.[0020] 3. Succinic acid method, succinic acid is heated and dehydrated to generate succinic anhydride, succinic anhydride then reacts with glycine to generate an aminolysis product, and the aminolysis product is reduced by sodium tetrafluoroborate, and piracetam can be synthesized by aminolysis , The specific synthetic route is shown in SCheme4. [0021]

[0022] Because sodium tetrafluoroborate is used as a reducing agent, it is expensive, and it is difficult to expand the scale of industrial production. Succinimide generates sodium salt under the action of metal sodium, and its sodium salt reacts with chloroacetamide to generate N-alkylated product. The alkylated product can be electrolytically reduced to obtain piracetam. Since electrolytic reduction is still in the research stage in our country, the production cost of this method is relatively high.[0023] 4. One-step synthesis method, using ethyl 4-chloro-n-butyrate in the presence of sodium bicarbonate, using anhydrous ethanol as a solvent, and glycinamide hydrochloride under heating and refluxing to obtain piracetam in one step, The specific synthetic route is shown in S Cheme5.[0024]

[0025] In this route, glycinamide hydrochloride is very easy to absorb moisture and agglomerate to affect the reaction rate, and the reaction is not easy to control, so it is difficult to achieve industrial production.

SYN

SYN

http://www.cjph.com.cn/EN/abstract/abstract373.shtml

With absolute ethanol as the solvent, ethyl 4-chloro-n-butanoate and glycinamide hydrochloride were refluxed for 20 h in the presence of sodium bicarbonate to obtain central stimulant piracetam. After recrystallization from isopropanol, the yield was about 58％ with a purity of 99.6％.

SYN

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/CN104478779A/zh

Example 1[0036] A method for synthesizing piracetam, which includes the following steps:[0037] Preparation of α-pyrrolidone sodium salt: A 1000 mL three-necked flask was equipped with mechanical stirring, a constant pressure dropping funnel and a thorn-shaped fractionating column. The upper end of the fractionation column is connected with a thermometer, a condenser and a 500mL receiving flask. Under mechanical stirring, 46 mL (0.60 mol) of α-pyrrolidone and 250 mL of toluene were sequentially added to the three-necked flask. When the temperature of the reaction system reached 70°C, a methanol solution of sodium methoxide (28.4% (w/w); 114.0 g; 0.60 mol) was added dropwise under reduced pressure, and the distillate was collected. After the dropwise addition is completed, the temperature is increased, and the normal pressure is distilled until the distillate is completely distilled out, and the reaction is completed.[0038] Preparation of α-pyrrolidone methyl acetate: remove the fractionation device, connect a thermometer and a condenser, and connect a dropping funnel above the condenser. When the temperature of the reaction system drops to 60°C, a toluene solution of 58 mL (0.66 mol) of methyl chloroacetate is slowly added dropwise, and the reaction temperature is controlled to 80-100°C. Oh。 After the addition is complete, the insulation reaction is 5. Oh. Cool to room temperature, filter with suction, and distill the filtrate under reduced pressure. Collect the fraction (18mmHg) at 100~105°C to obtain α-pyrrolidone methyl acetate, and measure its content by HPLC (area normalization method). [C18 column (4.6mmX 200mm, 5 μm) was used for purity determination; acetonitrile-dipotassium hydrogen phosphate/phosphate buffer solution (10:90) was used as the mobile phase (the pH value of phosphoric acid was adjusted to 6.0); the flow rate was 1 . OmL/min; detection wavelength is 205nm; injection volume is 20yL][0039] Preparation of Piracetam: Put about 130 mL of methanol in a 500 mL three-necked flask, and vent ammonia to saturation. The obtained ammonia/methanol solution was mixed with 100. Og α-pyrrolidone methyl acetate and placed in a reaction kettle, reacted at 50~65°C for 10 h, allowed to cool, filtered with suction, and the filter cake was dried.[0040] The purification of piracetam: 25.50g crude piracetam and 100mL isopropanol were sequentially added in a 500mL three-necked flask, heated to reflux for 40min, activated carbon was added, reflux stirring, hot filtration, and the resulting properties were all white As a powdery solid, the filter cake was dried overnight at 50°C in a vacuum drying oven to obtain 20.85 g of a white solid with a yield of 81.76% (calculated as α-pyrrolidone, the same below).Example 2[0042] Preparation of α-pyrrolidone sodium salt: A 1000 mL three-necked flask was equipped with mechanical stirring, a constant pressure dropping funnel and a thorn-shaped fractionating column. The upper end of the fractionation column is connected with a thermometer, a condenser and a 500mL receiving flask. Under mechanical stirring, 46 mL (0.60 mol) of α-pyrrolidone and 250 mL of toluene were sequentially added to the three-necked flask. When the temperature of the reaction system reached 100°C, a methanol solution of sodium methoxide (28.4% (w/w)); 114. Og; 0.60 mol) was added dropwise under reduced pressure, and the distillate was collected. After the addition is complete, add toluene, increase the temperature, and distill at normal pressure until the distillate is completely distilled out, and the reaction is complete.[0043] Preparation of α-pyrrolidone methyl acetate: remove the fractionation device, connect a thermometer and a condenser, and connect a dropping funnel above the condenser. When the temperature of the reaction system drops to 60°C, a mixed solution of 63 mL (0.72 mol) of methyl chloroacetate and 30 mL of toluene is slowly added dropwise, and the reaction temperature is controlled to 80-100°C. Oh。 After the addition is complete, the insulation reaction is 5. Oh. Cool to room temperature, filter with suction, and distill the filtrate under reduced pressure. Collect the fraction (18mmHg) at 100~105°C to obtain methyl α-pyrrolidone acetate, and measure its content by HPLC (area normalization method). [C18 column (4.6mmX 200mm, 5 μm) was used for purity determination; acetonitrile-dipotassium hydrogen phosphate/phosphate buffer solution (10:90) was used as the mobile phase (the pH value of phosphoric acid was adjusted to 6.0); the flow rate was 1 .OmL/ min; detection wavelength is 205nm; injection volume is 20 μL][0044] Preparation of Piracetam: Put about 130 mL of methanol in a 250 mL three-necked flask, and ventilate ammonia to saturation. The obtained ammonia/methanol solution was mixed with 50.0 g of α-pyrrolidone methyl acetate and placed in a reaction kettle, reacted at 50~65°C for 12 hours, allowed to cool, filtered with suction, and the filter cake was dried.[0045] Purification of piracetam: 25.50g crude piracetam and 75mL methanol were sequentially added to a 500mL three-necked flask, heated to reflux for 40min, added activated carbon 0.5g, refluxed for 1h, hot filtered, magnetically stirred Under the conditions, the activated carbon was filtered out, and the properties were all white powdery solids, and the filter cake was dried overnight at 50°C in a vacuum drying oven to obtain 21.02g of white solids with a yield of 82.42%.Embodiment 3[0047] Preparation of α-pyrrolidone sodium salt: A 1000 mL three-necked flask was equipped with mechanical stirring, a constant pressure dropping funnel and a thorn-shaped fractionating column. The upper end of the fractionating column is connected with a thermometer, a condenser and a 1000 mL receiving bottle. Under mechanical stirring, 46 mL (0.60 mol) of α-pyrrolidone and 250 mL of toluene were sequentially added to the three-necked flask. When the temperature of the reaction system reached 70°C, a methanol solution of sodium methoxide (28.4% (w/w)); 114. Og; 0.60 mol) was added dropwise under reduced pressure, and the distillate was collected. After the dropwise addition is completed, the temperature is increased, and the normal pressure is distilled until the distillate is completely distilled out, and the reaction is completed.[0048] Preparation of α-pyrrolidone methyl acetate: remove the fractionation device, connect a thermometer and a condenser, and connect a dropping funnel above the condenser. A mixed solution of 79 mL (0.90 mol) of methyl chloroacetate and 50 mL of toluene was slowly added dropwise, and the reaction temperature was controlled to 70-90°C. Oh。 After the addition is complete, the insulation reaction is 5. Oh. Cool to room temperature, filter with suction, and distill the filtrate under reduced pressure. Collect the fraction (18mmHg) at 100~105°C to obtain methyl α-pyrrolidone acetate, and measure its content by HPLC (area normalization method). [C 18 column (4.6mmX 200mm, 5 μm) was used for purity determination; acetonitrile-dipotassium hydrogen phosphate/phosphate buffer solution (10:90) was used as the mobile phase (the pH value of phosphoric acid was adjusted to 6.0); the flow rate was 1.0mL/min; The detection wavelength is 205nm; The injection volume is 20 μL)[0049] Preparation of Piracetam: Put about 130 mL of methanol in a 250 mL three-necked flask, and vent ammonia to saturation. The obtained ammonia/methanol solution was mixed with 100. Og α-pyrrolidone methyl acetate and placed in a reaction kettle, reacted at 50~65°C for 14h, allowed to cool, filtered with suction, and the filter cake was dried.[0050] Purification of piracetam: 25.50g crude piracetam and 125mL ethanol were sequentially added in a 500mL three-necked flask, heated to reflux for 40min, added activated carbon 0.5g, refluxed for 1h, hot filtered, magnetically stirred Activated carbon was filtered off under conditions to obtain white powdery solids in all properties, and the filter cake was dried overnight at 50°C in a vacuum drying oven to obtain 20.24 g of white solids with a yield of 79.37%.Example 4[0052] Preparation of α-pyrrolidone sodium salt: A 1000 mL three-necked flask was equipped with mechanical stirring, a constant pressure dropping funnel and a thorn-shaped fractionating column. The upper end of the fractionation column is connected with a thermometer, a condenser and a 500mL receiving flask. Under mechanical stirring, 46 mL (0.60 mol) of α-pyrrolidone and 250 mL of toluene were sequentially added to the three-necked flask. When the temperature of the reaction system reached 60°C, a methanol solution of sodium methoxide (28.4% (w/w); 114.0 g; 0.60 mol) was added dropwise under reduced pressure, and the distillate was collected. After the dropwise addition is completed, the temperature is increased, and the normal pressure is distilled until the distillate is completely distilled out, and the reaction is completed.[0053] Preparation of α-pyrrolidone methyl acetate: remove the fractionation device, connect a thermometer and a condenser, and connect a dropping funnel above the condenser. A mixed solution of 105 mL (1.20 mol) of methyl chloroacetate and 70 mL of toluene was slowly added dropwise, and the reaction temperature was controlled to be 60~70°C. Oh。 After the addition is complete, the insulation reaction is 5. Oh. Cool to room temperature, filter with suction, and distill the filtrate under reduced pressure. Collect the fraction (18mmHg) at 100~105°C to obtain methyl α-pyrrolidone acetate, and measure its content by HPLC (area normalization method). [C 18 column (4.6mmX 200mm, 5 μm) was used for purity determination; acetonitrile-dipotassium hydrogen phosphate/phosphate buffer solution (10:90) was used as the mobile phase (the pH value of phosphoric acid was adjusted to 6.0); the flow rate was 1.0mL/min; The detection wavelength is 205nm; The injection volume is 20 μL)[0054] Preparation of Piracetam: Put about 130 mL of methanol in a 500 mL three-necked flask, and ventilate ammonia to saturation. The obtained ammonia/methanol solution was mixed with 100. Og α-pyrrolidone methyl acetate and placed in a reaction kettle, reacted at 50~65°C for 16h, allowed to cool, filtered with suction, and the filter cake was dried.[0055] The purification of piracetam: 25.50g crude piracetam and 100mL methanol were sequentially added into a 500mL three-necked flask, heated to reflux for 40min, added activated carbon, refluxed for dissolution, hot filtered, and the properties were all white powders The solid, the filter cake was dried overnight at 50°C in a vacuum drying oven to obtain 20.69 g of a white solid, with a yield of 81. 13%.[0056] Chemical analysis of the white crystals synthesized in each of the foregoing examples, and the obtained physical property values are as follows, thereby confirming that the synthesized product is piracetam.[0057] Melting point: 151.6-152. (TC[0058] ESI-MS m / z: 165. 06 [M + Na] +[0059] 1H-NMR (400MHz, DMS〇-d6, ppm) δ ： 7. 38 (s, 1H), 7. 09 (s, 1H), 3. 74 (s, 2H), 3. 36 (t, J =7. 08Hz, 2H), 2. 23 (t, J = 7. 84Hz, 2H), I. 93 (m, 2H).[0060] 13C-NMR(100MHz, DMS0-d6, ppm) δ : 17. 80, 30. 42, 45. 28, 47. 74, 170. 21，174. 90. 
PATENTCN110903230A *2019-12-042020-03-24Beijing Yuekang Kechuang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd.An industrialized preparation method of Pramiracetam sulfate 
PATENTCN104478779A2015-04-01New synthetic method of nootropic drug Piracetam

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External links

Gouliaev AH, Senning A (May 1994). “Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics”. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. 19 (2): 180–222. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(94)90011-6. PMID 8061686. S2CID 18122566.

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